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Breast Cancer: Introduction

Breast cancer is a malignant disease that occurs when there is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the breast. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Less frequently breast cancer can also occur in men.

Normally, cells in the breast that are old or damaged will stop dividing and die before they can become cancerous. These cells replaced by healthy young cells. Breast cancer occurs when a genetic mutation causes old or damaged cells to continue to divide and multiply uncontrollably. This results in the development of a malignant tumor in the breast.

Left untreated, breast cancer cells can continue to multiply, spread to other parts of the body, and interfere with more of the body's vital processes. Breast cancer can be fatal, especially if untreated, and is one of the leading cancer killers in women. However, if diagnosed and treated in an early stage of development, breast cancer is curable in many cases.

Breast cancer is more common in Caucasian women than in African-American women. Risk factors for breast cancer include being over 50 years of age and having a personal history of breast cancer or a family history of breast cancer. Other risk factors include taking drugs that contain the hormone estrogen, beginning menstruation before age 12, going through menopause after age 55, and having a first child after age 30. Women with certain genetic changes in the genes called BRACA1 and BRCA2 are also at a higher risk for developing breast cancer. In addition, if the breasts are exposed to high doses of radiation, such as during radiation therapy, there is an increased risk of breast cancer.

Symptoms of breast cancer include a breast lump. However, a breast lump may be so small that it is not felt in early stages of the diseases. For additional symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of breast cancer.

Diagnosing breast cancer begins with taking a medical and sexual history and completing a physical and breast examination.

Screening tests include imaging tests, such as a mammogram, a special X-ray of the breasts. An ultrasound using sound wave technology may also be done to help determine if a breast lump is or a hard solid mass, which may indicate a cancerous tumor.

Diagnostic tests also include a biopsy of the breast lump. A biopsy involves taking a sample of the breast lump to examine under a microscope for breast cancer cells.

If a breast lump is found to be cancerous, further testing is generally performed. Imaging tests may include MRI and PET scan, which can help to show if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as to the lymph nodes. A lymph node biopsy is generally done if metastasis to the lymphatic system is suspected. Other diagnostic tests performed for breast cancer include hormone tests.

A diagnosis of breast cancer can easily be delayed or missed because a breast lump may be too small to feel or see on a mammogram, may not be painful, and might be ignored, and for other reasons. In addition, some symptoms of breast cancer can resemble symptoms of other diseases and conditions. For more information on misdiagnosis and diseases and conditions that can mimic breast cancer, refer to misdiagnosis of breast cancer.

Treatment of breast cancer varies, depending on the individual case and the type and stage of the cancer. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. For more information on treatments, refer to treatment of breast cancer. ...more

Breast Cancer: Breast cancer is the second leading malpractice-related condition with most lawsuits arising out of misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. One problem is that a mammogram may be negative, even for women with a breast lump, but a negative mammogram does not definitively rule out breast cancer. Further tests are necessary. Another problem is that women under 50 can get breast cancer, but many doctors will assume a diagnosis of breast fibrocystic disease because of their age. ...more

Cancer: Introduction
Cancer is a general term for a group of diseases that occur when there is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or more organs or tissues of the body.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. The top cancer killers include lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The most common types of cancer include prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and bladder cancer.

Normally, the body's cells that are old or damaged will stop dividing and die before they can become cancerous. These cells replaced by healthy young cells. Cancer occurs when a genetic mutation causes old or damaged cells to continue to divide and multiply uncontrollably. This results in the development of a malignant tumor or other abnormalities that interfere with the functioning of the affected organ or tissue. Left untreated, cancerous cells can continue to multiply and spread to other parts of the body and interfere with more of the body's vital processes.

There are two main types of cancer. Primary cancer is the first type of cancer that develops. Secondary cancer is caused by a cancer that has begun in another part of the body and spreads to another site, such as primary lung cancer or breast cancer that spreads to the brain, causing secondary brain cancer.

Secondary cancer is also called metastatic cancer. Cancer can metastasize by growing directly into nearby tissues and organs or by spreading through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to other areas of the body.

The cause of cancer differs depending on the specific type of cancer. In general, cancer is caused by inherited genes that increase susceptibility to cancer and/or by environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to certain chemicals, such as chemicals found in pollution, smoking, and tobacco. Other environmental factors include specific viruses and bacteria, such as HPV, and/or exposure to excessive radiation, such as from the sun.

Risk factors for cancer vary depending on the specific type of cancer, but common risk factors include smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, engaging in unsafe sexual practices, having a family history of cancer and excessive exposure to the sun.

Symptoms and complications of cancer vary greatly between different types of cancer. For more details on key symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of cancer.

Diagnosing cancer begins with taking a thorough personal and family medical history, including symptoms and risk factors for cancer. The diagnostic process also includes completing a thorough physical exam.

Diagnostic testing varies depending on the suspected type of cancer. Testing can include a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI, PET scan and/or CT scan, which use computer technology to create detailed pictures of the body. An angiogram may also be done to illuminate blood vessels that feed blood to a tumor.

Diagnostic testing generally also includes a biopsy. In a biopsy a sample of cells or tissues are taken from the tumor and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells or abnormal changes in tissue that can lead to cancer. This will determine if a tumor is cancerous or benign.

A diagnosis of cancer can be missed or delayed because some symptoms of cancer are similar to symptoms of other conditions. For more information about other diseases, disorders and conditions that can mimic cancer, refer to misdiagnosis of cancer.

Cancer is most treatable and curable if it is caught in the earliest stages of the disease. The prognosis for people with cancer varies depending on the location and stage of advancement of the cancer, age of the patient, general health status, and other factors. For details about treatments, refer to treatment of cancer. ...more

Cancer: Cancer is caused by an abnormal overgrowth of cells with more than 100 cancer subtypes depending on which cell grows. In many cancers, the cells clump together to form solid tumors, but in some the cells are dispersed around the blood stream (leukemia) or the lymphatic system (lymphoma).

Prognosis of cancer has improved greatly in modern times owing to treatment advances and early detection programs. However, although survival rates have improved, cancer still remains the 2nd top cause of death, second only to heart disese in the USA.

