ELETRONIC COMMERICE

INTRODUCTION
Electronic communication is a system used as means of sending or retrieving messages through computer or Internet connections. Today this includes a multitude of communication tools, ranging from simple forms such as e-mails to more complex forms, e. g. electronic document management (e d m) systems, enterprise resource planning (e r p) systems and project planning systems. The introduction of different -communication tools may alter the rm operations, providing rms with innovate venues for impacting their management processes. Electronic communication has become a part of every aspect of our society. It is recognized as being one of the most important and influential aspects of the way we conduct business. Electronic communication technology has made it easier to contact other employees in the same office, and even around the world. Computers and software have revolutionized communication within the business office. Programs have made it simple for businesses, small companies, and large corporations, to keep track of any information that passes through the business, whether it is from a secretary or the CEO. Today's society is dependent upon electronic communication. This paper will concentrate on how the areas of the Internet, electronic mail (EMAIL), E-commerce, and E-Business effect the way we communicate within the business world

Electronic Communication And Its Usages

y y y y y y y y The three major fields of electronics are computers, communications, and control. The computer segment is the largest; communications is the second largest. Communication is the process of exchanging information. Most human communication is oral, but a great deal of it is also in written or printed form. The two main barriers to communication are language and distance. Major electrical discoveries in the mid- and late nineteenth century made possible the development of electronic communications over long distances. The telegraph (1844) and telephone (1876) were the first two long-distance communications systems. Radio was discovered in 1887, and wireless telegraphy was demonstrated in 1895. Electronic communications plays a vital role in all our lives and is essential to the success of our information society.
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y y y y The major elements of a communications system are a transmitter to send a message, a communications medium, a receiver to pick up the message, and noise. The three primary communications media are wires, free space, and fiber-optic cable. Radio waves are signals made up of electric and magnetic fields that propagate over long distances. Noise is any interference that disturbs the legible transmission of a signal. Noise is produced by the atmosphere, heavenly bodies, manufactured electrical equipment, and thermal agitation in electronic components. The transmission medium greatly attenuates and degrades the transmitted signal. Electronic communications may be either one-way or two-way. One-way transmission is called simplex or broadcasting. Two-way communication is called duplex. In half-duplex communications, only one of the two parties can transmit at a time. In full duplex, both parties may transmit and receive simultaneously. Information signals may be either analog or digital. Analog signals are smooth, continuous voltage variations such as voice or video. Digital signals are binary pulses or codes. The information signal, called the base band signal, is often transmitted directly over the communications medium. In most communications systems, the base band signal is used to modulate a higherfrequency carrier signal than is transmitted by radio. Modulation is the process of having an information signal modifies a carrier signal in someway. Common examples are AM and FM. The base band signal cannot usually be transmitted through space by radio because the antennas required are too long and because multiple base band signals transmitting simultaneously would interfere with one another. Multiplexing is the process of transmitting two or more signals simultaneously over the same channel or medium. Besides TV, there are several other methods of transmitting visual or graphical information; they are facsimile, videotex, teletext. Simplex transmission of special signals from land-based or satellite stations is used by ship and airplanes for navigation. Telemetry is measurement at a distance. Sensors convert physical characteristics to electric signals which modulate a carrier transmitted to a remote location. Radio astronomy supplements optical astronomy by permitting the location and mapping of stars by the radio waves they emit. Radar uses the 'reflection of radio waves from remote objects for the detection of their presence, direction, and speed, Underwater radar is called active sonar. Passive sonar is simply listening underwater for the detection of objects of interest. Two forms of personal communications services are CB radio and Amateur "ham" radio, which are a technical hobby as well as a communications service. Data communications is the transmission of computer and other digital data via the telephone system, microwave links or satellite.
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Devices called modems permit digital data to be transmitted over the analog telephone networks. y Interconnections of PCs for the exchange of information are called local area networks. y The electromagnetic spectrum is that range of frequencies from approximately 30 Hz to visible light over which electronic communications takes place. y The greatest portion of the spectrum covers radio waves, which are oscillating electric and magnetic fields that radiate for long distances. y Wavelength (P) is the distance (in meters) between corresponding points on successive cycles of a periodic wave: A= 3OO/f (f is in megahertz). It is also the distance that an electromagnetic wave travels in the time it takes for one cycle of oscillation. y The range of human hearing is approximately 20 to 20,000 Hz. The voice frequency range is 300 to 3000 Hz. y Amplitude-modulated broadcasting occurs in the MF range from 300 kHz to 3 MHz. y The high-frequency range (3 to 30 MHz), or shortwave, is used for world Wide two way communications and broadcasting. y Television broadcasting occurs in the VHF and UHF ranges. y Frequencies above 1 GHz are called microwaves. y The SHF and EHF bands are used primarily for satellite communications and radar. y Those frequencies directly above 300 GHz are called millimeter waves. y Electromagnetic signals produced primarily by heat sources are called infrared. They cover the 0.7- to 100 Qm range. y A micron is one millionth of a meter. y Visible light occupies the region above infrared. Its wavelength is 4000 to 8000 . y An angstrom is one ten-thousandth of a micron. y Bandwidth is the spectrum space occupied by a signal, the frequency range of a transmitted signal, or the range of frequencies accepted by a receiver. It is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies of the range in question. y There is more spectrum space available at the higher frequencies. For a given bandwidth signal, more channels can be accommodated at the higher frequencies. Spectrum space is a precious natural resource. y

