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    Internet

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    suresh

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    Internet

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    suresh
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    Internet

    Uploaded by

    suresh

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    How

    INTERNET
    works?
    How the Internet works?
    Good question, but getting into that we must know som basics lets recall it.

    1. Basic Computer and Network Concepts

    What is a Computer?

    A computer is a device that can store, retrieve, and process information. It has
    several parts:

     CPU (Central Processing Unit): Think of it as the brain of the computer.


    It does all the thinking and calculations.
     RAM (Random Access Memory): It’s like a short-term memory for the
    computer, storing data that the CPU needs quickly.
     Storage: This is where all your files (documents, pictures, apps) are
    saved, like a long-term memory for your computer.
     Input/Output Devices: Things like the keyboard, mouse (input), and
    screen, speakers (output) that let you interact with the computer.

    What is a Network?

    A network is a group of devices (computers, smartphones, printers, etc.) that


    are connected so they can share information. There are two types of networks:

     Local Area Network (LAN): A network within a small area, like a home or
    office.
     Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that connects devices over a
    large area, like the internet.

    2. Communication Protocols

    What is a Protocol?

    A protocol is like a set of rules or guidelines that devices follow to communicate


    with each other. Just like we have rules in a conversation (like taking turns
    talking), devices need protocols to understand each other.

    Important Internet Protocols:


     TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): These two
    protocols work together to ensure that data can travel across the
    internet.
    o TCP breaks data into small packets, sends them, and ensures they
    arrive correctly.
    o IP ensures those packets are sent to the right address.
     HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): It’s the set of rules that allows
    web browsers (like Chrome or Firefox) to fetch web pages from servers.
     HTTPS (Secure HTTP): A secure version of HTTP that encrypts data to
    keep it safe while being transferred.
     DNS (Domain Name System): The DNS is like an internet phonebook
    that helps convert website names (like www.example.com) into the
    numbers (IP addresses) that computers use to find each other.

    3. How the Web Works

    Web Servers and Clients

     A web server is a powerful computer that stores websites and serves


    them when requested. Think of it like a library where the information is
    stored.
     A client is your computer or device that requests and views the
    information from the web server. When you open a website, your browser
    (client) sends a request to the server to send back the data.

    HTML, CSS, and JavaScript Basics

     HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): It’s the basic language used to


    create the structure of a webpage. It defines the content on the page
    (like headings, paragraphs, and images).
     CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): This defines the design and layout of a
    webpage. It controls things like colors, fonts, and the overall style of the
    page.
     JavaScript: A programming language that makes a webpage interactive. It
    helps add things like animations, forms, and dynamic content (like live
    updates or interactive maps).

    4. The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection)


    The OSI Model is like a guide that explains how data moves across a network in
    7 layers. Let’s break it down:

    1. Physical Layer: This layer deals with the physical connection, like wires or
    Wi-Fi signals. Think of it as the "highway" that carries the data.
    2. Data Link Layer: It makes sure the data gets transferred in little chunks
    called "frames" and handles the connection between devices.
    3. Network Layer: It’s responsible for finding the best route for the data
    to travel (using IP addresses).
    4. Transport Layer: It ensures that data is transferred reliably and
    correctly between devices (using TCP).
    5. Session Layer: Manages sessions or connections between two devices (like
    logging into an account).
    6. Presentation Layer: Deals with how the data is formatted or encrypted so
    that the receiving device can understand it.
    7. Application Layer: The layer closest to the user that includes software
    like web browsers or email clients. This is where you interact with data.

    5. Understanding IP Addresses and DNS

    What is an IP Address?

    An IP address is a unique number assigned to every device on a network, like a


    phone number for your device. It helps computers find and communicate with
    each other over the internet.

     IPv4 (most common) looks like this: 192.168.1.1


     IPv6 is a newer version, designed to provide more unique addresses.

    What is DNS?

    The DNS (Domain Name System) is like the internet’s phonebook. When you
    type a website address (like www.example.com), the DNS translates that into
    an IP address that your device uses to find the website’s server.

    6. Security Basics

    What is Encryption?
    Encryption is the process of turning data into a secret code so that only
    authorized people (or devices) can read it. This keeps your personal information
    safe from hackers.

     For example, when you visit a website with HTTPS, the data sent to and
    from that website is encrypted.

    Cybersecurity Basics:

     Firewall: A system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing


    network traffic to protect your device from threats.
     Antivirus Software: Protects your computer from harmful software like
    viruses or malware.
     VPN (Virtual Private Network): A tool that lets you browse the internet
    more securely by masking your IP address and encrypting your data.