Misdiagnosis of cancer is naturally possible but not common if professional medical advice is sought, because physicians will usually perform comprehensive diagnostic testing if cancer is a

possibility. Diagnostic tests have also improved in accuracy including newer tumor marker blood tests. Self-diagnosis of cancer is usually incorrect and quite common is for people to fear that they have cancer based on a symptom (e.g. weight loss, persistent cough, lumps, or frequent urination), only to find out they have other less severe conditions. On the other hand, sadly common is for people to have cancer but be unaware of it, because many types have a slow insidious onset without early symptoms. For this reason, regular screening for particular types of cancer is valuable in preventing severe cancer cases. ...more

Cancer: Symptoms
The symptoms of cancer differ depending on the specific type of cancer. Symptoms also vary among individuals and are different depending on the stage of advancement of cancer, where it is located, and what types of organs and tissues are affected. There are often no symptoms in very early cancer.

Symptoms of cancer are generally due to the impact of increasing numbers of ...more symptoms

Cancer: Treatments
The general goal of treatment of cancer is to bring about a complete remission of the disease, in which there is no longer any sign of the cancer in the body. The prognosis for people with cancer varies greatly depending on the specific type of cancer, location and stage of advancement of the cancer, age of the patient, general health status, and other ...more treatments

Cancer: Misdiagnosis
A diagnosis of cancer can be delayed or missed because in early stages there may not be any symptoms. In addition, some symptoms of cancer can be vague and similar to symptoms of other diseases or conditions. For example, symptoms of brain cancer may mimic symptoms of a migraine headache or transient ischemic attack. Symptoms of breast cancer may resemble symptoms of ...more misdiagnosis

Diabetes: Introduction
Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a general term for a variety of different metabolic disorders that affect the ability of the body to process and use sugar properly. Medically, this is

referred to as an inability of the body to metabolize glucose effectively. This results in an abnormally high level of glucose in the blood, called hyperglycemia.

Left untreated, hyperglycemia can lead to serious long-term complications, such as kidney failure, blindness, serious skin infections, gangrene, cardiovascular disease, birth defects, stroke, disability, and death. Currently, diabetes is one of the leading causes of death in the U.S. Complications of diabetes can be minimized or possibly eliminated by prompt diagnosis and effective ongoing treatment.

The causes, symptoms, complications, and management of diabetes vary depending on the specific type of diabetes. The major types of diabetes include type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. The earliest form of type 2 diabetes is called prediabetes. Some forms of diabetes, such as type 2 diabetes, are becoming more common. In general, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes is rising in the U.S. and will increase 165 percent by 2050, according to the CDC.

The hormone insulin is a key player in diabetes. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, an endocrine gland located in the upper abdomen. Insulin's role is to facilitate the movement of glucose from the bloodstream into the body's cells, where it is used for energy. In type 1 diabetes the cells that make insulin in the pancreas are destroyed. In type 2 diabetes the body still produces insulin, but the body's cells become resistant to its effects. In gestational diabetes, the body still makes insulin, but the hormones that are produced during pregnancy make the body's cells more resistant to it.

Symptoms of diabetes can vary by type but may include excessive thirst, excessive urination, fatigue, slow healing wounds, blurred vision and weight loss. Some people with some types of diabetes, such as type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes, may not have any obvious symptoms, resulting in a delay in diagnosis of the disease. Because of this it is important to have regular medical examinations throughout your lifetime so the risk of diabetes can be evaluated and the disease promptly diagnosed and treated before major complications arise. For more details on symptoms, refer to symptoms of diabetes.

Diabetes is easy to diagnose during a routine office visit with a simple blood test, called a fasting blood glucose test, which will detect hyperglycemia. High levels of glucose may also be quickly seen on a random blood glucose test or an urinanalysis performed on urine. Pregnant women are

generally tested with a glucose challenge test. The newest form of testing for diabetes is the glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test, which measures the average overall blood sugar for the past several months. For more details on misdiagnosis, refer to misdiagnosis of diabetes.

Treatment of diabetes varies depending on the type, but management of all types of diabetes includes regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, eating a well-balanced healthy diet and regular aerobic exercise. Type 1 diabetes is always treated with injected insulin and some people with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes may need insulin injections as well. Type 2 diabetes is often treated with oral antidiabetic medications. For more details on treatment, refer to treatment of diabetes. ...more

Diabetes: Diabetes is a failure or reduction in the body's ability to handle sugar. It is a common disease with around 4% (or 8 million) Americans having diabetes. The single greatest problem with diabetes diagnosis is the failure to diagnose it, and the estimates of those who have the disease but are currently undiagnosed add another 4% or 8 million Americans. So only about half the people who currently have diabetes are diagnosed. Most people have Type 2 diabetes or "adult diabetes" rather than the insulin-requiring Type 1 diabetes which afflicts the young. This number does not even include those who currently have impaired glucose tolerance which is a milder precursor to Type 2 diabetes.

There are also various rare secondary types of diabetes caused by an underlying condition such as hemochromatosis, PCOS, or other conditions or medications. ...more

Heart attack: Introduction

Heart attack, also called myocardial infarction, is a very serious condition in which the heart is not receiving enough oxygen to function properly. Heart attack is a common cause of death. About one out of every six deaths in the U.S. is caused by heart attack.

The heart requires a steady supply of oxygen in order to pump blood effectively to all of the body. Oxygen is supplied to the heart in the blood that flows through the coronary arteries. If a coronary artery becomes blocked, the portion of the heart that gets its oxygen-rich blood from that specific artery becomes damaged. This injury can become permanent within minutes and result in the death of the affected heart tissue. Medically this is called myocardial necrosis or infarction.

Heart attacks often result from a build-up of plaque and inflammation in the arteries, called atherosclerosis. This process narrows the coronary arteries and lowers the amount of oxygen-rich blood that reaches the heart muscle. This is called angina. Arteries narrowed by atherosclerosis are more likely to develop a blood clot that completely blocks blood flow, resulting in a heart attack. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include having high cholesterol.

The extent of the damage done to the heart during a heart attack varies depending on such factors as the area or areas affected and how long the blockage lasts. Damaged heart tissue or muscle does not pump normally and can also trigger life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormal heart beats or heart rhythms that can make the heart completely ineffective in pumping blood and lead to cardiac arrest and death.

Other complications of heart attack include the development of embolism, stroke, and aneurysm of the heart. The classic symptom of heart attack is crushing chest pain, but not all people will experience chest pain. For more information on symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of heart attack.

Risk factors for heart attack include a having hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Other risk factors include being of African-American ancestry, male, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, having a lot of long-term stress, smoking and having a family history of a heart attack at an early age.

Making a diagnosis of heart attack includes completing a complete medical evaluation and history and physical examination. This is often done in an emergency room. However, some heart attacks are "silent" and have minimal or no symptoms and may not be diagnosed until a person seeks medical care for another condition or for routine care.

