From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Parking garage" redirects here.

For the Seinfeld episode, see The Parking Garage.

Busch Stadium exit ramp A multi-storey car-park (also called a parking garage, parking structure, parking ramp, parkade or parking deck) is a building designed specifically to be for automobile parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a stacked car park.

Contents

1 Nomenclature 2 First multi-storey car park 3 Design o 3.1 Structural integrity 4 Automated parking 5 Modular car park 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Nomenclature
The term multi-storey car park is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and many Commonwealth of Nations countries. In the western United States, the term parking structure is used,[citation needed] especially when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the "garage" in a house or an automobile petrol station. In some places in North America, "parking garage" refers only to an indoor, often underground structure outdoor multi-level parking facilities are referred to by a number of regional terms:

Parking garage is used in the Western United States, Eastern Canada and by civil engineers; Parking deck is used in the Southeast;[citation needed] Parking ramp is used in the upper Midwest, especially Minnesota and Wisconsin, and has been observed as far east as Buffalo, New York.[citation needed] Parkade is used in Canada and South Africa.

Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call it a parking structure instead, since their work is all about various structures, and that term is the vernacular in some of the western United States. When attached to a high-rise of another use, it is sometimes called a parking podium.[citation needed] In the United States building codes use the term open parking structure to refer to a structure designed for car storage (not repair) that has enough openings in the walls that it does not need mechanical ventilation or fire sprinklers, as opposed to a "parking garage" that requires mechanical ventilation or sprinklers but does not require openings in the walls.[citation needed] The openings provide fresh air flow to disperse either car exhaust or fumes from a fire should one break out within the structure.

[edit] First multi-storey car park

The earliest known multi-storey car park was built in 1918 for the Hotel La Salle at 215 West Washington Street in the West Loop area of downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was designed by Holabird and Roche.[1] The Hotel La Salle was demolished in 1976, but the parking structure remained because it had been designated as preliminary landmark status[2] and the structure was located several blocks from the hotel it was built to service. The Hotel LaSalle multi-storey was demolished in 2005 after failing to receive landmark status from the city of Chicago.[3] Jupiter Realty Corp. of Chicago is constructing a 49-storey apartment tower in its place,[4] with construction underway as of March 2008. An alternative claim has emerged from a garage in Glasgow, Scotland that was built between 1906 and 1912.[5] In the 1920s an English cartoonist imagined a hotel for cars; he drew a multi-storey car park.[6]

[edit] Design

Image of the inside of a multi-storey car park Movement of vehicles between floors can be effected by:

Insulation of a sectional garage door

interior ramps - the most common type exterior ramps - which may take the form of a circular ramp (colloquially known as a 'whirley-gig' in America) vehicle lifts - the least common automated robot systems - combination of ramp and elevator like the smart parking systems

In locations where the car park is built on sloping land, the car park may be split-level or have sloped parking. Many car parks are independent buildings that are dedicated exclusively to that use. The design loads for car parks are often less than the office building they serve (50 psf versus 80 psf), leading to long floor spans of 5560 feet that permit cars to park in rows without supporting columns in between. The most common structural systems in the United States for these structures are either prestressed concrete concrete double tee floor systems or post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete floor systems. In recent times, car parks built to serve residential and some business properties are built as part of a larger building, and often are built underground as part of the basement, such as at the Atlantic Station redevelopment in Atlanta. This saves land for other uses (as opposed to a parking lot), and is cheaper and more practical in most cases than a separate structure, and is hidden from view. It also protects customers and their cars from weather such as rain, or hot summer sunshine that raises a vehicle's interior temperature to extremely high levels. Historic underground parking of only two levels was considered an innovative concept in 1964, when developer Louis Lesser developed a two level underground parking structure under six 10-story high rise residential halls at California State University, Los Angeles, which lacked space for horizontal expansion on its 176-acre (0.71 km2) university. The simple two level parking structure was considered unusual enough in 1964 that a separate newspaper section was titled, Parking Underground, and described the two level parking garage as an innovative concept

and as subterranean spaces.[7][8] In Toronto, a 2,400 space parking lot is located below Nathan Phillips Square and is one of the world's largest.

Motorcycle parking inside a multi-storey car park Car parks which serve shopping centres can sometimes be built adjacent to the shopping centre so as to effect easier access at each floor between shops and parking. One example is the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, USA, which has two large car parks attached to the building at the eastern and western ends of the mall. Another common position for car parks within shopping centres in the UK is on the roof, around the various utility systems, enabling customers to take lifts straight down into the centre. Examples of such are The Oracle in Reading and Festival Place in Basingstoke.

[edit] Structural integrity

Parking structures are subjected to the heavy and shifting loads of moving vehicles, and must bear the associated physical stresses associated with them. Expansion joints are used between sections not only for thermal expansion, but to accommodate the flexing of the structure's sections due to vehicle traffic. Seismic retrofits can also be applied where earthquakes are an issue. Occasionally, parking structures have partly collapsed, either during construction or even years later. In July 2009 a fourth-floor section failed at the Centergy building in midtown Atlanta, pancaking down and destroying more than 30 vehicles, but injuring no people. In December 2007, a car crashed into the wall of the deck at the SouthPark Mall in Charlotte, North Carolina, weakening it and causing a small collapse which destroyed two cars below. On the same day, one under construction in Jacksonville, Florida collapsed as concrete was being poured on the sixth floor.[9] In November 2008, the sudden collapse of the middle level of a deck in Montreal was preceded by warning signs for some weeks before, including cracks and water leaks.[10] Parking structures are generally not subject to building inspections after being checked for their initial occupancy permit.

[edit] Automated parking

Automatic underground car storage in Thessaloniki, Greece The first historical mention of an automated garage was in a 1931 Popular Mechanics article which featured an underground garage where the car was taken to a parking area by a conveyor then an elevator to shuttles mounted on rails [11] The first Kent Automatic Garages were already in service. Automatic multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity. However, the cost of the mechanical equipment within the building that is needed to transport cars internally needs to be added to the lower building cost to determine the total costs. Other costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy-intensive ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may not be needed. Automated car parks rely on similar technology that is used for mechanical handling and document retrieval. The driver leaves the car in an entrance module. It is then transported to a parking slot by a robot trolley. For the driver, the process of parking is reduced to leaving the car inside an entrance module. At peak periods a wait may occur before entering or leaving because loading passengers and luggage occurs at the entrance and exit location rather than at the parked stall. This loading blocks the entrance or exit from being available to others. Whether the retrieval of vehicles is faster in an automatic car park or a self park car park depends on the layout and number of exits.

[edit] Modular car park

It happens frequently trying to develop parking planning strategies that the parking demand grows often too quickly, significantly and unexpectedly. Modular steel car parks could be the proper solution if the surface area available is not sufficient and can be just expanded upwards or whenever it is not feasible to build up a multistorey parking. The development concept of traditional build modular car parks is made by the modular assembling method of vertical and horizontal elements (such as columns and beams) with a ceiling made of concrete and tarmac: more modular units can build a parking in different sizes and shape. The solution makes possible to develop a parking structure even in case of particular conditions or constraints, such as archaeological sites or city centres, because it allows:

To virtually double the parking surface without leaving any footprint on the ground, as no settlement for excavations or traditional foundations is needed; To double the parking surface by means of a light steel one deck car park system. Prefab modular components of the system make each project versatile and suitable both to large and small sized areas.

