MG21 List of Properties, Postulates, Theorems and Definitions Properties Reflexive Property of Equality Symmetric Property of Equality Transitive

Property of Equality Substitution Property of Equality Addition Property of Equality Subtraction Property of Equality Multiplication Property of Equality Division Property of Equality Transitive Property of Inequality Substitution Property of Inequality Addition Properties of Inequality Subtraction Property of Inequality Multiplication Property of Inequality Division Property of Inequality Properties of Parallelograms

Properties of Rectangles

Properties of Rhombi

Properties of Squares

Properties of Trapezoids

a=a If a=b, then b=a. If (a=b) (b=c), then a=c. If a=b, then b may replace a in any expression involving a. (a+b)=(a+c) iff (b=c) (a-b)=(a-c) iff (b=c) (ab)=(ac) iff (b=c) and (a 0) (a b)=(a c) iff (b=c) and (a 0) If a, b, c are real numbers such that a>b and b>c, then a>c. If a=b and b>c, then a>c. If a>b and c=d, then a+c>b+d. If a>b and c>d, then a+c>b+d. If a>b and c=d, then a-c>b-d. If a>b and c>0, then ac>bc. If a>b and c>0, then a c>b c. Opposite sides are parallel. Opposite sides are congruent. Opposite angles congruent. Consecutive angles supplementary. Diagonals bisect each other. All parallelogram properties. Has at least one right angle. Diagonals are congruent. All four angles are right angles. All parallelogram properties. One pair of consecutive sides congruent. Diagonals are perpendicular to each other. All four sides congruent. Diagonals bisect the angles All rhombi properties. All rectangle properties. Diagonals create four congruent isosceles right triangles. Quadrilateral with exactly on pair of opposite parallel sides. Bases are not congruent. Angles on the same leg are supplementary.

Properties of Isosceles Trapezoids

All properties of a trapezoid. Legs are congruent. Base angles are congruent. Diagonals are congruent. Opposite angles are supplementary.

Postulates Two points determine a line Two distinct lines intersect in at most one point. Given a line, there exists a point not on the line. Segment Addition Postulate: If B is between A and C and A, B, C are distinct points then AB+BC=AC. Every distance is a non-negative real number. (zero or positive) The distance between two points is zero iff the two points are equal (same location). Segment Existence Postulate: Given a positive real number, d, and a ray, AB, there exists a segment, AC, such that AC=d and C is on ray AB. Every angle measure s is a real number between 0 and 180 inclusively. Angle Addition Postulate: If P lies in the interior of ABC, then m ABP+m PBC=m ABC. Angle Existence Postulate: Given a real number, r, between 0 and 180 and a ray AB, there exists two s, CAB and DAB such that m CAB=m DAB=r where C and D lie on opposite planes of ray AB. Proving Triangles Congruent SSS Congruency Postulate SAS Congruency Postulate ASA Congruency Postulate Hypotenuse Leg Congruency Postulate (prove right triangle, congruent hypotenuse, one pair of corresponding legs congruent) A line segment is the shortest path between two points. Trichotemy Postulate or Order Postulate a=b, a>b, or a<b. A whole is greater than any of its parts. If a, b, and c are positive integers and a=b+c, then a>b or a>c. Indirect Proofs Law of the Excluded Middle: Either p or not p is true and no other possibility exists. RAA Hypothesis Law of Contradiction: Both p and not p cannot be true at the same time Law Of Elimination Euclid s Parallel Postulate:

Exactly one line can be drawn through P, parallel to .

Theorems Congruency

Supplementary Angles

Complementary Angles

Perpendicular Lines and Right Angles

If two angles are right angles, then they are congruent. If two angles are straight angles, then they are congruent. If the measure of two segments is the same they are congruent. If the measure of two angles is the same they are congruent. If two or more segments/angles are made of the same number of congruent parts, then the segments\angles are congruent. If two or more segments or angles are congruent, then their like divisions are congruent. Vertical s are congruent Supplements of congruent angles are congruent. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite those sides are congruent. If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then those sides opposite those angles are congruent. If the sum of the measure of two angles is 180, then the angles are supplementary. If the exterior sides of two adjacent angles lie on a straight angle, then the angles are supplementary. If the sum of the measure of two angles is 90, then the angles are complementary. If the exterior sides of two adjacent angles lie on perpendicular lines, then the angles are supplementary. If two lines are perpendicular, then they intersect and form right angles at the point of intersection. If two lines intersect and form right angles, then the lines are perpendicular. If two angles are congruent and supplementary, then they are right angles.

Equidistance and Perpendicular Bisectors

Slopes

Triangles

If two points are equidistant from the endpoints of a line segment, then the two points determine the perpendicular bisector of the segment. If a point lies on the perpendicular bisector of a segment, then that point is equidistant from the endpoints of the segment. If a point is equidistant from the endpoints of a line segment, then the point lies on the perpendicular bisector of the segment. If two non-vertical lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal. If the slopes of two non-vertical lines are equal, then the lines are parallel. If two lines are perpendicular and neither is vertical each line s slope is the opposite reciprocal of the others. If a line s slope is the opposite reciprocal of another line s slope, then the two lines are perpendicular. In a triangle, the side opposite the largest/smallest angle is the longest/shortest side. In a triangle, the angle opposite the longest/shortest side is the largest/smallest angle. In an isosceles triangle, the angle bisector of the vertex is the media, altitude and perpendicular bisector to the base of the triangle. Triangle Angle Sum Theorem: The sum of the measure of the interior angles of a triangle is 180. No Choice (Third Angle) Theorem: If two angles of one triangle is congruent to corresponding angles of a second triangle, then the third angle of each triangle is congruent. AAS Congruency Theorem: (combination of No Choice Theorem and ASA Congruency Postulate) If a line bisects one side of a triangle and is parallel to a second side, then it bisects the