Diagnostic testing includes an EKG, which takes a picture of the electrical activity of the heart and can reveal damage that is done to the heart due to a heart attack. This test, however, is not always conclusive. Blood cardiac enzyme tests and a troponin test are also performed to aid in diagnosis. Cardiac enzyme tests measures the amount of specific enzymes that are released into the blood from the heart as it is deprived of oxygen and being damaged. The troponin test measures the amounts of a certain proteins that are found in the blood as heart muscle is injured.

A chest X-ray is generally performed to see the size and shape of the heart and may reveal other conditions, such as congestive heart failure or pneumonia. Other tests may include an echocardiogram, which shows damage to the left side of the heart and a coronary angiogram, which reveals which coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked.

It is possible that a diagnosis of heart attack can be missed or delayed because sometimes the symptoms may be mild and attributed to other conditions. For more information on misdiagnosis, refer to misdiagnosis of heart attack.

If caught early, some heart attacks can be successfully treated before the development of permanent heart damage and complications. For more information on treatment, refer to treatment of heart attack. ...more

Heart attack: Heart attacks or "acute myocardial infarction" (AMI), are very common and also very deadly. The underlying cause of a heart attack is usually "coronary thrombosis", which is a blockage of the blood vessels of the heart. When the heart actually stops in a heart attack, this is called "cardiac arrest". The most common symptom is chest pain or chest discomfort, but these may also be mild or even absent, and in many cases even the patient is uncertain if they are having a heart attack. If there is any doubt, seek immediate emergency medical help.

The classic fatal misdiagnosis of heart attack is a person believing that their chest pain is simply heartburn (i.e., reflux, indigestion, GERD, etc.), and failing to seek medical attention for what turns out to be a heart attack. Similarly, people can mistakenly believe they have angina, when it is actually a heart attack.

However, many cases of heart attack go undiagnosed even in the emergency department. This diagnostic error in the ER makes AMI the single largest malpractice litigation-related medical condition. Because the typical profile for AMI in older men (usually over 45), AMI is often underdiagnosed in women or younger adults. In any age patients, AMI can have a variety of presentations, and diagnostic tests such as an EKG may still be normal. Misdiagnoses of AMI include gastrointestinal disorders (26% of misdiagnoses), musculoskeletal pain (21%), or respiratory ailments such as pneumonia or bronchitis (6%).

Other the other hand, there are also less serious disorders that are mistakenly believed to be heart attack. A common example are people having a panic attack (anxiety attack) and will rush to emergency in the belief they are dying from a heart attack. There are many other causes of chest pain, many of them not as serious (e.g. heartburn, GERD, gastric reflux, etc.). Nevertheless, it is important not to take chances, and seek immediate emergency medical attention for chest pain, or any possible heart attack or similar symptoms. ...more

Heart attack: Symptoms

Symptoms of a heart attack differ depending on the area or areas of the heart affected and individual factors. In some cases, some people may not have symptoms or symptoms may be very mild and only include weakness, fatigue, dizziness, backache and/or a feeling of indigestion.

Typically, many people who have a heart attack experience chest pain. The ...more symptoms

Heart attack: Treatments

The most effective heart attack treatment plan uses a multifaceted approach. This includes preventive care aimed at minimizing the risk factors for having a heart attack. Preventive measures include regular medical care to monitor and address such risk factors as high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and excessive alcohol consumption.

Heart attacks are often ...more treatments

Heart attack: Misdiagnosis

A diagnosis of heart attack may be overlooked or delayed because sometimes there are no symptoms or because some symptoms are mild in some people. Additionally, every person with a heart attack can experience different types and severity of symptoms, and not all people will have the crushing chest pain often associated with a heart attack. Some symptoms are vague and not specific to ...more misdiagnosis

Heart disease: Introduction

Heart disease is a general name for a wide variety of diseases, disorders and conditions that affect the heart and sometimes the blood vessels as well. Heart disease is the number one killer of women and men in the United States, and more than a million Americans have myocardial infarctions, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute.

Types of heart disease includes angina, heart attack (myocardial infarction), atherosclerosis, heart failure, cardiovascular disease, and cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms). Other forms of heart disease include congenital heart defects, cardiomyopathy, infections of the heart, coronary artery disease, heart valve disorders, myocarditis, and pericarditis.

Symptoms of heart disease vary depending on the specific type of heart disease. A classic symptom of heart disease is chest pain. However, with some forms of heart disease, such as atherosclerosis, there may be no symptoms in some people until life-threatening complications develop. For more information on symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of heart disease.

Risk factors for developing heart disease include having hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia), obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Other risk factors include being of African-American ancestry, male, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, having a lot of long-term stress, smoking and having a family history of a heart attack at an early age.

Certain congenital heart defects can run in families and/or be caused by exposure during pregnancy to specific toxins. Pregnant women with some conditions and diseases can have a higher risk of having a baby with a congenital heart defect.

People who have high C-protein levels, which increases atherosclerosis, are also at a higher risk for heart disease. In addition, people who have high homocysteine levels, which may damage artery walls and increase the risk of clots, are also at an increased risk.

Making a diagnosis of heart disease includes completing a complete medical evaluation and history and physical examination. A comprehensive evaluation from a licensed health care professional includes compiling and analysing many factors that impact heart disease risk. These include lifestyle, family history, personal history, dietary habits, weight, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, stress levels, and smoking/drinking habits.

Tests that may be used to diagnose heart disease or the risk of heart disease include blood tests, exercise stress testing, EKG, X-Ray, and imaging tests, such as heart scan, ultrasound and echocardiogram. A coronary angiogram may be dome in certain cases. A coronary angiogram is an invasive procedure that reveals which coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked.

It is very possible that a diagnosis of heart disease can be missed or delayed because there may be no symptoms and for other reasons. For more information on misdiagnosis, refer to misdiagnosis of heart disease.

Heart disease is treated with an individualized treatment plan that best fits the individual case of heart disease, a person's life style and other factors. Treatment involves regular medical monitoring and testing, lifestyle and dietary changes, and may include medications and surgery. For more information on treatment, refer to treatment of heart disease. ...more

Heart disease: Any of a number of conditions that can affect the heart. Some examples include coronary heart disease, heart attack, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary heart disease and high blood pressure. Heart disease is a big problem in today's society because of lifestyle issues such as poor diet, lack of exercise and smoking. ...more

Heart disease: Symptoms

Chest pain is often thought of as a classic symptom of heart disease. However, now all people with heart disease have chest pain. Some people even have a heart attack without chest pain. In addition, by the time a person experiences chest pain, he or she may have had a form of heart disease, such as atherosclerosis for a long time.