These parking structures are generally demountable and can be relocated so to avoid to make the choice of converting a surface to parking area irrevocably. They are conceived as temporary parking facilities for temporary parking demand needs, whenever the parking demand can be managed dynamically and easily integrated into the planning of urban infrastructures. There is actually a number of cases of parking decks which have been demounted after a few years - to give room to the development of permanent, multistory parking structures- and relocated on the surrounding areas to reply efficiently to the local parking demand needs.

[edit] See also

Autostadt Auto Stacker Automatic parking Car Parking System Car condo Parking guidance and information Trinity Square Gateshead

[edit] References
1. 2. 3. 4. ^ A Brief History of Parking: The Life and After-life of Paving the Planet ^ Preservation Online: Storey of the Week Archives: Car Culture ^ Preservation Chicago ^ Chicago Business News, Analysis & Articles | Developer planning 2nd apartment tower downtown | Crain's 5. ^ "Consultation over historic garage". BBC News. 17 June 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7459839.stm. Retrieved 13 May 2010. 6. ^ Daniele Luttazzi Lepidezze postribolari (2007, Feltrinelli, p.275) (Italian) 7. ^ Los Angeles Times, 25 June 1963, High Rise Developer Defends Loss of View to Convenience 8. ^ Los Angeles Times, 15 March 1964, Tom Cameron, $118 Million Going Into Expansion at L.A. State 9. ^ "North Carolina Parking Deck Collapse Kills 1". Fox News. 6 December 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,315587,00.html. 10. ^ "Man dies after Montreal parking garage roof collapses". CBC News. 26 November 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2008/11/26/mtl-bldg.html. 11. ^ "Underground Garage To End Parking Problem", February 1931, Popular Mechanics

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Multi-storey car parks

[edit] External links

"Automatic invisible compact parking. Patent RU 97419". http://artamonoff.info/parking. "A brief history of parking". http://www.asphaltnation.com/Articles/parking.html. Retrieved 22 February 2007. Mary Beth Klatt (21). "Car culture". Preservation Online. National Trust for Historic Preservation. pp. 1. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070211074000/http://www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/arch ives/arch_story/102105.htm. Retrieved 22 February 2007. "Robotic Parking Garage: No Tip Necessary "

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Parking garage" redirects here. For the Seinfeld episode, see The Parking Garage.

Busch Stadium exit ramp

A multi-storey car-park (also called a parking garage, parking structure, parking ramp, parkade or parking deck) is a building designed specifically to be for automobile parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a stacked car park.

Contents

1 Nomenclature 2 First multi-storey car park 3 Design o 3.1 Structural integrity 4 Automated parking 5 Modular car park 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Nomenclature
The term multi-storey car park is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and many Commonwealth of Nations countries. In the western United States, the term parking structure is used,[citation needed] especially when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the "garage" in a house or an automobile petrol station. In some places in North America, "parking garage" refers only to an indoor, often underground structure outdoor multi-level parking facilities are referred to by a number of regional terms:

Parking garage is used in the Western United States, Eastern Canada and by civil engineers; Parking deck is used in the Southeast;[citation needed]

Parking ramp is used in the upper Midwest, especially Minnesota and Wisconsin, and has been observed as far east as Buffalo, New York.[citation needed] Parkade is used in Canada and South Africa.

Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call it a parking structure instead, since their work is all about various structures, and that term is the vernacular in some of the western United States. When attached to a high-rise of another use, it is sometimes called a parking podium.[citation needed] In the United States building codes use the term open parking structure to refer to a structure designed for car storage (not repair) that has enough openings in the walls that it does not need mechanical ventilation or fire sprinklers, as opposed to a "parking garage" that requires mechanical ventilation or sprinklers but does not require openings in the walls.[citation needed] The openings provide fresh air flow to disperse either car exhaust or fumes from a fire should one break out within the structure.

[edit] First multi-storey car park

The earliest known multi-storey car park was built in 1918 for the Hotel La Salle at 215 West Washington Street in the West Loop area of downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was designed by Holabird and Roche.[1] The Hotel La Salle was demolished in 1976, but the parking structure remained because it had been designated as preliminary landmark status[2] and the structure was located several blocks from the hotel it was built to service. The Hotel LaSalle multi-storey was demolished in 2005 after failing to receive landmark status from the city of Chicago.[3] Jupiter Realty Corp. of Chicago is constructing a 49-storey apartment tower in its place,[4] with construction underway as of March 2008. An alternative claim has emerged from a garage in Glasgow, Scotland that was built between 1906 and 1912.[5] In the 1920s an English cartoonist imagined a hotel for cars; he drew a multi-storey car park.[6]

[edit] Design

Image of the inside of a multi-storey car park

Movement of vehicles between floors can be effected by:

Insulation of a sectional garage door

interior ramps - the most common type exterior ramps - which may take the form of a circular ramp (colloquially known as a 'whirley-gig' in America) vehicle lifts - the least common automated robot systems - combination of ramp and elevator like the smart parking systems

In locations where the car park is built on sloping land, the car park may be split-level or have sloped parking. Many car parks are independent buildings that are dedicated exclusively to that use. The design loads for car parks are often less than the office building they serve (50 psf versus 80 psf), leading to long floor spans of 5560 feet that permit cars to park in rows without supporting columns in between. The most common structural systems in the United States for these structures are either prestressed concrete concrete double tee floor systems or post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete floor systems. In recent times, car parks built to serve residential and some business properties are built as part of a larger building, and often are built underground as part of the basement, such as at the Atlantic Station redevelopment in Atlanta. This saves land for other uses (as opposed to a parking lot), and is cheaper and more practical in most cases than a separate structure, and is hidden from view. It also protects customers and their cars from weather such as rain, or hot summer sunshine that raises a vehicle's interior temperature to extremely high levels. Historic underground parking of only two levels was considered an innovative concept in 1964, when developer Louis Lesser developed a two level underground parking structure under six 10-story high rise residential halls at California State University, Los Angeles, which lacked space for horizontal expansion on its 176-acre (0.71 km2) university. The simple two level parking structure was considered unusual enough in 1964 that a separate newspaper section was titled, Parking Underground, and described the two level parking garage as an innovative concept and as subterranean spaces.[7][8] In Toronto, a 2,400 space parking lot is located below Nathan Phillips Square and is one of the world's largest.

Motorcycle parking inside a multi-storey car park

Car parks which serve shopping centres can sometimes be built adjacent to the shopping centre so as to effect easier access at each floor between shops and parking. One example is the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, USA, which has two large car parks attached to the building at the eastern and western ends of the mall. Another common position for car parks within shopping centres in the UK is on the roof, around the various utility systems, enabling customers to take lifts straight down into the centre. Examples of such are The Oracle in Reading and Festival Place in Basingstoke.

[edit] Structural integrity

Parking structures are subjected to the heavy and shifting loads of moving vehicles, and must bear the associated physical stresses associated with them. Expansion joints are used between sections not only for thermal expansion, but to accommodate the flexing of the structure's sections due to vehicle traffic. Seismic retrofits can also be applied where earthquakes are an issue. Occasionally, parking structures have partly collapsed, either during construction or even years later. In July 2009 a fourth-floor section failed at the Centergy building in midtown Atlanta, pancaking down and destroying more than 30 vehicles, but injuring no people. In December 2007, a car crashed into the wall of the deck at the SouthPark Mall in Charlotte, North Carolina, weakening it and causing a small collapse which destroyed two cars below. On the same day, one under construction in Jacksonville, Florida collapsed as concrete was being poured on the sixth floor.[9] In November 2008, the sudden collapse of the middle level of a deck in Montreal was preceded by warning signs for some weeks before, including cracks and water leaks.[10] Parking structures are generally not subject to building inspections after being checked for their initial occupancy permit.