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TYPS OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION DEVICES

The basically using electronic and communication devices that we use in our daily life are the as follow: -

 Television  Mobile


Computer

TELEVISOIN
The television is great invention of science. It becomes an important part of our daily life. By using television we can watch several types of live and record video program. Television helps us to gain different type of knowledge.

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The history of television Lee de forest a African inventor who pursued research on the vacuum tube-crucial to television -by adding a third element to a glass tube, creating a triode which amplified and controlled electromagnetic signals. He called this device an Audion. Under the employment of Westinghouse Electric Corporation, he conceived and created the first practical television set. Philo Farnsworth a young American inventor who developed the image dissector tube, which brought high resolution to television pictures. Heading into the great depression, few families owned television sets and many technical issues were left to be resolved. This solved the diffusion of television. In 1941, formed by manufacturers, produced an agreement setting standards for home picture quality. The age of commercial television in United States dawned on July 1, 1941, when WNBT (now WNBC) in New York began broadcasting. CBS went on the air that same month. After that the research are made to made television more effective. The present features of television are: y y y y y High definition television Digital video recorders Including DTH, DVD and GAMES etc. Available in LCD screen. Available in different sizes.

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MOBILE PHONE
Mobile is very important electronic and communication device that we are using in our daily life. It helps us to communicate with a person over a distance of several kilometers.

The history of mobile

The introduction of hexagonal cells for mobile phone base stations, invented in 1947 by Bell Labs engineers at AT&T, was further developed by Bell Labs during the 1960s. Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held cellular radio devices have been available since 1983. Due to their low establishment costs and rapid deployment, mobile phone networks have since spread rapidly throughout the world, outstripping the growth of fixed telephony.
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In 1945, the 0G generation of mobile telephones was introduced. 0G mobile telephones, such as Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not support the automatic change of channel frequency in the middle of a call, when the user moved from one cell (base station coverage area) to another cell, a feature called "handover". Working of mobile phones The working of mobile phone is basically depends on SIM card, which is provide us by a cellular network. The idea of first cellular network was brainstormed in 1947. The mobile phone technology is basically of two types:  GSM (global system mobile)  CDMA (code division multiple access) There are three major section inside the mobile phones are  Power section  Radio section  Computer section A power section deals with power related tasks such as power distribution or charging the battery. A radio section has basically set of four main function band switching, RF power amplification, transmitter and receiver. A computer section consists of tow main parts CPU (central processing unit) and memory (RAM, FLASH, and COMBO CHIP) Importance of mobile The basic important of mobile in our daily life is given bellow: It helps us to communicate with each other.  It provides us easy messaging service through sms and mms services.  The modern mobiles phones provide us multimedia services like camera, mp3 player, video games and many more applications.  The GPRS enabled mobile provide us GPRS services which allow us to use internet on mobile.

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Computer is an electronic device, which takes inputs, process it and generates a useful result. The computer is widely used electronic device in these days.

COMPUTER

History of computer
The abacus is the first known calculating device discovered in 1450B.C. This illustrates how the ancient computers worked. After the counting device Napiers bones discovered in 1600 A.D. in 1962 A.D French scientist Blaise Pascals invented the first adding machine. Gottfried improved on Pascals machine and introduced multiplying machine. In 1813 Charles Babbage developed a machine, which could perform complex calculations. In 1862 Charles Xavier invents first calculators with commercial prospect. In 1863 Charles Babbage invent analytical engine. In 1896 Dr. Hermann Hollerith invent punch card machine. In 1947 EDSAC (electronic delayed storage and calculation) the first electronic computer invents