The only sure way to ...more symptoms

Heart disease: Treatments

Treatment of heart disease begins with prevention. Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or controlled effectively with prevention measures that include regular exercise, not smoking or drinking excessively, achieving and maintaining a healthy weight, and eating a hearthealthy well-balanced diet. Risk factors, such as high cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension can be ...more treatments

Heart disease: Misdiagnosis

Early diagnosis and treatment of heart disease is vital to preventing serious, even life threatening complications, such as cardiac arrest and death.

A diagnosis of heart disease may be overlooked or delayed because there may be no symptoms in some forms of heart disease, such as atherosclerosis, especially in early stages. Regular medical care is the best way to ...more misdiagnosis

Hypertension: Introduction
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a very common and serious condition that can lead to and/or complicate many health problems. These include coronary heart disease, stroke, kidney failure and heart failure. About one in three adults in the U.S. have hypertension, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.

There are three general types of hypertension. Essential hypertension occurs when the condition has no known cause. When hypertension is caused by another condition or disease process, it is called secondary hypertension. When only the systolic blood pressure number (the top number) is high, it is called isolated systolic hypertension, which is common in older adults.

Hypertension has a variety of causes. Blood pressure generally tends to rise with age. Hypertension can also be caused by other medical conditions, such as thyroid disease or chronic kidney disease. Hypertension may also be a side effect of certain medications, such as over-thecounter cold medications and oral contraceptives ("the Pill") and other hormone drugs. Obesity and heredity also play a role in the development of hypertension.

Hypertension is often called "the silent killer" because it generally has no symptoms until serious complications develop. When symptoms do occur, they can differ between individuals depending on such factors as the level of blood pressure, age, underlying cause, medical history, the presence of complications and general health. For more information on symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of hypertension.

Blood pressure is defined as the pressure that is put on the walls of the arteries as blood is pumped through the circulatory system. Blood pressure is measured as a two numbers (i.e. 120/80nnHg) but it is not a fixed number. Normally, blood pressure rises and falls as a response to many situations. For example, blood pressure will rise during strenuous activity in order to ensure that all the cells of the body get additional amounts of oxygen-rich blood. Blood pressure may also rise in response to stressful situations, and it is normally lower during periods of

relaxation or sleep. It is the cumulative effects of blood pressure that is stays too high that results in serious complications.

Making a diagnosis of hypertension includes performing a complete evaluation that includes a medical history and physical examination and a series of blood pressure readings.

Blood pressure is measured using two numbers, (i.e.120/80mmHg). The "top" number is called the systolic number, which is a measurement of the pressure on the artery walls when the heart beats. The "bottom" number is the diastolic number, which is a measurement of the pressure on the artery walls when the heart is resting between beats.

Many people think of a reading of 120/80mmHg as "normal". In fact there are many variations of normal that are dependent on a variety of factors. Unless a blood pressure reading is very high and needs to be addressed immediately, blood pressure readings will be monitored over period of time to assess for trends and to get an idea of an individual's overall blood pressure.

As a very general guide, adults should keep their blood pressure below 140/90mmHg. In addition, current guidelines consider consistent readings over 120/80mmHg as a condition called prehypertension, which should be monitored and addressed to ensure that blood pressure does not rise higher over time.

It is very possible that a diagnosis of hypertension can be missed or delayed because there are generally no symptoms in the early stages. For more information on misdiagnosis, refer to misdiagnosis of hypertension.

Patient compliance with a good treatment plan generally results in a normalization of blood pressure and also minimizes complications. For more information on treatment, refer to treatment of hypertension. ...more

Hypertension: Hypertension is the condition of having high blood pressure. It is very common and affects around 50 million Americans of which about 30% are not yet diagnosed (NHLBI). Hypertension is an under-diagnosed condition because it causes damage to the body with no symptoms or only mild symptoms. It has been called a "silent killer" for this reason.

Correct diagnosis of the cause of high blood pressure is important. Most cases of chronic hypertension are "primary hypertension" but a small percentage are "secondary hypertension" where the rise in blood pressure is caused by another underlying condition. Hypertension during pregnancy is another common special case; it is called gestational hypertension, preeclampsia or eclampsia depending on its severity. ...more

Hypertension: Symptoms
Most people are not aware that they have hypertension because of a general lack of symptoms until major complications arise. In rare cases, some people with hypertension may have headaches or nosebleeds.

Despite a general lack of symptoms, uncontrolled hypertension damages the kidney and heart and large and small blood vessels throughout the body. This due to the ...more symptoms

Hypertension: Treatments
The most effective treatment plan for hypertension uses a multifaceted approach. Treatment plans are also individualized to best address the specific cause and the patient's age, medical history, and severity of hypertension. Hypertension is highly treatable and in most people, prompt and ongoing treatment will result in a normalization of blood pressure and in ...more treatments

Hypertension: Misdiagnosis
A diagnosis of hypertension begins with taking a thorough health history, including symptoms, and performing a physical exam that includes blood pressure monitoring. A diagnosis of hypertension may be overlooked or delayed because in its early stages there generally are no symptoms until complications arise.

When there are symptoms, such as headache or nosebleed, they can easily be ...more misdiagnosis

Hypothyroidism: Introduction
Hypothyroidism is a common disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland is underactive and does not produce enough thyroid hormone. The thyroid gland is located in the front part of the neck, and the hormone it produces is vital to normal metabolism. A lack of thyroid hormone results in a

slowing of the body's chemical processes and metabolism. Hypothyroidism may also lead to serious, potentially life-threatening complications.

Hypothyroidism, also called myxedema, hypothyroid or underactive thyroid, is more common in women than in men. It is also more common in people over 50 years of age.

Hypothyroidism can be caused by a variety of diseases and conditions. Most commonly, it is the result of inflammation of the thyroid gland. It can also be caused by viral thyroiditis or a disease called Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis the body's immune system mistakes healthy thyroid tissue as foreign and potentially dangerous invaders into the body and attacks it. This results in inflammation of the tissue that eventually can destroy the function of the thyroid gland.

Hypothyroidism may also be caused by treatments for hyperthyroidism and some types of medications and radiation treatments. Disorders of the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus can also result in hypothyroidism because these glands control the function of the thyroid gland. Rarely, an infant may also be born without a thyroid gland or with an abnormal one due to a birth defect.