[edit] Automated parking

Automatic underground car storage in Thessaloniki, Greece

The first historical mention of an automated garage was in a 1931 Popular Mechanics article which featured an underground garage where the car was taken to a parking area by a conveyor then an elevator to shuttles mounted on rails [11] The first Kent Automatic Garages were already in service. Automatic multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity. However, the cost of the mechanical equipment within the building that is needed to transport cars internally needs to be added to the lower building cost to determine the total costs. Other costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy-intensive ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may not be needed. Automated car parks rely on similar technology that is used for mechanical handling and document retrieval. The driver leaves the car in an entrance module. It is then transported to a parking slot by a robot trolley. For the driver, the process of parking is reduced to leaving the car inside an entrance module. At peak periods a wait may occur before entering or leaving because loading passengers and luggage occurs at the entrance and exit location rather than at the parked stall. This loading blocks the entrance or exit from being available to others. Whether the retrieval of vehicles is faster in an automatic car park or a self park car park depends on the layout and number of exits.

[edit] Modular car park

It happens frequently trying to develop parking planning strategies that the parking demand grows often too quickly, significantly and unexpectedly. Modular steel car parks could be the proper solution if the surface area available is not sufficient and can be just expanded upwards or whenever it is not feasible to build up a multistorey parking. The development concept of traditional build modular car parks is made by the modular assembling method of vertical and horizontal elements (such as columns and beams) with a ceiling made of concrete and tarmac: more modular units can build a parking in different sizes and shape. The solution makes possible

to develop a parking structure even in case of particular conditions or constraints, such as archaeological sites or city centres, because it allows:

To virtually double the parking surface without leaving any footprint on the ground, as no settlement for excavations or traditional foundations is needed; To double the parking surface by means of a light steel one deck car park system. Prefab modular components of the system make each project versatile and suitable both to large and small sized areas.

These parking structures are generally demountable and can be relocated so to avoid to make the choice of converting a surface to parking area irrevocably. They are conceived as temporary parking facilities for temporary parking demand needs, whenever the parking demand can be managed dynamically and easily integrated into the planning of urban infrastructures. There is actually a number of cases of parking decks which have been demounted after a few years - to give room to the development of permanent, multistory parking structures- and relocated on the surrounding areas to reply efficiently to the local parking demand needs.

[edit] See also

Autostadt Auto Stacker Automatic parking Car Parking System Car condo Parking guidance and information Trinity Square Gateshead

[edit] References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. ^ A Brief History of Parking: The Life and After-life of Paving the Planet ^ Preservation Online: Storey of the Week Archives: Car Culture ^ Preservation Chicago ^ Chicago Business News, Analysis & Articles | Developer planning 2nd apartment tower downtown | Crain's ^ "Consultation over historic garage". BBC News. 17 June 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7459839.stm. Retrieved 13 May 2010. ^ Daniele Luttazzi Lepidezze postribolari (2007, Feltrinelli, p.275) (Italian) ^ Los Angeles Times, 25 June 1963, High Rise Developer Defends Loss of View to Convenience ^ Los Angeles Times, 15 March 1964, Tom Cameron, $118 Million Going Into Expansion at L.A. State ^ "North Carolina Parking Deck Collapse Kills 1". Fox News. 6 December 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,315587,00.html. ^ "Man dies after Montreal parking garage roof collapses". CBC News. 26 November 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2008/11/26/mtl-bldg.html. ^ "Underground Garage To End Parking Problem", February 1931, Popular Mechanics

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Multi-storey car parks

[edit] External links

"Automatic invisible compact parking. Patent RU 97419". http://artamonoff.info/parking. "A brief history of parking". http://www.asphaltnation.com/Articles/parking.html. Retrieved 22 February 2007. Mary Beth Klatt (21). "Car culture". Preservation Online. National Trust for Historic Preservation. pp. 1. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070211074000/http://www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/ar ch_story/102105.htm. Retrieved 22 February 2007. "Robotic Parking Garage: No Tip Necessary "

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Objective

Complete

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Multilevel Car Parking Systems JCL International Ltd. has always taken the lead in providing cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions in various fields. One increasing cause of concern in major metropolitan cities is the pollution and congestion associated with car transportation and their parking. With this vision in focus, we now offer Automatic Multilevel Car Parking Systems. Our experienced team offers the highest levels of technical consulting on the many types of system available, along with unrivalled customer care and support. A wide range of parking systems are available, suited for installation indoors, in basements, open floors or open spaces outside a building, public places etc. Solutions These can also be installed as annexes to existing building structures. Systems which are mobile are also available. These systems offer major advantages of:

Car Parking Systems

Products

JCL Parking Projects

Low parking / retrieval times of 45 seconds to 2.5 minutes per car Reduced noise and vehicular pollution Electro Mechanical types, Hydraulic Power Pack operated types requiring very low maintenance Absolutely safe operation with safety devices Reduced traffic congestion Most economical Parking solution

Photo Gallery

Copyright JCL International Ltd

Web Design by AceGenesis Technologies

Multi-level Parking Lift INTRODUCTION In this project, we show the basic multilevel car parking system with two floors. Although we show the concept with two floors, it is still possible to show this concept on multiple floors. Also, in this project, we will show two floors with 4 sensors on each floor. The lift carries the car to each floor. Along with these 8 sensors, we use two separate sensors for each floor. With the help of these sensors, the lift stops automatically. When we press a start switch, the lift automatically starts and immediately senses the space in the parking station. If the space is available, the lift will start or stop on particular floor, which is displayed in the LCD. If no space is available, the lift stops and displays the message no space. If all the spaces are vacant, the lift will park the vehicle on priority basis. PROJECT HISTORY The earliest known multi-storey car park was built in 1918. It was built for the Hotel La Salle in Chicago, IL at 215 West Washington Street in the West Loop area of downtown. It was designed by Holabird and Roche. The Hotel La Salle was demolished in 1976, but the parking structure remained because it had been designated as preliminary landmark status and the structure was located several blocks from the hotel it was built to service. The Hotel LaSalle multi-storey was demolished in 2005 after failing to receive landmark status from the city of Chicago.[3] Jupiter Realty Corp. of Chicago is constructing a 49-storey apartment tower in its place,[4] with construction underway as of March 2008. Automated car parks rely on similar technology that is used for mechanical handling and document retrieval. The driver leaves the car in an entrance module. It is then transported to a parking slot by a robot trolley. For the driver, the process of parking is reduced to leaving the car inside an entrance module. At peak periods a wait may be involved before entering or leaving. The wait is due to the fact that loading passengers and luggage occurs at the entrance and exit location rather than at the parked stall. This loading blocks the entrance or exit from being available to others. Whether the retrieval of vehicles is faster in an automatic car park or a self park car park depends on the layout and number of exits. Components Used S. No. COMPONENT SPECIFICATION 1. STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 220 TO 9 VOLT AC- 750 MA 2. DIODE IN 4007 ( 2) 3. CAPACITOR 1000MFD(2) 16 VOLT 4. REGULATOR 7805 ( 3 PIN REGULATOR) 1A 5. RESISTOR: FIXED 470 OHM.(3) 10 K OHM (1) 4,7 K (2) 6. REED SENSOR (10) 7. LCD 2 BY 16 8. VARIABLE RESISTOR 4. 7 K OHM 9. OPTOCOUPLER PC 817 (2)