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LAPTOP

They were the first portable and weighted about 28 pounds. Infect they were called luggables initially. As the size reduced the term also reduced to laptop. They weight about 10 to 12 pounds. The name was probably given because they are use keeping it on the laps while users are on move (in car, in airplane). They have large amount of internal

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memory to store hundred of program and documents. They are equipped with keyboard, a mouse, a track ball and liquid crystal display (LCD) to display information

How Electronic Communication is Affecting The Way We Do Business

In business today there is a growing usage and need for off site communication to manage projects and provide specific training. Businesses are finding ways to reduce costs by bringing information to their sites electronically. Technology has enabled organizations to communicate between domestic and international divisions. In addition, companies can communicate with customers, outside consultants and trainers. These communication trends are advanced by cost reduction, effectiveness and efficiency demands, and the capability of technology (Hoyt, 1998). The World Wide Web or Internet is one of the largest means of electronic communication in business. The World Wide Web is defined as: The leading information retrieval service of the Internet (the worldwide computer network). The Web gives users access to a vast array of documents that are connected to each other by means of hypertext or hypermedia links--i.e., hyperlinks, electronic connections that link related pieces of information in order to allow a user easy access to them.

The Internet is defined

"The world's largest computer network, which is actually a network of networks" (Thill & Bovee, 1998). The driving force behind the Internet and World-Wide Web (WWW) are facilitating business communication unhampered by geographical distances and provides rapid access to information. The World Wide Web has accomplished wonders for businesses and consumers around the globe by supplying them with quantities of information on every product or service imaginable. It has become a viable marketing channel for most companies selling goods, from financial services to hot sauce.

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There are many advantages for companies to communicate electronically through the Internet. Perhaps the most important advantage is the electronic trail of documentation and the fact that marketing materials are always current and compliant. The cost savings for companies can be extremely attractive. Electronic communication provides an opportunity to execute true one-to-one marketing, by providing customers with targeted messages and product marketing only in areas where they have interest and possess a high propensity to buy. Interacting with customers when they want and how they want increases retention and brand loyalty. Over the past few years electronic customer service has proven to be a distinct competitive advantage in the marketplace ("Electronic Delivery:", n.d.).

Electronic Mail or E.mail

Electronic Mail or email is a second form of electronic communication that is helping to influence how we do business today. Undoubtedly it is the most used Internet service. Email allows a user to send an electronic message to anyone else in the world that is also connected to the Internet. E-mail is defined as: An efficient and easy way to send messages quickly to other people, in your own office or around the world electronically. E-mail is inexpensive, convenient, and portable. E-mail offers numerous advantages over regular post-office mail (often called "snail mail" by Internet users). Email has come a long way since its early beginning. The capabilities of email today are almost limitless. There are several ways to transport electronic information from one destination to the next. The most inexpensive way of sending electronic info is through a direct connection, sometimes called a Local Area Network (LAN) or intranet (meaning within). A connection to the Internet requires some type of Internet Service Provider (ISP). Although ISPs charge a small monthly fee for service access to the Internet, companies still recognize a tremendous savings over using the old traditional U.S. Postal service or other document transportation service. E-BUSINESS / E-COMMERCE: Although the concept of on-line business communities is not new, their application to business is gaining momentum. Armstrong and Hagel maintain that entire industry supply chains are moving toward a transaction-based business model. A few companies, most notably General Electric, are starting to realize benefits by shifting from the physical business community to an electronic business community model. GE's Trading Process Network (TPN) is an on-line business community that allows the company to transact about $1 billion worth of business with more than 1,400 suppliers scattered around the globe (Armstrong & Hagel III, 1996). Before going much further let's clearly define the terms of E-Commerce and E-Business. Akarin Weatherford, Indian River Consulting Group, defines them as follows: E-Commerce is the buying and selling of goods and

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services over the Internet plus the technology infrastructure and applications used to support those transactions. Examples: Business to

Conclusion
The main point of this paper is that different organizational forms required different approaches for applying communication tools. We have elaborated on the main differences between project-based organizations and traditional organizations, e. g. varying timeframe, complexity of collaboration, and knowledge reapplicability. p b os are more complex than traditional organizations in respect to number of partners and activities, hence they require more emphasis on how to support and simplify the communication. Because project teams, although small, belong to bigger organizations, they have access to more tools and other resources than a traditional organization of the same size as the project team, which will skew the i t complexity issues to favour the project teams. The over-belief in quantiable measures of i t adoption has to be taken into account. In order to successfully apply e- ommunication tools, the organization has to look to the available tools and nd the one that lls its communication need

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