The symptoms of hypothyroidism can vary between individuals and tend to be mild or vague in the early phases of the disorder. Early symptoms frequently include fatigue and weight gain. The most extreme form of hypothyroidism is a life threatening complication called myxedema coma. Symptoms of myxedema coma include shock and unresponsiveness. For more details on symptoms, refer to symptoms of hypothyroidism.

Making a diagnosis of hypothyroidism begins with taking a thorough medical history, including symptoms, and completing a physical examination. The physician or health care provider may feel a smaller or larger than normal thyroid gland in the neck. A blood test is performed to determine levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the thyroid hormone thyroxine. High levels of TSH and low levels of thyroxine indicate that a thyroid gland is underactive.

Other tests may be performed to check for potential complications of hypothyroidism, such as heart disease. These can include blood tests that can reveal hypercholesterolemia, increased liver enzymes, or anemia. A chest X-ray may be done to evaluate the size of the heart.

It is possible that a diagnosis of hypothyroidism can be missed or delayed because the disease may progresses gradually, and early symptoms can be mild or assumed to be associated with other conditions, such as aging or stress. For more information on misdiagnosis, refer to misdiagnosis of hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism cannot be cured, and people with the disorder have to take thyroid hormone replacement medication for the rest of their lives. However, this treatment is generally very effective in relieving symptoms. For more information on treatment, refer to treatment of hypothyroidism. ...more

Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism is the most common form of thyroid disease. It occurs when the thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormone-causing the body use energy ... more about Hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism: Too little thyroid hormone production. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of Hypothyroidism is available below.

Leukemia: Introduction
Leukemia is a type of cancer that occurs in the blood or bone marrow. Leukemia causes an uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells, the infection fighting cells in the blood. Leukemia is one of the most common types of cancer and one of the top ten cancer killers.

Leukemia is a general term for four types of malignant disease of the blood and bone marrow. These include acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia, which progress rapidly. The other forms of leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia, progress more slowly.

Leukemia is most treatable and curable if caught in the earliest stages of the disease. Untreated and/or advanced leukemia results in a proliferation of abnormal white blood cells that spread throughout the blood stream. These abnormal cells crowd out normal white blood cells. The abnormal white blood cells are not able to fight infections as effectively as the normal white blood cells. This results in increased infections.

The abnormal white blood cells of leukemia also crowd out red blood cells, resulting in anemia, a low number of red blood cells. Leukemia also results in lower numbers of platelet cells in the blood, which are needed for normal clotting. This results in impaired clotting.

The abnormal white blood cells formed in leukemia also accumulate in the organs of the body, such as the spleen, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, testes, and brain, and interfere with normal organ functioning. For more details on other key symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of leukemia.

The cause of many cases of leukemia is unknown, but in some cases, leukemia is caused by abnormalities in the chromosomes. People at risk for developing leukemia include those who have been exposed to high doses of radiation, certain types of chemotherapy, or chemicals, such as benzene. Having Down syndrome or Fanconi's syndrome increases the risk as well. Additionally, certain viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, are associated with the development of leukemia. Smoking also increases the risk of leukemia.

Diagnosing leukemia begins with taking a thorough personal and family medical history, including symptoms and risk factors for leukemia. Diagnosis also includes completing a physical examination.

Diagnostic testing includes a blood test called a complete blood count (CBC). A complete blood count will reveal the presence of high or low numbers of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. Other blood tests are also done to diagnose the specific type of leukemia.

A bone marrow test is also done to diagnose leukemia. A bone marrow test involves using a needle to withdrawal a sample of cells from the bone marrow, where blood cells are formed. The sample is examined under a microscope for the presence of the abnormal leukemia cells.

A diagnosis of leukemia can be missed or delayed because some symptoms of leukemia are similar to those of other conditions. In addition, some people may have not symptoms in early stages of some forms of leukemia. For more information about other diseases, disorders and conditions that can mimic leukemia, refer to misdiagnosis of leukemia.

The prognosis for people with leukemia varies depending on the type of leukemia and other factors. However, many types of leukemia can be effectively treated and some can be cured. Survival rates for leukemia have risen dramatically in the last four decades due to improvements in treatment.

Treatment of leukemia varies, depending on the specific type of leukemia, the patient's age, health history, overall health status, and other factors. Treatment may include chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant and enrollment in clinical trials. For more details about treatment plans, refer to treatment of leukemia. ...more

Leukemia: Cancer of the blood cells, usually white blood cells. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of Leukemia is available below.

Leukemia: Symptoms
Symptoms of leukemia can vary among individuals and differ depending on the specific type of leukemia. People with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or chronic myelogenous leukemia may not have any symptoms.

Symptoms of leukemia are caused by the high numbers of abnormal white blood cells that crowd out normal white blood cells, the body's infection fighting cells. The abnormal white ...more symptoms

Leukemia: Treatments
Treatment of leukemia starts with prevention. Preventive measures include not smoking and avoiding dangerous long-term exposure to certain dangerous chemicals, such as benzene.

Prevention also includes seeking regular medical care throughout the lifetime. Regular medical care allows a health care professional to best evaluate the risks of developing leukemia and asses ...more treatments

Leukemia: Misdiagnosis
A diagnosis of leukemia can be delayed or missed because people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or chronic myelogenous leukemia may not have any symptoms. In addition, some

symptoms of leukemia can be vague and similar to symptoms of other diseases, conditions and disorders. These include influenza, aging, bleeding disorders, and upper respiratory ...more misdiagnosis

Pneumonia: Introduction
Pneumonia is a general term for a wide variety of conditions that cause an inflammation of the lungs. Pneumonia is most often caused by a bacterial infection (bacterial pneumonia) or a viral infection (viral pneumonia). However, pneumonia can also be caused by a fungal infection, yeast infection, trauma, or from inflammation of the lungs due to exposure to toxic substances, such as poisonous gases.

Inflammation of the lungs by any of these causes leads to symptoms that can include a wet cough that produces white or yellow phlegm and shortness of breath. Fever can be a symptom of pneumonia caused by an infection. Pneumonia is a common complication of a variety of diseases and can lead to more complications, which can be serious, even life threatening. Pneumonia is a frequent cause of death. For more information about additional symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of pneumonia.

Pneumonia is a common disease that can occur at any time of the year. It is most common in smokers and people who have chronic lung infections and diseases, such as lung cancer, acute bronchitis, congestive heart failure, or emphysema. Other people at risk for pneumonia include those who take drugs that suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids and chemotherapy. People who have diseases that result in an impaired immune system, such as HIV/AIDS, are also at risk. In addition, any person who is chronically ill or very weak and is unable to cough up phlegm from the lungs is also susceptible to pneumonia.

