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    PAL Encoder and Decoder

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    jutex
    This document discusses the PAL encoder and decoder used in color television systems. It contains 3 key points: 1) A PAL encoder converts RGB signals into a color composite video signal (CCVS) for transmission by modulating the color difference signals U and V onto a color subcarrier using quadrature amplitude modulation. This allows both color signals to be transmitted within the same 5MHz bandwidth. 2) A PAL decoder takes a CCVS signal as input and outputs RGB signals. It demodulates the color difference signals U and V from the color subcarrier. 3) PAL improves on NTSC by changing the phase of the color subcarrier by 180 degrees every other line. This helps

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    PAL Encoder and Decoder

    Uploaded by

    jutex
    3K views22 pages
    This document discusses the PAL encoder and decoder used in color television systems. It contains 3 key points: 1) A PAL encoder converts RGB signals into a color composite video signal (CCVS) for transmission by modulating the color difference signals U and V onto a color subcarrier using quadrature amplitude modulation. This allows both color signals to be transmitted within the same 5MHz bandwidth. 2) A PAL decoder takes a CCVS signal as input and outputs RGB signals. It demodulates the color difference signals U and V from the color subcarrier. 3) PAL improves on NTSC by changing the phase of the color subcarrier by 180 degrees every other line. This helps

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    (2) PAL Encoder and Decoder

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    This document discusses the PAL encoder and decoder used in color television systems. It contains 3 key points: 1) A PAL encoder converts RGB signals into a color composite video signal (CCVS) for transmission by modulating the color difference signals U and V onto a color subcarrier using quadrature amplitude modulation. This allows both color signals to be transmitted within the same 5MHz bandwidth. 2) A PAL decoder takes a CCVS signal as input and outputs RGB signals. It demodulates the color difference signals U and V from the color subcarrier. 3) PAL improves on NTSC by changing the phase of the color subcarrier by 180 degrees every other line. This helps

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3K views22 pages

    PAL Encoder and Decoder

    Uploaded by

    jutex
    This document discusses the PAL encoder and decoder used in color television systems. It contains 3 key points: 1) A PAL encoder converts RGB signals into a color composite video signal (CCVS) for transmission by modulating the color difference signals U and V onto a color subcarrier using quadrature amplitude modulation. This allows both color signals to be transmitted within the same 5MHz bandwidth. 2) A PAL decoder takes a CCVS signal as input and outputs RGB signals. It demodulates the color difference signals U and V from the color subcarrier. 3) PAL improves on NTSC by changing the phase of the color subcarrier by 180 degrees every other line. This helps

    Copyright:

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    PAL Encoder and Decoder

    By Rajender Kumar Dy. Director(Engg.) STI(T), AIR & Doordarshan

    Color reproduction in Television System


    Colors are generated by additive mixing of primary colors, Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B). The mixing is done in the color picture tube where three R-G-B electron guns will hit the respective RG-B phosphor dots on the screen, resulting in emission of red, green and blue light from the respective dots. When these colors of different intensities are emitted, human eyes would perceive a particular color

    Additive Mixing of Primary Colors

    Color separation using optical system

    Color Generation in TV Picture Tube

    Conversion of RGB signals into CCVS


    TV Transmission is carried out in color composite video signals (CCVS), instead of RGB component video. TV receiver responds only to CCVS signals. PAL encoder convert RGB signal into CCVS signal and PAL Decoder takes CCVS as input and gives RGB as output Therefore conversion from RGB to CCVS is required.

    CCVS
    R-Signal

    G -Signal

    PAL Encoder

    CCVS

    B-Signal

    Constrains for migration from monochrome to color Transmission


    Compatibility: Color transmission must respond to B/W receivers. Reverse Compatibility: Monochrome transmission must be received by color TV. Bandwidth:Color composite video signal must utilize the same bandwidth of 5 MHz as utilized by monochrome composite signal.

    How to maintain compatibility


    Three RGB signals are converted into Luminance Y, and color difference signals using simple mathematical relation Y=0.3R+0.59G+0.11B, Luminance Signal U=0.493(B-Y) Color Difference Signals V=0.877(R-Y) (B-Y) and (R-Y) are weighted to avoid over modulation

    Generation of Luminance and color difference signals


    Gamma correction R1 = 0.59, R2 = 0.3, R3 = 0.11

    Simple matrix
    G

    Luminance signal Y = 0.3R + 0.59G + 0.11B

    R1
    R2 R3
    R4
    Inv. amp.
    -Y
    Amp.

    Camera outputs

    (R Y) adder

    (R Y)

    -Y

    (B Y) adder

    (B Y)

    How to retain 5MHz BW


    The color difference signals, U and V are accommodated in the luminance Y signal using frequency interleaving. The frequency interleaving is achieved by modulating U and V using QAM at color sub-carrier frequency which is given by

    f SC = 284 f h

    fh fv 4

    Energy Spectrum of color video signal

    Quadrature Amplitude Modulation


    QAM is a type of modulation scheme where two information, U and V can be conveyed on a single carrier, means saving BW. QAM signal or Chrominance signal C :

    C = U cos( ct ) + V sin(ct )
    C = C cos( c t + ) C = U
    1 2

    V C

    +V

    -U -V

    = tan

    V U

    QAM Modulator
    U U
    Balanced modulator
    cos( t ) c
    Sub carrier oscillator

    U cos( t ) c

    Adder

    C = U cos( c t ) + V sin( c t )

    + 90 o
    sin( t ) c

    V
    Balanced modulator

    V sin(ct )

    Phase Angle for yellow Color


    R = 1.0 , G = 1.0, B = 0.0 Y= 0.30+0.59 = 0.89 U = 0.493(B-Y) = 0.493(-0.89) = -0.4387, V = 0.877( R-Y) = 0.877(0.11) = 0.0965,
    C = U 2 +V 2

    =
    1

    ( 0.4387 )2 + (0 .0965 )2
    0 . 0965 = 167 0 . 4387
    o

    = 0.44

    = 180 tan
    o

    Chrominance signal phasor positions for primary and complimentary colors

    Advantage of PAL over NTSC


    Phase Alteration by Line : Changing phase of the subcarrier by 180 degree at each alternating line to minimize the phase error. The phase error causes error in color reproduction. Correction of colors is done in the Human Visual System. Color correction is not done in NTSC system

    Phase error correction in PAL system


    V
    +

    Received vector with NTSC line


    Transmitted vector At angle Received vector with PAL line

    -U -

    -V

    PAL Encoder
    R
    Y U

    Luminance Delay (400-500ns)


    U Modulator

    G
    B
    Burst gate

    Matrix
    V

    fsc 90

    + -

    + +
    + 4.43 MHz BPF f = 2.6 MHz fc = 4.43 MHz Summing Amplifier

    V Modulator

    U Carrier

    Color Sub-carrier 4.43 MHz


    Composite syncs

    Phase shift
    V Carrier

    fsc 0 fsc 180

    Summing Amplifier

    0 / 180 Phase switch


    Ident PAL switch 1/2fh

    Output

    Composite PAL

    PAL Decoder

    THANK YOU

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