10. NPN TRANSITOR (2) BC 548/547 11. PNP TRANSISTOR(2) BC 558/557 12. DC MOTOR GEAR SLOW SPEED 9-12 VOLT-250 MA 13. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR 12 MHz 14. DISC CAPACITOR 27 PF (2) 15. PUSH TO ON START SWITCH (1) 16. ATMEL MICROCONTROLLER 80951 WORKING PRINCIPLE FIG.: CIRCUIT OF MULTI STORY CAR PARKING COMPLETE PROJECT IS TO BE DIVIDED INTO FEW PARTS: Power Supply: In this project, we use 5 volt regulated power supply. For this purpose, we use a single step down transformer with full wave rectifier circuit. In the rectifier circuit, we use two diodes as a full wave rectifier. One 1000mfd capacitor is used as a filter capacitor to convert pulsating dc into smooth dc. Output of the rectifier is not regulated, so for regulated power supply we use IC 7805 as a regulator. Output of the 7805 regulator is connected to one led with a resistance in series. LED works as a power indication circuit. Here the step down transformer used is a center tap transformer. We use center tap transformer in a full wave rectifier circuit. Sensors: In this project, we use a reed switch as a sensor. Reed switch is a special magnetic proximity sensor. When this reed sensor is activated by an external magnetic field, the reed sensor is activated automatically. In the reed sensor, there are two wires inside the glass casing. When an external magnetic field affects the sensor, these plates join together and become short automatically. We use this sensor in our project to sense the position of the car and of the lift on floor. When the lift moves, it searches the reed sensor for stoppage. We paste one magnet with the lift and when the lift move up-wards, then magnet searches the sensor. As the sensor is sensed by the magnet, the lift stops there automatically. So whenever we want to stop the lift or check the position of the vehicle, we search the magnetic sensor. When any car is parked on the desired position, the sensor activates and provides a signal to the controller. The controller checks the change of voltage on this pin and saves this data for auto sensing logic. When sensor is active, the port pin becomes more negative and this change of voltage from high to low is our required signal. Microcontroller interface: In this project, we use the 8051 controller to interface all the inputs and outputs. In the input device, we use 10 sensors and one start switch. In output, we use one LCD as a display and one motor to move up-ward and down word. The brain inside the controller is to control all these inputs and outputs and perform perfectly. 8051 is basically an INTEL IC but now in these days it is available with many companies. We use ATMEL 89S51 series with advance feature than 8051. ATMEL 89S51 is a 40 pin controller with 128 bytes of ram and 4 k byte of ROM inside. Pin no. 40 of the controller is connected to the positive 5 volt power supply. We provide a 5 volt regulated power supply on this pin. Pin no 9 is the reset pin and this pin is connected to a capacitor and resistor

network to provide an auto-reset option, when controller is wake-up. For manually reset, we connect one push to on switch in parallel with the capacitor to provide manual reset option. Pin no. 20 is connected to the ground pin. Pin no. 18 and 19 are connected to the external crystal to provide a constant oscillation to the circuit. Two capacitors are grounded from the crystal pins to provide stabilization. All the reed sensors are connected to port p1 and port p3. First floor parking sensors are connected to the p1.0, p1.1, p1.2, p1.3. These four sensors are related to the first floor sensor. Second floor sensors are p1.4, p1.5, p1.6, p1.7. First floor stoppage sensor is p3.2 and second floor stoppage sensor is p3.3. Start switch of this project is p3.0. On this start switch either we connect a start switch or we connect an infra red sensor. In the case of infra red sensor, when the car enters the parking position, the lift senses automatically and starts. Motor of the lift is connected to the p2.0 and p2.1. Output of these pins is connected to the opto coupler circuit. Here we use a pc 817 opto coupler to provide an electrical isolation between motor control circuit and micro controller. Output from the controller is connected to the cathode of infra red led through 470 ohm resistor. When controller is on, the infra red led is on due to negative output from the controller. When infra red LED inside the coupler is on then this light drive the internal phototransistor of the coupler. Output from the coupler is now connected to the H bridge circuit. In the H bridge circuit, we use four transistor circuits with one dc motor. In the H Bridge, we use a four transistor circuit. In this four transistor circuit, two transistors are NPN and two transistors are PNP. With the help of these four transistors, we control the direction of the motor. Not only we control the direction of motor but also, at the same time these transistors share the load of the motor directly. Port p0 of the controller is connected to the LCD directly. Here we use port p0 with the data pins of the ASCII code. LCD displays only the ASCII code. In the programming, we convert the digital code in to ASCII code by adding 30h in any binary number. So to provide a data in the LCD, we send these codes by the 8 data lines. These data lines from the controller is from the p0.0 to p0.7 P2.5, p2.6, p2.7 is connected to the control pins of the LCD. On this control pin, we select the command register, data register and the enable pin. We use the command and the data register pins to send the data and command separately. Advantages of Multi-story car parking system: A city like Delhi has over five million cars and two-wheelers on its roads, but not enough parking spaces. The demand for parking space has, on an average in the main markets of Delhi, outstripped demand by 43 per cent. It is not just a problem of Delhi or Mumbai; all the big cities in India are facing the space crunch. Parking space is fast becoming a major issue in other cities like Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Pune and other urban and semi-urban cities. Automatic multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity. However, the cost of the mechanical equipment within the building that is needed to transport cars internally needs to be added to the lower building cost to determine the total costs. Other costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy intensive ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may not be needed. A multi-storey car parks offer greatest possible flexibility for the realization of optimum parking solution. A fast parking process in which the driver does not have to maneuver his car or drive backwards, guarantees highest comfort and security. A single lift serves 6 to 12 parking spaces per level taking up a minimum of space. Time-saving vertical and horizontal movements take place

simultaneously ensuring fast parking and retrieval times. Limitations of a multi-storey car parking system: The subjective analysis has shown that the greatest effects of a Multi-Storey Car Park on Surrounding Residential Blocks are the air and noise pollution caused by the motor vehicles. Parking lots also tend to be subject to contamination with concentrated spots of pollutants such as motor oil. Also, they often cover large contiguous areas with impermeable paving surface. This means that virtually all of the rain (minus evaporation) that falls becomes runoff. The parking lot must be built to effectively channel and collect runoff. Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted directly into storm sewers, streams, or even sanitary sewers. However, larger municipalities now require retention basins to catch runoff to reduce the stress on sewer systems. Many areas today also require minimum landscaping in parking lots. This usually principally means the planting of trees to provide shade. Customers have long preferred shaded parking spaces in the summer, but parking lot providers have long been antagonistic to planting trees because of the extra cost of cleaning the parking lot. Also, the challenges which the developers are facing in implementing these technologies in India include the service backup. The challenge is for the authority is to realize the need and move quickly. Reference: http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-multi-level-car-parking-system-apresentation#ixzz1eAwA1oDq

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R R Parkon-Multi-Level car Parking Systems

India is into the twenty-first century with great plans to enhance infrastructure development and with the Government pouring in huge resources for development. Booming economy, unending opportunities, growing aspirations and better living standards have made owning car very easy and common. Going by the current statistics and forecast by experts, we would have a whooping 2.5 million cars added on the Indian roads every year.

But today's car population growth is at 8% every year. The rate of growth of new roads in India is at stand still level raises the question that can these cars be accommodated.