Making a diagnosis of pneumonia begins with taking a thorough medical history, including symptoms, smoking history, and exposure to infections and lung irritants. A physical examination is also performed and includes listening with a stethoscope to the sounds that lungs make during respiration. Lung sounds that may point to a diagnosis of pneumonia include a bubbling or crackling sound and decreased lung sounds. A physician or nurse practitioner will also tap on the chest with the fingers to listen for certain sounds that may also point to a diagnosis of pneumonia.

Diagnostic testing generally includes a chest X-ray. Depending on a person's condition and medical history, testing may also include lung function tests, such as a spirometry, which measures how much air is moved in and out of the lungs during breathing. A CT scan of the chest can help to evaluate such factors as the presence of other lung conditions, including COPD and congestive heart failure.

A sample of phlegm that is coughed up from the lungs may be tested for the presence of bacteria or other pathogens. The lungs may also be examined in a procedure called a bronchoscopy. In a bronchoscopy, a flexible tube fitted with a tiny camera is inserted through the mouth and throat to view the inside of the lungs. Tissue or phlegm samples can also be taken in this procedure and are examined in the laboratory.

The level of oxygen in the blood is generally tested using a painless device called a pulse oximetry, which is clipped onto a fingertip. For people who have a severe case of pneumonia with serious, life-threatening shortness of breath, an arterial blood gas test may be done. Is this test a sample of blood taken from an artery is measured very accurately for many parameters of effective breathing, including the oxygen level in the blood. Blood cultures may also be done to check the blood for infection.

It is possible that a diagnosis of pneumonia can be missed or delayed because symptoms may be mild or attributed to other conditions. Mild cases of pneumonia that do not require hospitalization are often referred to as walking pneumonia. For information on misdiagnosis and to learn about diseases that can mimic pneumonia, refer to misdiagnosis of pneumonia.

The treatment for pneumonia involves a multifaceted approach. Treatment plans vary depending on the cause, the severity of the symptoms, the presence of complications, general health, and an individual's medical history. For more information on treatment, refer to treatment of pneumonia. ...more

Pneumonia: Pneumonia is a lung disease that can be caused by a variety of viruses, bacteria, and sometimes fungi. The U.S. Centers for Diseases Control and ... more about Pneumonia.

Pneumonia: Infection of the lung by bacteria, viruses or fungus. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of Pneumonia is available below.

Pneumonia: Symptoms
The types and severity of symptoms of pneumonia vary between individuals depending on a variety of factors, such as age, general health, medical history, and the presence of complications. In generally healthy adults, pneumonia can be mild in some cases and not even require hospitalization. However, a strong strain of pneumonia can be fatal to people who have diseases that ...more symptoms

Pneumonia: Treatments
One goal of treatment of pneumonia is to control symptoms, such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath, until a person recovers. Another goal is to minimize the development of serious complications, such as severe shortness of breath and hypoxia. With treatment, generally healthy adults can often recover from bacterial pneumonia or ...more treatments

Pneumonia: Misdiagnosis
A diagnosis of pneumonia may be delayed or missed because some symptoms, such as cough, shortness of breath, fever, fatigue, and wheezing can be similar to symptoms of other conditions and diseases. These include upper respiratory infection, influenza, congestive heart failure, COPD, acute bronchitis$, pleural effusion, and cold.

It is ...more misdiagnosis

Shingles: Introduction
Shingles is a disease caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox, the varicella zoster virus. Shingles is also called herpes zoster and affects nerve cells and the skin with nerve pain and a skin rash. Shingles is preventable through a shingles vaccination and has become less common since the introduction of the shingles vaccine. In some cases, shingles can be serious and result in complications.

Any person who has had chickenpox can develop shingles. When a person has chickenpox, the varicella zoster virus can invade the nerve cells in the brain stem or spinal cord. The virus can then remain there in an inactive form for years until it is reactivated later in life causing shingles. This occurs most commonly to older adults and the elderly.

Any condition that weakens the immune system can reactivate the varicella zoster virus and lead to the development of shingles. This includes such conditions as stress or other illness.

People most at risk for the reactivation of the virus include those with weakened or impaired immune systems. An impaired immune system can result from such conditions as HIV/AIDS, cancer, and having chemotherapy or an organ transplant. These people are also at increased risk for having recurring episodes of shingles.

Other people at risk for reactivation of the varicella zoster virus and the development of shingles include those who have had chickenpox but have not received shingles vaccination.

Shingles only develops from the varicella zoster virus, which is already in the body. Shingles is not spread through contact with a person with shingles. However, a person who has never had chicken pox can get chickenpox through contact with a person with shingles.

Symptoms of shingles include severe, deep pain and the development of a rash in the area where the pain is felt. Complications of shingles can be serious and include impaired vision and hearing. For more key symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of shingles.

Making a diagnosis of shingles involves taking a thorough health history, including symptoms and vaccination history, and performing a physical exam. Diagnosis is based on the history of chickenpox, and the symptoms and appearance of the rash. A test for the varicella zoster virus may also be done on the fluid from the rash blisters.

It is possible that a diagnosis of shingles can be delayed or overlooked because the symptoms of shingles may resemble symptoms of other diseases. For information about misdiagnosis and diseases and conditions that can mimic shingles, refer to misdiagnosis ofshingles.

Treatment of shingles includes measures to help relieve symptoms and keep the body as strong as possible to minimize the risk of developing complications. This includes rest, and medications to ease pain. Antibiotics are ineffective against the shingles. However, antiviral drugs are often prescribed to minimize the severity and duration of the disease. For more information on treatment, refer to treatment of shingles. ...more

Shingles: Herpes zoster is an infectious viral infection that is believed to be caused by the reactivation of a previous chickenpox infection, often from many years before. ...more

Shingles: Symptoms
Symptoms of shingles affect the nerves and the skin and can occur in almost any part of the body. However, shingles most often affects one side of the trunk. Symptoms generally begin with sensations of itching, tingling, and/or a severe burning pain in the affected area. The pain can be severe. Several days later a rash develops in a band or patch-like shape. Other symptoms can include ...more symptoms

Shingles: Treatments
Treatment of the shingles starts with prevention. The best protection from getting or spreading the shingles is receiving the shingles vaccination (varicella zoster virus vaccine). The vaccine is generally given to adults over the age of 60 who have had chickenpox.