Parallel Lines

third side of the triangle. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measure of the remote interior angles. Midline Theorem: A segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side, and its length is one-half the length of the third side. If two lines are cut by a transversal and a pair of alternate interior angles is congruent, then the lines are parallel. If two lines are cut by a transversal and a pair of alternate exterior angles is congruent, then the lines are parallel. If two lines are cut by a transversal and a pair of corresponding angles is congruent, then the lines are parallel. If two lines are cut by a transversal and interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary, then the lines are parallel. If two lines are cut by a transversal and exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary, then the lines are parallel. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then a pair of alternate interior angles is congruent. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then a pair of alternate exterior angles is congruent. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then a pair of corresponding angles is congruent. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then same side interior angles are supplementary If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then same side exterior angles are supplementary. If three or more parallel lines intercept congruent segments on one transversal, they will intercept congruent segments on every

Polygons  

transversal. Interior Angle Sum: Number of Diagonals:

Proportions

Similar Triangles

Hypotenuse-Altitude

Sum of exterior angles of a polygon: 360 Means-Extremes Product Theorem: In a proportion, the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes. Means-Extremes Ratio Theorem: If ad=bc, then either can be the means or the extremes of as proportion. Side Splitter Theorem: In a triangle, a line that intersects sides and is parallel to the third side divides the two sides proportionally. If three or more parallel lines are intersected by two transversals, the two parallel lines divide the transversals proportionally. Angle Bisector Theorem: If a ray bisects an angle of a triangle, it divides the opposite side into segments that are proportional to the adjacent sides. If two polygons are similar, the ratio of their perimeters is equal to the ratio of their corresponding sides. AA Similarity Theorem (two pairs of angles congruent) SAS Similarity Theorem (two pairs of sides proportional and the included angles congruent) SSS Similarity Theorem (all three pairs of sides proportional) If an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, then: 1. The two triangles formed are similar to the given right triangles and to each other. 2. The altitude to the hypotenuse is the mean proportional between the segments of the hypotenuse

Parallelograms

3. Either legs of the given right triangle is the mean proportional between the hypotenuse of the given right triangle and the segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg. If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is both parallel and congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. If both opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

Rectangle

Kite

Rhombus

Square

If a parallelogram contains at least one right angle, then it is a rectangle. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are congruent, then the parallelogram is a rectangle. If all four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, then it is a rectangle. If two disjoint pairs of consecutive sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then it is a kite. If one of the diagonals of a quadrilateral is the perpendicular bisector of the other diagonal, then the quadrilateral is a kite. If a parallelogram contains a pair of consecutive sides that are congruent, then it is a rhombus. If either diagonal of a parallelogram bisects two angles of the parallelogram, then it is a rhombus. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular bisectors of each other, then the quadrilateral is a rhombus. If a quadrilateral is both a rectangle and a rhombus, then it is a square.

Isosceles Trapezoid

If the nonparallel sides of a trapezoid are congruent, then it is isosceles. If the lower or upper bases angles of a trapezoid are congruent, then it is isosceles. If the diagonals of a trapezoid are congruent, then it is isosceles.

Definitions Polygon

Congruent Polygons

Triangle

Congruent Triangles

Radii

Median (in a triangle)

Altitude (in a triangle)

Scalene Triangle Isosceles Triangle Equilateral Triangle Acute Triangle Obtuse Triangle Right Triangle Equiangular Triangle

The union of the set of points with the line segment created by those points such that if any two segments intersect, then the intersection is one of the points and no other point. Two polygons in which there exists a one-toone correspondence between vertices such that all corresponding sides and angles are congruent. A polygon with exactly three sides. The sum of any two sides must be greater than the third side. Two or more triangles with congruent corresponding sides and angles. (Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent) A line segment that connects the center of a circle with any point on the circumference of the circle. (All radii of a circle are congruent) A segment that connects a vertex with the midpoint of the side opposite that vertex. There are three per triangle. A line segment drawn from any vertex to the opposite side or an extension such that it is perpendicular to that side. A triangle that has three sides of unequal length. A triangle that has least two congruent sides. A triangle with three congruent sides. A triangle with three acute angles. A triangle with one obtuse angle. A triangle with one right angle. A triangle with all congruent angles.

Line Segment Exterior Angles of Triangles Quadrilaterals Parallelogram Rhombus Rectangle Kite Square Trapezoid Isosceles Trapezoid Regular Polygon Median of a Trapezoid

The distance between two points The length of the shortest path joining two objects. An angles that is adjacent and supplementary to an interior angle of a triangle. A polygon with exactly four sides. A quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite parallel sides. A parallelogram with one pair of consecutive sides that are congruent. A parallelogram with one right angle. Quadrilaterals in which two disjoint pairs of consecutive sides are congruent. A parallelogram that is both a rectangle and a rectangle. A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. A trapezoid in which the non-parallel legs are congruent. A polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular. Line segment that connects the midpoints of a trapezoid s legs. It is parallel to the two bases and is half the sum of the two bases.

Geometric Mean Ratio Proportion A comparison of two or more quantities of the same measure. An equation stating that two or more ratios are equal. a and d are the extremes b and c are the means Polygons in which corresponding angles are congruent and corresponding sides are proportional.

Similar Polygons