It is interesting to know that the number of hours a private vehicle remains parked. The vehicle moves for 5% of the time and 95% of the time it is parked. The major problem is therefore, not the moving vehicle but the parked vehicle. It is therefore most important to focus our attention to the issue of parking. In many cases, due to inadequate parking we see cars parked outside offices blocking the access to the building itself.

Now at this stage, the concept of multi-level car parking system is one of the options to decongest roads and solve parking problems by maximizing parking capacity utilizing vertical space, rather than expand horizontally.

A multi-storey car parking is a structure designed specifically to be for automobile parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. Advantages of Multi-Level Car Parking Systems (MLCPS) 1. Optimal utilization of space

Mechanical car parking system is a method of parking and retrieving cars by using pallets and lifts. It thus removes the need for lengthy drive ways and ramps, accommodating maximum cars in minimum space. 2. Can be constructed on minimum available space MLCPS is flexible enough to solve varied parking problems. It can be sited above or below the ground or a combination of both and designed to accommodate any number of cars. 3. Lower construction cost MLCPS are cost effective in terms of construction cost. MLCPS are delivered pre-fabricated which are assembled on site. As the system is operated automatically, added expenses of underground parking such as building structure, providing lighting and security are avoided. 4. Low maintenance and operational cost Operating cost is low since mechanical car parking systems requires less energy to run. There is no need for energy intensive ventilating systems as the cars are not being driven inside the parking lot. Cladding can be specially selected to match the building's facade. 5. Safety of vehicle MLCPS provide complete safety to a vehicle as parked cars are not accessible to anyone else. Damages or a dent to the car is avoided while parking through narrow drive ways. 6. Environment friendly Environmentally, mechanized car parking has much to offer. One of the greatest benefits related to conventional underground or open space parking, is the saving of ground space. Outdoor space saved can be put to good use with gardens and landscaping or additional buildings. It also significantly reduces noise and other pollutants. 7. Benefit to a driver Car driving now can become a pleasant experience. Mechanical car parking systems makes parking easier and less stressful as the driver does not have to drive through the entire parking lot looking for

a place to park, nor do they have to attend the car when it is parked, thus saving a lot of time. Difficulty in parking in a tight corner is also eliminated. 8. Benefit to builder By using MLCPS, floor area and the volume of the stilt/ garage can be used much more efficiently. It reduces the space needed to park the same number of cars or allow car parking where previously there would have been no room. This in turn means more financial gains by saving precious real estate space. 9. Benefit to architects The MLCPS is suitable for both public and private use. It can be designed to accommodate any number or cars depending on the space available. It actually makes difference in planning and designing places. RR Parkon Parking System

Realizing the need of the hour and using the best technology available from Korea-leaders in mechanized multi-level parking systems RR PARKON has pioneered the mechanized car parking systems in India. RR PARKON offers innovative technology that helps provide tailor made multi-level mechanized parking solutions, which is simple to install and maintain.

The time has come for the innovation with RR Parkon parking solutions in the country. A part of the Ram Ratna Group, RR Parkon is a one stop solution for consulting, designing and installation of multilevel car parking systems.

The main advantage of mechanized car parking systems is that in a very small area larger number of cars can be parked. Mechanized auto parking systems allow us to park 50 cars in the place required for 3 cars. The solution range from Twin Parking, Puzzle, Mini-Rotary, Horizontal Circulation, Stacker

Parking

and

Tower.

RR Parkon is associated with some of the best names in realty business by providing the innovative Parking solutions at optimum cost. The company has completed more than 100 projects across cities in India and also few thousand proposals which have been approved and incorporated by the clients in their plan. Parking solutions range: RR Tower Parking The elevator tower parking system combines an automatic storage system and a car elevator. The elevator moves vertically in which cars are taken up and down and a transfer device on the elevator transfers the cars to the left or right. RR Mini Rotary System The mini rotary system reminds of a merry go round. It is a very efficient system that can blend harmoniously with the surrounding. RR Puzzle Parking System The puzzle parking system works similar to "word puzzle game". In this cars move vertically and horizontally till the car required comes to lower level from where it is driven out. It is possible to use various combinations to adopt to the restricted space as it can be installed in driveways, basement, rooftops or indoors in basement etc. RR Twin Parker System The Twin Parker System stacks the cars in two levels. The system is very easy to operate due to its simple construction.

In technical collaboration with state-of-art Korean technology, Ram Ratna Infrastructure Private Limited an ISO 9001:2000 company has pioneered mechanized car parking solutions. The company provides customized solutions to meet your specific requirements, for individual homes to large malls or public parking systems.
NBMCW July 2010

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Dantal Hydraulics Offers Custom Built Car Parking Solutions

Dantal Hydraulics Pvt. Ltd is one of the leading companies engaged in providing mechanized multilevel state-of-the-art Automated Car Parking solutions both underground and above the ground. The company is in a technical collaboration with Taiwan based company 'SOOGOOD PARKING SYSTEMS' offers unmatched variety of car parking solutions in India that are easy to operate and quick to install. SOOGOOD PARKING SYSTEMS is a leading manufacturer of car parking systems having about 65% market share in Taiwan.

With the growing number of vehicles in the major cities, one increasing cause of concern is the congestion associated with car transportation and their parking. Seeing the alarming need to accommodate the large volume of vehicles, Dantal Hydraulics has come up with an idea of multi-level car parking system to maximize parking capacity by utilizing vertical space, rather than expanding horizontally. Designed in Taiwan, manufactured at DHPL Plant at MANESAR, Dantal brings cost-effective, environment-friendly and the well-known technology to India. The company has in house capability of design, development & manufacturing of custom built car parking solutions. With these systems one

can accommodate more number of cars within the available space, when compared to conventional parking system.

Car Parking Systems are now an inherent and most important part of the businesses like: Property development, Car showrooms, Hospitals, Luxury Hotels, Airports, IT Industries etc. where car parking space is scarce and doubling the car parking space adds value to the property. DANTAL offers the most extensive product range of parking system i.e Stack Parking (Dependent type) and Puzzle Parking (Semi Automatic). (A) Stack Parking (Dependent Type) Systems

Dantal dependent car parking system allows two passenger cars to be parked one above the other. It is based on hydraulic lifting and lowering. The unique feature of the system is its single post which saves space and offers flexibility when installed in basements and garages. The platform is curved at the ends to allow the car to roll on / roll off conveniently from either side. An operating control pendant can be conveniently located anywhere in the garage, basements, and outdoor structures for operation from a safe distance. Advantages:

Allows the car to approach from both sides Can be installed in compact areas Only 2 hours required to install No special construction required for installation Silent in operation Operation : Electro Hydraulic Lift Height: 2000 mm standard 24 Volt DC controls Control pendant can be conveniently located for remote operation Key switch in control pendant to protect against misuse Minimum operating & maintenance cost. Hydraulic, Mechanical and Electrical safety devices included Easy to relocate & dismantle Platform lowering possible in emergency in case of power failure

Maximum platform load- 2000 kg

(B) Puzzle Parking (Semi Automatic Systems

These systems offer a series of lateral and vertical movement of pallets to accommodate maximum cars within the available area. These are self-supporting steel structures and operated through Programmable Logic Controls (PLC's). Parking is possible from 2 to 6 levels above the ground, or a combination of both above ground and underground.

The platform / pallets at the entry level move only laterally. The pallets at the pit level & the top level move only vertically. The pallets at the intermediate / middle level moves both vertically as well as laterally.