It is possible that a person who has had the varicella zoster virus vaccine may still get shingles, but the ...more treatments

Shingles: Misdiagnosis
A diagnosis of the shingles is generally made from information obtained by taking a thorough health history, including symptoms and vaccination history, and performing a physical exam. Misdiagnosing shingles is possible because some symptoms may be similar to symptoms of other diseases, such as impetigo, chest pain, rib injury, and contact dermatitis.

In ...more misdiagnosis

Stroke: Introduction
Stroke, also called brain attack or cerebral infarction, is a very serious condition in which the brain is not receiving enough oxygen to function properly. Stroke often results in permanent serious complications and disability and is a common cause of death. It is the second leading cause of death worldwide and the third leading cause of death in the U.S., according to the American Heart Association.

The brain requires a steady supply of oxygen in order to pump blood effectively to all of the body. Oxygen is supplied to the brain in the blood that flows through arteries. If an artery that supplies blood to the brain becomes blocked or ruptured or begins to leak, the portion of the brain that gets its oxygen-rich blood from that specific artery becomes damaged. This injury can become permanent within minutes and result in the death of the affected brain tissue. Medically this is called cerebral necrosis.

There are two types of strokes. An ischemic stroke occurs when a brain artery has been blocked. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when an artery ruptures or leaks.

There are primary causes of strokes: cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism and cerebral hemorrhage.

Stroke cause by cerebral thrombosis is one cause of ischemic stroke and is the result of a buildup of plaque and inflammation in the arteries, called atherosclerosis. This process narrows the brain arteries and lowers the amount of oxygen-rich blood that reaches the brain tissue. Arteries narrowed by atherosclerosis are more likely to develop a blood clot that completely blocks blood flow to an area of the brain. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include having high cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension.

Stroke cause by cerebral embolism is another cause of ischemic stroke. It is caused by clot that forms in another part of the body and travels in the bloodstream to a brain artery and blocks the flow of blood to the brain. Stroke caused by cerebral hemorrhage occurs when a brain artery breaks or leaks blood into the surrounding brain tissue.

The extent of the damage done to the brain and resulting symptoms of a stroke vary depending on the cause of stroke, the area or areas affected, and how much time passes before stroke is treated. Complications of stroke include permanent neurological damage, disability and death. For more information on symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of stroke.

Risk factors for stroke include a having hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, high cholesterol and obesity. Other risk factors include being of African-American ancestry, male, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, smoking and having a family history of heart disease or stroke. Having a brain aneurysm puts a person at an extreme risk for hemorrhagic stroke.

Making a diagnosis of stroke includes completing a complete medical evaluation and history and physical examination, including a neurological examination. This is often done in an emergency room.

Diagnostic testing includes imaging tests, such as a CT or, MRI and cerebral angiogram of the brain. A cerebral angiogram reveals obstructed or narrowed arteries in the brain and can show blood flow.

A battery of other tests are also performed to evaluate for other conditions that commonly occur with a stroke, such as heart disease and cardiac arrhythmia.

It is possible that a diagnosis of stroke can be missed or delayed because sometimes the symptoms may be mild and attributed to other conditions. For more information on misdiagnosis, refer to misdiagnosis of stroke.

If caught early, some strokes can be successfully treated before the development of permanent brain damage and complications. For more information on treatment, refer to treatment of stroke. ...more

Stroke symptoms: There are various causes of stroke-like symptoms including stroke, transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes) and several other serious conditions. Stroke is a form of ... more about Stroke symptoms.

Stroke: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the part of the brain is suddenly interrupted (ischemic) or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts ... more about Stroke.

Stroke: Serious brain event from bleeding or blood clots. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of Stroke is available below.

Stroke: Symptoms
Symptoms of a stroke differ depending on a variety of factors, including the cause and the type and size of the area of the brain that is affected. In some cases, symptoms may be mild and only include weakness, dizziness or headache. Symptoms such as these may also be warning symptoms of an impending stroke. This is called a transient ischemic attack.

Strokes often do occur ...more symptoms

Stroke: Treatments
The most effective stroke treatment plan uses a multifaceted approach. This includes preventive care aimed at minimizing the risk factors for having a stroke or a recurrent stroke. Preventive measures include regular medical care to monitor and address such risk factors as high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, diabetes, hypertension and excessive ...more treatments

Stroke: Misdiagnosis
In some cases a diagnosis of stroke may be overlooked or delayed because symptoms of stroke or of a transient ischemic attack may be mild or vague. Symptoms may be attributed to such conditions as aging or migraine headache. In addition, some people delay seeking medical care, even for sudden dramatic symptoms, for a variety of reasons, such as ...more misdiagnosis

Thyroid disorders: Introduction

Thyroid disorders are common disorders of the thyroid gland. Thyroid disorders include such diseases and conditions as Graves' disease, thyroid nodules, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, trauma to the thyroid, thyroid cancer and birth defects. These include being born with a defective thyroid gland or without a thyroid gland.

The thyroid gland is located in the front part of the neck, and the thyroid hormone it produces is vital to normal metabolism. Thyroid disorders can cause the thyroid gland to become overactive (hyperthyroidism) or underactive (hypothyroidism). Thyroid disorders are most often due to autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

The most common thyroid disorders that result in hyperthyroidism include thyroid nodules and Graves' disease. These thyroid disorders lead to overstimulation of the thyroid gland and increased production of thyroid hormone. Increased production of thyroid hormone in these thyroid disorder results in a stimulation or quickening of the body's metabolism and symptoms, such as nervousness, anxiety and hypertension.

Thyroid disorders that result in hypothyroidism include Hashimoto's thyroiditis and birth defects of the thyroid gland. These thyroid disorders result in decreased production or a total lack of

production of thyroid hormone. These thyroid disorders result in a slowing of the body's chemical processes and metabolism and symptoms, such as weight gain, fatigue and depression.

Thyroid disorders may also lead to serious, potentially life-threatening complications. For more details on symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of thyroid disorders.

Thyroid disorders are more common in women than in men. Hashimoto's thyroiditis occurs most often in females between the ages of 30 and 50 years and appears to have a genetic component because it can run in families. People over the age of fifty who have hypertension or atherosclerosis are at risk for hyperthyroidism.

Making a diagnosis of thyroid disorders begins with taking a thorough medical history, including symptoms, and completing a physical examination. A physician or health care provider may feel a smaller or larger than normal thyroid gland in the neck upon exam.

