Electroanalytical Methods
Electroanalytical Methods
Electroanalytical Methods
in Electrocatalyst Research
Presentation by: Loredana Protesescu Dai Wenyang Gediminas Mikutis
Analytical Strategy
06.12.1011
fuel cells
catalyst
surface area
kinetics
Contents
1. Fuel cells: introduction
Introduction General types PEFCs: current challenges Hydrogen as a fuel source Principle Pt nanoprticle production
2. Electrocatalyst
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Catalyst
Source: http://ljplus.ru/img4/a/r/artykul/Fuel-Cell-scheme.jpg
fuel cells
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fuel cells
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Environmental impact None CO, CO2, NOx, SOx CO2, NOx, Sox, radioactive, etc. CO2
Hydrogen as a fuel
Energy independence High energy density
Source: 1) http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=29
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Applications
Source: http://stuorgs.oakland.edu/upload/images/IAHE/Potential%20Applications%20For%20Fuel%20Cells.png
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Hydrogen production
Steam reforming (from gas) CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2
CO + H2O CO2 + H2
Partial oxidation (from oil) CnHm + n/2 O2 n CO + m/2 H2 Ex.: C6H12 + 6 O2 6 CO + 6 H2 Coal gasification (from coal) 3C (i.e.,coal) + O2 + H2O H2 + 3CO CO + H2O CO2 + H2
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Hydrogen production
Steam reforming, partial oxidation, coal gasification (from fossil fuels) CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2 CnHm + n/2 O2 n CO + m/2 H2 3C(i.e.,coal) + O2 + H2O H2 + 3CO CO + H2O CO2 + H2 Sulfur-iodine cycle1 Photobiological water splitting (by algae)3 Photocatalytic water splitting2
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Hydrogen storage
Carbon Nanotubes
Metal-organic frameworks
Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/basics.html
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Nafion membrane
Source: http://stuorgs.oakland.edu/upload/images/IAHE/Pem%20Fuel%20Cell%20Diagram.png
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PEFCs Challenges
Catalyst efficiency (O2 reduction) Durability
Catalyst performance (CO poisoning) Membrane decay
Cost
Catalyst Membrane H2 production, delivery
Setup
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Electrocatalyst
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Pt-black catalyst
Pt-alloy catalyst
Pt/Pt-alloy nano-scale catalyst Alloy formation and proper surface chemical composition A controlled surface structure Smaller size for preferred single crystal face
Source: 1) Sung et al. (2002); 2) Schmidt et al. (2003); 3)Wang et al. (2011)
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Most important process parameters: Temperature profile (adjustable by quenching rate) Residence time Concentration of precursors
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Particle size
Why nanomaterials?
Surface area
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BET Theory
BET has been developed In 1938, by Stephen Brunauer, Paul Hugh Emmett, and Edward Teller. Theory on multilayer adsorption with the following hypotheses: Gas molecules physically adsorb on a solid in layers infinitely There is no interaction between each adsorption layer The Langmuir theory can be applied to each layer
N: Avogadros number
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Cyclic Voltammetry
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Cyclic voltammograms
Starting from P in clockwise direction: No Faradaic reaction zone Plateau: formation of monolayer of oxide Oxygen evolution from oxidation of water: After inversion: break of the layer of oxide No Faradaic reaction zone Reduction of H+ :
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Cyclic Voltammetry
CO Striping Voltammetry
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Cyclic voltammograms
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CO Striping Voltammetry
Operates under the same principle as Cyclic Voltammetry One side of the fuel cell is supplied with CO plus inert gas, humidified H2 is fed to the other side CO stripping peak potential can provide information on the composition of an unsupported metal alloy surface
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B. In-situ:
1. Gas electrodes in half-cell configuration
kinetics studies of gas reactants under controlled mass transport conditions and at various temperatures (mechanism of oxygen reduction) Obtain rate-determining step, electrode potentials, diffusion/charge transfer parameters, surface area Obtain different contributions to losses Obtain various kinetic parameters (e.g. cell resistance as a fct. of current density), mechanism elucidation.
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2.
3.
4.
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Diffusion-corrected Tafel plot for ORR (oxygen reduction reaction) in H2SO4 and HClO4 (dashed) 28
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References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Maeda, K. & Domen, K. Photocatalytic Water Splitting: Recent Progress and Future Challenges. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 2655-2661 (2010). Melis, A. & Happe, T. Hydrogen Production. Green Algae as a Source of Energy. Plant Physiology 127, 740 -748 (2001). Scholz, F., Electroanalytical Methods. 2010, New York: Springer. Okada, T., et al., Electrochemical Methods for Catalyst Evaluation in Fuel Cells and Solar Cells in Molecular Catalysts for Energy Conversion. 2009, Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 67-102. Wu, J., et al., Diagnostic tools in PEM fuel cell research: Part I Electrochemical techniques. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008. 33(6): p. 1735-1746. Schmidt, T.J., et al., Rotating Thin-Film Method for Supported Catalysts, in Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamental, Technology, and Applications. Volume 2: Electrocatalysis. 2003, John Wiley & Sons: Chichester. p. 316-333. Gasteiger, H.A., et al., Beginning of Life MEA Performance - Efficiency Loss Contributions, in Handbook of Fuel Cells - Fundamentals, Technology and Applications. Volume 3: Fuel Cell Technology and Applications, Part 1, W. Vielstich, H.A. Gasteiger, and A. Lamm, Editors. 2003, John Wiley & Sons: Chichester. p. 593-610. Lee, S.-A.,et al. Nanoparticule Synthesis and Electrocatalytiv Activity of Pt alloy for Direct Methanol Fuel cells, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 149, A1299 (2002)
8.
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Questions?
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