Hydraulically operated, 2 Levels above ground, 1 Level in pit. Hydraulically operated, 2 Level above ground (pit less) Fully motorized, 3 Level above ground (pit less) Fully motorized, 4 Level above ground (pit less) Fully motorized, 2 Level above ground, 1 level in pit Fully motorized, 3 Level above ground, 1 level in pit Fully motorized, 4 Level above ground, 2 level in pit Fully motorized, 4 Level above ground, 1 level in pit

Advantages: 1. Independent parking & Indoor and outdoor installation flexibility 2. Efficient use of space. The puzzle system is configurable and customized module capacity can be offered 3. Easy and low cost installation 4. Minimal operational cost 5. Easy to drive-in and drive-out

6. Multiple entry / exit & parking / retrieving a car takes less than 180 seconds. 7. Safe operation, PLC controlled & low noise level. 8. Lifting & Lowering by Hydraulic Cylinder (in case of hydraulic operation) or by Electric Motor Chain Drives (in case of motorized operation) 9. All steel structure with corrosion resistant paint. Impact on Traffic Congestion According to Don H.Pickrell, Chief Economist at DOT, Volpe Institute, Cambridge, MIT, ".... Recent research shows, that over 50% of the traffic in typical downtowns is simply on the road, cruising around the block searching for vacant convenient parking space.
NBMCW July 2010

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1. Introduction 2. Basic idea 3. Hardware description 1. Display section 2. Keyboard, Indicator & Beeper section 3. Lift & motor section 4. Sensor section 5. LCD section 4. Software program

1.Introduction: Automatic multistoried car parking system helps to minimize the car parking area. In the modern world, where parking-space has become a very big problem and in the era of miniaturization, it is become a very crucial necessity to avoid the wastage of space in modern, big companies and apartments etc. In places where more than 100 cars need to be parked, this system proves to be useful in reducing wastage of space. This Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used. Here any number of cars can be parked according to the requirement. This makes the system modernized and even a space-saving one. This idea is developed using 8051 Microcontroller. Here program is written according to this idea using 8051.

Photograph of the model 2. Basic idea:

A display is provided at the ground floor which is basically a counter that displays number of cars in each floor. It informs whether the floors are fully filled with the cars or is it having place in a particular floor or not. There is facility of lift to carry the car to up and down. Movement of Lift is controlled by stepper motor. An indicator with a green and red LED is kept in all the floors to indicate whether the lift is busy or is it ready to take the car up or down. If the red LED glows that means the lift is already engaged and the person has to wait for the green LED to glow. In this project we have provided three floors of a building for car parking. Maximum storage capacity of each floor is given as ten. Storage capacity can be changed according to the requirement. Any one can enter to first or second floor. The third floor in this model is for VIPs only. Therefore when VIPs are to be entering they are expected to enter their password and they will be taken to the third reserved floor. The password will be of 4 digits. The processor checks for the password entered and if it is found to be wrong, a siren is heard. In this particular model 10 passwords are stored. So when a password is entered, the processor checks for it and it is compared with 10 passwords. It indicates whether it is the correct one or not. When the car enters the lift, the LDR detects its presence and sends a signal to glow RED LED indicating that the lift is busy. It also sends a signal to motor which makes the motor to rotate. After RED LED glows the lift will take the person and the car up to the floor where the space for parking is available. (For VIP it will be the third floor). When the lift reaches the first floor, the processor compares the filled amount to that of the already fed capacity of that floor, and if it finds that the first floor is fully filled , it goes to the second floor and thus the procedure stops here. As soon as a car is placed in a particular floor, the display counter at the ground floor increments as to indicate the floor capacity has decreased by one. After the lift places the car in a particular floor, it comes back to its normal position and that time, the motor that drives it , also stops. Now processor sends signal to glow GREEN LED indicating that lift is free. When a person needs to come down from a particular floor to ground floor, he is expected to focus the headlight onto the LDR placed in that floor. Now sensor section sends signal to motor that the lift has to be send back to that particular floor and sends a signal to glow RED LED indicating that the lift is busy. As soon as the lift reaches that particular floor car should come inside the lift, the display counter at the ground floor decrements by one as to indicate the floor capacity has increased by one. Lift comes back to its normal position and that time, the motor that drives it, also stops. Now processor sends signal to glow GREEN LED indicating that lift is free. If there no parking taking place, the processor carries out the job according to the following priority:1. It checks whether any password is entered. 2. It checks whether any car is entered to lift. 3. It checks whether any car headlight is pressed in front of LDR placed in each floor.

It is like a round robin system.

3. Hardware description: Introduction to 8051 Microcontroller: The first task faced when learning to use a new computer is to become familiar with the capability of the machine. The features of the computer best learned by studying the internal hardware design, also called the architecture of the device, to determine the type, number, and size of the registers and other circuitry. The hardware is manipulated by an accompanying set of program instructions, or software. One familiar with hardware and software, the system designer can then apply the microcontroller to the problems at hand. In this project we make use of microcontroller. The 8051 microcontroller generic part number actually includes a whole family of microcontrollers that have numbers ranging from 8031 to 8751.The block diagram of the 8051 shows all of the features unique to microcontrollers:
1. 2. 3. 4. Internal ROM and RAM I/O ports with programmable pins Timers and counters Serial data communication

The block diagram also shows the usual CPU components program counter, ALU, working registers, and the clock circuits. The 8051 architecture consists of these specific features:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 8 bit CPU with registers A and B 16 bit PC &data pointer (DPTR) 8 bit program status word (PSW) 8 bit stack pointer(SP) Internal ROM or EPROM (8751)of 0(8031)to 4k(8051) Internal RAM of 128 bytes. 4 register banks , each containing 8 registers 80 bits of general purpose data memory 32 input/output pins arranged as four 8 bit ports:P0-P3 Two 16 bit timer/counters:T0-T1 Two external and three internal interrupt sources Oscillator and clock circuits

A pin out of the 8051 packaged in a 40 pin DIP is shown below.

Internal block diagram of IC 8051

A pin out of the 8051 packaged in a 40 pin DIP. Pages: 1 2 3 4 5

Main sections in this model are 3.1. Display section 3.2. Keyboard, indicator & Beeper section

3.3. Lift & motor section 3.4. Sensor section 3.5. LCD section Program is written using 8051 microcontroller. Two 8255 ICs are connected to 8051. All circuits are interfaced with 8255. Block diagram of this project is shown below.

Block diagram of the project 3.1. Display section This section displays the floor number along with the number of cars which has been already parked in that particular floor. So whenever a car is ready to either come down or go up, the program either decrements the count or increments the count automatically according to the going up or coming down of a car. Display section is done by interfacing with 8255(PPI) of 8051.Here 3 ports of 8255 are connected to three 7-segment display. Block diagram of this section is shown. Click here to study more about interfacing 7-segment display.

Display section 3.2. Keyboard, indicator & beeper In this section,12 switches are connected in matrix form and it has three LEDs , RED, GREEN&YELLOW. The person, needed to enter the password has to wait until the GREEN LED glows and when it glows, he has to press the START button first. This time the RED LED glows. Then the person has to enter the password. As soon as it is entered, the program checks it with the already stored passwords. If it is correct, YELLOW LED glows. If the entered password is wrong, beeper starts beeping signifying the incorrectness of the password entered. Circuit diagram of keyboard is shown bellow.