    7. Cloud Computing and Data Centers

    What is Cloud Computing?

    Cloud computing allows you to store and access data and applications over the
    internet, instead of on your device. Think of it as renting storage space on the
    internet instead of using your own hard drive. Examples include Google Drive,
    Dropbox, or using online apps like Gmail.

    What are Data Centers?

    Data centers are physical facilities that house servers (large computers)
    where websites, apps, and services are stored. These centers ensure that data
    is available 24/7 for users around the world.

    8. Basic Web Development (Optional)

    If you want to build websites, you’ll need to understand:

     Web Hosting: When you want to put a website online, it needs to be


    stored somewhere. Hosting companies provide the space on their servers
    to store your website.
     Website Building: Tools like WordPress or learning to code in
    HTML/CSS/JavaScript let you create and manage websites.
    Summary

    1. Computers and Networks: How computers and networks work together to


    share information.
    2. Protocols: Devices use rules to communicate, like TCP/IP for sending data.
    3. Web Basics: Servers store websites, and browsers retrieve and display
    them.
    4. OSI Model: A guide for understanding how data moves through networks.
    5. IP and DNS: IP addresses are like phone numbers, and DNS translates
    website names into those numbers.
    6. Security: Learn how encryption and tools like firewalls protect your data.
    7. Cloud and Data Centers: The cloud is like internet-based storage, and
    data centers house the servers.
    8. Web Development: Learn how websites are made and hosted.

    This is the basic knowledge you need to understand how the internet works.
    Now get back to the question, “How Internet works?”

    1. The Basics of the Internet

    The internet is a global network that connects millions of computers,


    smartphones, and other devices together. These devices communicate with
    each other, exchange data, and access information stored on other devices or
    servers.

    2. How Devices Connect

    When you want to access a website, for example, here's what happens:

     Your Device: You open a browser (like Chrome, Safari, or Firefox) and
    type in a website address (URL), like www.example.com.
     Request to a Server: Your device sends a request over the internet to a
    server that hosts the website. Servers are powerful computers that
    store websites and other data.
     Domain Name System (DNS): The website URL you typed in is a human-
    friendly name, but computers use IP addresses (like 192.168.1.1) to find
    each other. The DNS (like a phonebook for the internet) translates the
    website name into its corresponding IP address.

    3. The Internet Backbone


    Once the DNS gives the IP address, your request travels through the internet
    backbone — a high-speed network of fiber-optic cables, satellites, and wireless
    systems that connects data centers all over the world. These cables carry data
    across countries and continents, allowing the request to reach the server.

    4. The Server Responds

    The server where the website is stored receives your request, processes it,
    and sends back the necessary data (like HTML files, images, etc.) to your
    device. The data travels back through the internet backbone and reaches you.

    5. Loading the Website

    Once the data reaches your device, your browser interprets it and displays the
    website on your screen. The website could have text, images, videos, and other
    elements, all of which are rendered by your device’s browser.

    6. Protocols: HTTP & HTTPS

     HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): This is the set of rules for how
    data is transferred on the web. When you enter a website address, it
    typically starts with "http://" or "https://".
     HTTPS: The "S" stands for "secure". It means the data being sent and
    received is encrypted, so it’s safer.

    7. Internet Infrastructure

    The internet is made up of:

     ISPs (Internet Service Providers): These companies (like JIO, Airtel,


    etc.) provide you with the internet connection.
     Routers: These devices direct traffic, ensuring the data from your device
    reaches the right server and vice versa.
     Data Centers: Huge facilities where servers are kept. They store all the
    information (websites, apps, services) that you access online.

    In Short:

     You type a website address.


     Your device sends a request to the server through the internet.
     The server sends back data.
     Your device displays it as a website.

    That’s how the internet works.

    Here’s a super simple summary of how the internet works:

    1. Your Device Requests Information: When you want to visit a website, you
    type the website’s address (like www.example.com) into your browser.
    2. DNS Translates the Address: The DNS (Domain Name System) converts
    the website's name into a unique number called an IP address.
    3. The Request Travels Across the Internet: Your request travels through
    the internet’s network of cables, routers, and servers to reach the web
    server where the website is stored.
    4. The Web Server Responds: The server sends the data (like the
    webpage's text, images, etc.) back to your device.
    5. Your Device Displays the Website: Your browser interprets the data and
    shows the website on your screen.

    So in simple word:
    You ask (your device), the internet finds the info (DNS), the server sends
    it, and your device shows it.

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