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    hw1 Sol

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    Johnny Koung
    1. The document contains solutions to homework problems involving determining whether partial differential equations are linear or nonlinear, finding general solutions to differential equations, and verifying solutions to given partial differential equations. 2. Specific problems solved include determining if operators are linear, classifying orders and types of partial differential equations, showing a function is a solution to a given differential equation, finding a basis for the solution space of a differential equation, and verifying functions as solutions to given partial differential equations. 3. Methods used include plugging functions into differential equations to verify they are solutions, solving differential equations using characteristic equations to find general solutions, and rewriting partial differential equations as ordinary differential equations in terms of derivatives.

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    hw1 Sol

    Uploaded by

    Johnny Koung
    1K views3 pages
    1. The document contains solutions to homework problems involving determining whether partial differential equations are linear or nonlinear, finding general solutions to differential equations, and verifying solutions to given partial differential equations. 2. Specific problems solved include determining if operators are linear, classifying orders and types of partial differential equations, showing a function is a solution to a given differential equation, finding a basis for the solution space of a differential equation, and verifying functions as solutions to given partial differential equations. 3. Methods used include plugging functions into differential equations to verify they are solutions, solving differential equations using characteristic equations to find general solutions, and rewriting partial differential equations as ordinary differential equations in terms of derivatives.

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    1. The document contains solutions to homework problems involving determining whether partial differential equations are linear or nonlinear, finding general solutions to differential equations, and verifying solutions to given partial differential equations. 2. Specific problems solved include determining if operators are linear, classifying orders and types of partial differential equations, showing a function is a solution to a given differential equation, finding a basis for the solution space of a differential equation, and verifying functions as solutions to given partial differential equations. 3. Methods used include plugging functions into differential equations to verify they are solutions, solving differential equations using characteristic equations to find general solutions, and rewriting partial differential equations as ordinary differential equations in terms of derivatives.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views3 pages

    hw1 Sol

    Uploaded by

    Johnny Koung
    1. The document contains solutions to homework problems involving determining whether partial differential equations are linear or nonlinear, finding general solutions to differential equations, and verifying solutions to given partial differential equations. 2. Specific problems solved include determining if operators are linear, classifying orders and types of partial differential equations, showing a function is a solution to a given differential equation, finding a basis for the solution space of a differential equation, and verifying functions as solutions to given partial differential equations. 3. Methods used include plugging functions into differential equations to verify they are solutions, solving differential equations using characteristic equations to find general solutions, and rewriting partial differential equations as ordinary differential equations in terms of derivatives.

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    Homework 1

    1. (#1.1.2 in Strauss) Which of the following operators are linear? (a) Lu = ux + xuy (b) Lu = ux + uuy (c) Lu = ux + u2 y (d) Lu = ux + uy + 1 (e) Lu = 1 + x2 (cos y)ux + uyxy [arctan(x/y)]u Solution: (a) Linear. (b) Nonlinear the term uuy is quadratic in u. (c) Nonlinear the term u2 is quadratic in u. y

    Solutions

    (d) Nonlinear the term 1 is of 0th order in u. Check the additive property of L: L(u + v) = Lu + Lv 1 = Lu + Lv. (e) Linear all instances of u and its derivatives enter linearly. 2. (#1.1.3 in Strauss) For each of the following equations, state the order and whether it is nonlinear, linear inhomogeneous, or linear homogeneous; provide reasons. (a) ut uxx + 1 = 0 (b) ut uxx + xu = 0 (c) ut uxxt + uux = 0 (d) utt uxx + x2 = 0 (e) iut uxx + u/x = 0 (f) ux (1 + u2 )1/2 + uy (1 + u2 )1/2 = 0 x y (g) ux + ey uy = 0 (h) ut + uxxxx + 1 + u = 0 Solution: (a) 2nd order, linear inhomogeneous (ut uxx = 1) (b) 2nd order, linear homogeneous (c) 3rd order, nonlinear (uux is quadratic in u) (d) 2nd order, linear inhomogeneous (utt uxx = x2 ) (e) 2nd order, linear homogeneous (f) 1st order, nonlinear (g) 1st order, linear homogeneous (h) 4th order, nonlinear ( 1 + u is nonlinear in u) 3. Show that cos(x ct) is a solution of ut + cux = 0. Solution: To check, plug the function into the equation, and verify that one gets an identity. ut = c sin(x ct), ux = c sin(x ct). So ut + cux = c sin(x ct) c sin(x ct) = 0. 1

    4. (#1.1.10 in Strauss) Show that the solutions of the dierential equation u 3u + 4u = 0 form a vector space. Find a basis of it. Solution: The set of solutions to this ODE, S = {u : R R | u 3u + 4u = 0} is a subset of the set of all function of one variable F = {f : R R}. Since the set of all functions F is a vector space, then to show that its subset S is a vector (sub)space, it is enough to show that S is d3 d2 closed under addition and multiplication by scalars. But since the operator L = dx3 3 dx2 +4 is linear, we have u, v S Lu = Lv = 0 L(u + v) = Lu + Lv = 0 (u + v) S. Similarly for multiplications by scalars: u S, c R Lu = 0 L(cu) = cLu = 0 (cu) S. Thus the set of solutions S is indeed a vector space (one can alternatively check the properties of vector spaces for S directly). To nd a basis, solve the equation by considering its characteristic equation: k 3 3k 2 + 4 = 0. Regrouping terms k 3 2k 2 k 2 + 4 = 0, and factoring out common factors k 2 (k 2) (k 2)(k + 2), one gets the following factorization: (k 2)(k 2 k 2), or (k 2)2 (k + 1) = 0. Thus, k = 2 and k = 1 are the roots of the characteristic polynomial, the former being a double root. The general solution to the ODE is then u(x) = c1 ex + c2 e2x + c3 xe2x , hence {ex , e2x , xe2x } forms a basis for S. 5. (#1.1.11 in Strauss) Verify that u(x, y) = f (x)g(y) is a solution of the PDE uuxy = ux uy for all pairs of (dierentiable) functions f and g of one variable. Solution: We compute: ux = f (x)g(y), uy = f (x)g (y), uxy = f (x)g (y). Plugging into the equation, we get uuxy = f (x)g(y)f (x)g (y) = f (x)g(y)f (x)g (y) = ux uy , which is an identity, hence u(x, y) = f (x)g(y) solves the PDE. 6. (#1.1.12 in Strauss) Verify by direct substitution that un (x, y) = sin nx sinh ny is a solution of uxx + uyy = 0 for every n > 0. Solution: We compute: x un (x, y) = n cos nx sinh ny, 2 x un (x, y) = n2 sin nx sinh ny. Similarly y un (x, y) = n sin nx cosh ny, 2 x un (x, y) = n2 sin nx sinh ny. Thus, uxx + uyy = n2 sin nx sinh ny + n2 sin nx sinh ny = 0. 7. Find the general solution of uxy + ux = 0. (Hint: rst treat it as an ODE for ux ). Solution: 2

    Denote v = ux . It follows that uxy = (ux )y = vy , so we can rewrite the equation in terms of v as follows vy + v = 0. One can solve this equation by treating it as an ODE in y, and obtain the solution v(x, y) = ey f (x). Recalling how v was dened, we have that ux = ey f (x). Integrating in terms of x, we arrive at the solution u(x, y) = ey f (x) dx = ey F (x) + G(y), where F and G are arbitrary (dierentiable) functions of one variable. To check that this is indeed the solution, plug it into the equation: ux = ey F (x), uxy = ey F (x). So uxy + ux = ey F (x) + ey F (x) = 0.

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