Keyboard section The indicator section contains 2 LEDs , RED & GREEN which are present in all the floors. RED LED signifies that the lift is presently busy and shall not entertain any car to enter but if

GREEN LED glows, it suggests that the lift is ready and the car can enter the particular floor. Beeper and LEDs are connected to port C upper of 8255. One more advantage of beeper is that; when a person tries to enter the lift irrespective of finding the display section to be FFF (means the floors are already filled), program sends a signal to Beeper section and it starts beeping indicating that he is not supposed to enter the lift since all the floors are already filled. Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 3.3. Lift and motor section In lift section, there is a light beam and LDR to know whether a car has entered the lift or not. When the GREEN LED of indicator section glows, that means the lift is ready for the car to enter. When the car enters the lift, the light beam falls on LDR present in the lift gets cut and it gives a signal that a car has entered the lift. Then program decides which floor lift has to go and gives a signal to motor section. Circuit diagram of sensor present in lift is shown bellow.

Lift Sensor circuit The motor section is a mechanical part of the model which is used for taking the lift up/down. When the lift has to go up, program gives the signal and the motor rotates clockwise and if it has to go down, it rotates anticlockwise. First 4 pins port A is connected to motor. Power transistors must be connected to drive the motor. Circuit diagram of this section is shown bellow.

Interfacing stepper motor 3.4. Sensor section Sensor section contains LDRs .These LDRs are connected to each floar to give information if any car has to come down. When a person needs to come down from a particular floor to ground floor, he is expected to focus the headlight the car onto the LDR placed in that floor. When light falls on LDR its resistance decreases. Hence IC 555 triggers and gives a signal. Program identifies that signal and gives a signal to motor section. The circuit diagram sensor is shown bellow. In this project same circuits is connected to three floors. This circuit is different if you compared with that of lift sensor shown above.

Sensor circuit diagram 3.5. LCD Section: In this project LCD is used to display some messages which is useful to car owners. Here 2X16 LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display) is used. This is used to display messages like WELCOME TO CAR PARKING SYSTEM LIFT IS BUSY PLEASE WAIT

PLEASE ENTER YOUR PASSWORD Circuit diagram of LCD section is shown bellow. LCD is interfaced with 8051 microcontroller. Click here to study more about interfacing LCD to 8051.

Circuit diagram of LCD interfacing Pages: 1 2 38051 Program for Automated multistoried car parking system. mov r0,#19h mov @r0,#0bfh inc r0 mov @r0,#86h inc r0 mov @r0,#0dbh inc r0 mov @r0,#0cfh inc r0 mov @r0,#0e6h inc r0 mov @r0,#0edh inc r0 mov @r0,#fdh inc r0 mov @r0,#87h inc r0 mov @r0,#0ffh inc r0 mov @r0,#0e7h inc r0 mov @r0,#39h ; Storing the equivalent codes of common cathode display.

inc r0 mov @r0,#00h mov r0,#25h mov @r0,#40h inc r0 mov @r0,#0f9h inc r0 mov @r0,#24h inc r0 mov @r0,#30h inc r0 mov @r0,#99h inc r0 mov @r0,#12h inc r0 mov @r0,#02h inc r0 mov @r0,#78h inc r0 mov @r0,#00h inc r0 mov @r0,#18h inc r0 mov @r0,#0eh mov r0,#45h mov @r0,#00h inc r0 mov @r0,#01h inc r0 mov @r0,#02h inc r0 mov @r0,#03h inc r0 mov @r0,#08h inc r0 mov @r0,#00 inc r0 mov @r0,#05h inc r0 mov @r0,#01h inc r0 mov @r0,#01h inc r0 mov @r0,#00 ; Storing the equivalent codes of common anode.

; Storing ten 4 digit passwords in ; internal RAM.

inc r0 mov @r0,#00 inc r0 mov @r0,#01h inc r0 mov @r0,#06h inc r0 mov @r0,#00 inc r0 mov @r0,#05h inc r0 mov @r0,#00 inc r0 mov @r0,#09h inc r0 mov @r0,#08h inc r0 mov @r0,#08h inc r0 mov @r0,#06h inc r0 mov @r0,#03h inc r0 mov @r0,#01h inc r0 mov @r0,#01h inc r0 mov @r0,#07h mov a,#08 STORE: dec a inc r0 mov @r0,a inc r0 movx @r0,a inc r0 movx @r0,a inc r0 movx @r0,a djnz a,STORE mov dptr,#2023h mov a,#81h movx @dptr,a mov dptr,#2043h mov a,#80h movx @dptr,a ; Configuring two 8255 ports.

mov r3,#00 ; Clears the display. mov r4,#00 mov r5,#00 mov a,r5 call LED_CODES mov dptr,#2040h movx @dptr,a inc dptr movx @dptr,a inc dptr movx @dptr,a mov dptr,#2022h mov a,#30h movx @dptr,a mov sp,#11h call lcdwel ; Calling LCD display subroutine. REPEAT: clr psw.3 clr psw.4 mov dptr,#2022h movx a,@dptr cjne a,#31h,DONE ; Comparing whether car is inside the lift. mov a,#0ah xrl a,r4 jz SIREN ; Call SIREN if second floor is full. call lcdbusy mov a,#10h movx @dptr,a ; send lift is busy signal. call DELAY mov r7,#02 ; number of rotations to motor so that lift goes to first floor. mov r6,#02h call MOTER_UP ; Call motor to rotate clockwise. mov a,#0ah xrl a,r3 jz I_FULL ; If first floor is full then jump to I_FULL inc r3 call DELAY mov a,r3 ; Increment the number of car in call LED_CODES ; first floor and display the number of cars. mov dptr,#2042h movx @dptr,a mov r7,#02h ; Again load the number of rotations to motor mov r6,#02h call MOTER_DOWN ; Call motor to rotate anticlockwise. mov dptr,#2022h mov a,#30h movx @dptr,a ; send lift is free signal.

call lcdwel sjmp DONE I_FULL: mov r7,#02h ;number of rotations to motor so that lift goes to second floor. mov r6,#02h call MOTER_UP ; Call motor to rotate clockwise. inc r4 call DELAY mov a,r4 ; Increment the number of car in second floor. call LED_CODES ; Display the number of cars. mov dptr,#2041h movx @dptr,a mov r7,#04h ; Again load the number of rotations to motor. mov r6,#02h call MOTER_DOWN ; Call motor to rotate anticlockwise. mov dptr,#2022h mov a,#30h movx @dptr,a ; send lift is free signal. call lcdwel jmp DONE SIREN: mov a,#70h ; Subroutine for SIREN. movx @dptr,a GO: movx a,@dptr jb a.0,GO jmp OVER1 DONE: movx a,@dptr ; Compare if start button of the keyboard is pressed. cjne a,#33h,OVER1 mov a,#0ah xrl a,r5 jz SIREN ; Call SIREN if third flore is full. mov a,#00 movx @dptr,a call lcdbusy setb psw.3 CLEAR: mov r1,#0ah ; Scanning entered password from keyboard mov r0,#04h START: mov dptr,#2020h mov a,#0eh movx @dptr,a WAIT: mov dptr,#2022h movx a,@dptr mov r7,#00 xrl a,r7 jz WAIT mov a,#02 LOOP: mov r6,a