A blood test is performed to determine levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the thyroid hormone thyroxine. High levels of TSH and low levels of thyroxine reveal that the thyroid gland is underactive. This may indicate a diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis or other diseases or conditions that cause hypothyroidism.

Low levels of TSH and high levels of thyroxine reveal that a thyroid gland is overactive. This may indicate a diagnosis of Graves' disease or other disease or conditions that cause hyperthyroidism.

Other tests may be performed to check for potential complications of thyroid disorders, such as heart disease. These can include blood tests that can reveal hypercholesterolemia, increased liver enzymes, or anemia. A chest X-ray may be done to evaluate the size of the heart.

It is possible that a diagnosis of thyroid disorders can be missed or delayed because early symptoms can be mild or assumed to be associated with other conditions, such as excessive caffeine use, angina, aging or stress. For more information on misdiagnosis, refer to misdiagnosis of thyroid disorders.

Treatment of thyroid disorders varies depending on the specific type of thyroid disorder. For more information on treatment, refer to treatment of thyroid disorders. ...more

Thyroid disorders: The thyroid gland produces various hormones used by the body and thyroid disorders cause various symptoms. The two main types are hypothyroidism (too little hormone) such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and hyperthyroidism (too much hormone) such as Graves' disease. Both conditions can be difficult to diagnose because they product relatively mild symptoms. Hence, thyroid disorders are often misdiagnosed as depression, aging, or other causes of tiredness, fatigue, or forgetfulness. Therefore, a thyroid disorder is a possibility that must be ruled out in diagnoses of conditions such as depression, fibromyalgia, lupus, sleep disorders, and various other conditions. Fortunately, diagnosis of thyroid problems is relatively specific by blood tests of thyroid hormone levels. Thyroid disorders are treatable, but can be serious if untreated, so any suspicion of thyroid problems needs to be confirmed promptly by a doctor. ...more

Thyroid disorders: Symptoms

The types and severity of symptoms of thyroid disorders vary between individuals and are very different depending on cause and if they result in hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

At the onset of hypothyroidism, the symptoms can be vague and develop slowly. They may include weakness, weight gain, cold sensitivity, cold hands and feet, fatigue, dry skin, brittle nails, ...more symptoms

Thyroid disorders: Treatments

There is usually no way to prevent thyroid disorders. However, with recognition and treatment, low levels or high levels of thyroid hormone can be returned to normal levels in the body. Treatments vary depending on the type of thyroid disorder, a patient's age and medical history and individual factors.

Hypothyroidism cannot be cured, and people with the disease have to take ...more treatments

Thyroid disorders: Misdiagnosis

A diagnosis of a thyroid disorder may be delayed or missed because some symptoms, such as nervousness, irritability fatigue, weight gain, muscle aches and weakness can be ambiguous and/or mild. These symptoms can be easily attributed to other conditions, such as excessive

coffee drinking, aging, stress, excessive exercise, lack of exercise, perimenopause, ...more misdiagnosis

Tuberculosis: Introduction
Tuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by a bacterial infection of the lungs, which can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain, kidneys, and bones. Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is contagious and spreads to others when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This shoots droplets contaminated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria into the air where they can be breathed in by others.

People who have healthy immune systems can often fight off a tuberculosis infection after breathing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. These people have no symptoms and are not sick, because the immune system is able to prevent the bacteria from growing and multiplying. This is called latent tuberculosis. People with latent tuberculosis are not contagious and cannot spread the disease to others. However, anything that stresses the immune system, such as the development of a chronic disease, can allow the bacteria to become active and begin to multiply in the body.

When the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria are able to grow, multiply and spread, this is called active tuberculosis. People who are malnourished, have impaired immune systems, or have chronic diseases are most susceptible to developing active tuberculosis.

People with active tuberculosis can develop symptoms that include a cough that produces bloodtinged phlegm. Complications of untreated active tuberculosis can be serious and even fatal. For additional symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of tuberculosis.

People at risk for developing tuberculosis include anyone who has had close contact with a person with active tuberculosis. Another high risk population includes people who are immigrants from areas of the world that have high rates of tuberculosis. People who have impaired immune systems are also at risk. These include people with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, malnutrition, kidney disease, and people who have had certain treatments that affect the immune system, such as corticosteroid medications and organ transplant.

Making a diagnosis of tuberculosis involves taking a thorough health history, including symptoms, and performing a physical exam. Tests include special blood tests and a tuberculin skin test, which can detect if a person has been infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium or has had a vaccination for tuberculosis. These tests cannot detect if the infection has lead to active tuberculosis. Lesions in the lungs that are due to tuberculosis may also be seen on a chest X-ray.

Confirming a diagnosis of tuberculosis involves testing samples of phlegm for the presence of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, some medical testing may be done to rule out or confirm other diseases with similar symptoms, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, or influenza.

A diagnosis of tuberculosis can be delayed or overlooked because there may be no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they can resemble symptoms or other diseases. For more information on misdiagnosis and diseases that can mimic tuberculosis, refer to misdiagnosis oftuberculosis.

Treatment of tuberculosis includes medications. For more information on treatment, refer to treatment of tuberculosis. ...more

Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacteria that usually causes disease in the lung. Many people become symptom-free carriers of the TB bacteria. Although common and deadly in the third world, tuberculosis was almost non-existent in the developed world, but has been making a recent resurgence. Certain drug-resistant strains are emerging and people with immune suppression such as AIDS or poor health are becoming carriers. ...more

Tuberculosis: Symptoms
People with latent tuberculosis do not have symptoms, are not contagious, and cannot spread the disease to others. However, anything that stresses the immune system, such as the development of a chronic disease or HIV/AIDS, can allow the bacteria to become active and begin to multiply in the body. This is called active tuberculosis.

Symptoms of active tuberculosis may ...more symptoms

Tuberculosis: Treatments
Treatment of tuberculosis starts with prevention. In countries where tuberculosis is common, vaccination with the BCG vaccine is often recommended. The BCG vaccine is not commonly

used in the U.S. Preventing the spread of tuberculosis and other contagious diseases also includes covering the mouth and nose with an elbow or a tissue when sneezing or coughing.

Treatment of latent tuberculosis ...more treatments

Tuberculosis: Misdiagnosis
A diagnosis of tuberculosis can be missed or delayed because in latent tuberculosis there are no symptoms. In addition, in active tuberculosis symptoms be vague and similar to symptoms of other diseases. These include upper respiratory infection, cold, bronchitis, pneumonia, and influenza. In addition, a diagnosis of tuberculosis may ...more misdiagnosis