mov dptr,#2020h movx @dptr,a mov dptr,#2022h movx a,@dptr jnz COLSCAN inc r7 mov a,r6 rl a jmp LOOP COLSCAN: rrc a jc DONE1 inc r7 inc r7 inc r7 sjmp COLSCAN OVER1: jmp OVER DONE1: mov a,r7 clr psw.3 setb psw.4 mov r0,#19h add a,r0 mov r0,a mov a,@r0 clr psw.4 setb psw.3 mov dptr,#2021h movx @dptr,a inc dptr UP: movx a,@dptr jnz UP mov a,#0ah xrl a,r7 jz CLEAR mov a,#0bh xrl a,r7 jz BIT_CLEAR mov a,r7 mov @r1,a ; Store entered each digit. inc r1 mov r7,#0ffh HEAR: djnz r7,HEAR mov r7,#0ffh HEAR1: djnz r7,HEAR1 djnz r0,START

mov r7,#0ah ; Checking whether entered 4 digit password is mov r0,#45h ; any one of the stored password. CHECK: mov r1,#0ah mov r6,#03h CHECK1:mov a,@r0 xrl a,@r1 jnz NEXT inc r1 inc r0 djnz r6,CHECK1 mov dptr,#2022h mov a,#90h movx @dptr,a clr psw.3 jmp OK ; Jump to OK if password is correct. NEXT: inc r0 djnz r6,NEXT inc r0 djnz r7,CHECK mov dptr,#2022h mov a,#50h movx @dptr,a AGAIN: movx a,@dptr cjne a,#53h,AGAIN clr psw.3 mov a,#30h ; Give SIREN if entered password is wrong. movx @dptr,a REMAIN: movx a,@dptr xrl a,#33h jz REMAIN mov r0,#0ffh STAY: djnz r0,STAY call lcdwel jmp OVER LED_CODES:setb psw.4 mov r0,#25h add a,r0 mov r0,a mov a,@r0 clr psw.4 ret BIT_CLEAR: dec r1 inc r0 mov r6,#0ffh

HEAR2: djnz r6,HEAR2 mov r6,#0ffh HEAR3: djnz r6,HEAR3 jmp START ; continued Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 OK: movx a,@dptr cjne a,#91h,OK mov a,#10h movx @dptr,a mov a,#00 mov dptr,#2021h movx @dptr,a call DELAY mov r7,#06h ; number of rotations to motor so that lift goes to third flore. mov r6,#02h call MOTER_UP ; Call motor to rotate clockwise. inc r5 ; Increment the number of car entered to call DELAY ; third floor and display the number of cars. mov a,r5 call LED_CODES mov dptr,#2040h movx @dptr,a mov r7,#06h mov r6,#02h call MOTER_DOWN ; Call motor to rotate anticlockwise. call lcdwel jmp OVER MOTER_UP:push r5 mov r5,#70h mov r0,r6 mov dptr,#2020h mov a,#88h h3: movx @dptr,a rl a mov r2,#30 h1: mov r1,#255 h2: djnz r1,h2 djnz r2,h1 djnz r5,h3 mov r5,#0ffh djnz r6,h3 ; Subroutine for motor to rotate clockwise.

mov r6,r0 djnz r7,h3 pop r5 ret MOTER_DOWN:push r5 mov r5,#70h mov r0,r6 mov dptr,#2020h mov a,#88h h6: movx @dptr,a rr a mov r2,#30 h4: mov r1,#255 h5: djnz r1,h5 djnz r2,h4 djnz r5,h6 mov r5,#0ffh djnz r6,h6 mov r6,r0 djnz r7,h6 pop r5 ret ; Subroutine for motor to rotate anticlockwise.

DELAY: mov r1,#10h ; Subroutine for Delay DELAY1: mov r2,#0ffh DELAY2: mov r0,#0ffh DELAY3: djnz r0,DELAY3 djnz r2,DELAY2 djnz r1,DELAY1 ret OVER: mov dptr,#2022h mov a,#30h movx @dptr,a movx a,@dptr cjne a,#32h,I_OVER mov a,#10h movx @dptr,a call lcdbusy mov r7,#02h mov r6,#02h call MOTER_UP ; Call motor to rotate clockwise. dec r3 ; Decrements the number of cars entered to first floor and display mov a,r3 ; the number of cars in first floor. call LED_CODES

mov dptr,#2042h movx @dptr,a call DELAY mov r7,#02h mov r6,#02h call MOTER_DOWN ; Call motor to rotate anticlockwise. mov dptr,#2022h mov a,#30h movx @dptr,a call lcdwel I_OVER: movx a,@dptr cjne a,#34h,II_OVER mov a,#10h movx @dptr,a call lcdbusy mov r7,#04h mov r6,#02h call MOTER_UP ; Call motor to rotate clockwise. dec r4 ; Decrements the number of cars entered to second floor and mov a,r4 ; display the number of cars in second floor. call LED_CODES mov dptr,#2041h movx @dptr,a call DELAY mov r7,#04h mov r6,#02h call MOTER_DOWN ; Call motor to rotate clockwise. mov dptr,#2022h mov a,#30h movx @dptr,a call lcdwel II_OVER: movx a,@dptr cjne a,#38h,END mov a,#10h movx @dptr,a call lcdbusy mov r7,#06h mov r6,#02h call MOTER_UP ; Call motor to rotate clockwise. dec r5 ; Decrements the number of cars entered to third floor and display mov a,r5 ; the number of cars in third floor. call LED_CODES mov dptr,#2040h movx @dptr,a call DELAY mov r7,#06h

mov r6,#02h call MOTOR_DOWN mov dptr,#2022h mov a,#30h movx @dptr,a call lcdwel END: jmp REPEAT lcdwel: push r3 SYSTEM push r4 mov a,#3ch call command mov a,#0eh call command mov a,#01h call command mov a,#06h call command mov a,#80h call command mov a,#W call data mov a,#E call data mov a,#L call data mov a,#C call data mov a,#O call data mov a,#M call data mov a,#E call data mov a,# call data mov a,#88h call command mov a,#T call data mov a,#O call data mov a,# call data mov a,#C

; Call motor to rotate anticlockwise.

; Subroutine for LCD to display WELCOME TO CAR PARKING

call data mov a,#A call data1 mov a,#R call data mov a,#aah call command mov a,#P call data mov a,#A call data mov a,#R call data mov a,#K call data mov a,#I call data mov a,#N call data mov a,#G call data mov a,# call data mov a,#S call data mov a,#Y call data mov a,#S call data mov a,#T call data mov a,#E call data mov a,#M call data pop r4 pop r3 ret command: mov p1,a clr p3.4 setb p3.3 clr p3.3 mov r3,#50 A: mov r4,#255 R: djnz r4,R

djnz r3,A ret data: mov p1,a setb p3.4 setb p3.3 clr p3.3 mov r3,#50 AAA: mov r4,#255 AA: djnz r4,AA djnz r3,AAA ret lcdbusy: push r4 push r3 mov a,#3ch call command mov a,#0eh call command mov a,#01h call command mov a,#06h call command mov a,#80h call command mov a,#L call data mov a,#I call data mov a,#F call data mov a,#T call data mov a,# call data mov a,# call data mov a,#I call data mov a,#S call data mov a,#88h call command mov a,# call data mov a,# ; Subroutine for LCD to display LIFT IS BUSY PLEASE WAIT

call data mov a,#B call data mov a,#U call data mov a,#S call data mov a,#Y call data mov a,#aah call command mov a,#P call data mov a,#L call data mov a,#E call data mov a,#A call data mov a,#S call data mov a,#E call data mov a,# call data mov a,#W call data mov a,#A call data mov a,#I call data mov a,#T call data mov a,# call data pop r3 pop r4 ret