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    J.B. Hastings - Science With The LCLS

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    Pocxa
    This document discusses using the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) for science. It describes how the LCLS will produce x-ray laser pulses with femtosecond durations to enable new types of experiments. These include studying atomic and molecular dynamics on ultrafast timescales, using coherent x-ray scattering to image single biomolecules before radiation damage occurs, and performing pump-probe experiments with unprecedented time resolution to watch chemical and physical processes in real time. The baseline LCLS will allow transformative science, and future upgrades may enable attosecond pulses for probing even faster electron dynamics.

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    J.B. Hastings - Science With The LCLS

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    Pocxa
    62 views34 pages
    This document discusses using the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) for science. It describes how the LCLS will produce x-ray laser pulses with femtosecond durations to enable new types of experiments. These include studying atomic and molecular dynamics on ultrafast timescales, using coherent x-ray scattering to image single biomolecules before radiation damage occurs, and performing pump-probe experiments with unprecedented time resolution to watch chemical and physical processes in real time. The baseline LCLS will allow transformative science, and future upgrades may enable attosecond pulses for probing even faster electron dynamics.

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    J.B. Hastings- Science with the LCLS

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    This document discusses using the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) for science. It describes how the LCLS will produce x-ray laser pulses with femtosecond durations to enable new types of experiments. These include studying atomic and molecular dynamics on ultrafast timescales, using coherent x-ray scattering to image single biomolecules before radiation damage occurs, and performing pump-probe experiments with unprecedented time resolution to watch chemical and physical processes in real time. The baseline LCLS will allow transformative science, and future upgrades may enable attosecond pulses for probing even faster electron dynamics.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    62 views34 pages

    J.B. Hastings - Science With The LCLS

    Uploaded by

    Pocxa
    This document discusses using the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) for science. It describes how the LCLS will produce x-ray laser pulses with femtosecond durations to enable new types of experiments. These include studying atomic and molecular dynamics on ultrafast timescales, using coherent x-ray scattering to image single biomolecules before radiation damage occurs, and performing pump-probe experiments with unprecedented time resolution to watch chemical and physical processes in real time. The baseline LCLS will allow transformative science, and future upgrades may enable attosecond pulses for probing even faster electron dynamics.

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    Science with the LCLS Science with the LCLS

    J. B. Hastings SLAC/SSRL/LUSI

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Palo Alto
    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    1878-1879

    1878: E. Muybridge at Stanford


    Tracing motion of animals by spark photography

    E. Muybridge

    Muybridge and Stanford disagree whether all feet leave the ground at one time during the gallop
    E. Muybridge, Animals in Motion, ed. by L. S. Brown (Dover Pub. Co., New York 1957).
    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Ultrafast Sources and Science Ultrafast Sources and Science Synchrotrons


    X-ray sources: Current lasers: Laser plasmas XFELs Ultrafast lasers

    Acoustic phonons Science: Vibrations (Optical phonons) Strings, Particle Collisions Chemistry and Biochem Cosmology Electron dynamics
    harpo 10-27 yocto zepto 10-24 10-21 atto 10-18 femto 10-15 pico 10-12 nano 10-9 micro 10-6 milli 10-3

    Pulse duration (seconds)


    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    coherent power

    N 6109
    Power
    incoherent power

    1/3

    z
    Wavelength
    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Microbunching through SASE Process Microbunching through SASE Process

    undulator undulator entrance entrance

    half-way half-way saturation saturation

    full full saturation saturation GENESIS - simulation for TTF parameters


    Courtesy - Sven Reiche (UCLA)

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    1.5-15

    LCLS
    2 compressors

    one undulator

    X-FEL based on last 1-km of existing SLAC linac


    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Peak Brilliance of FELs Peak Brilliance of FELs

    photons per phasespace volume per bandwidth

    X-Ray 106 by FEL gain

    ~109

    103 by e quality, long undulators

    courtesy T. Shintake
    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Temporal Characteristics
    E(t)=j E0(t-tj), tj is the random arrival time of jth eNu E0: wave packet of a single e lc ~ 100-1000 < bunch length Sum of all packets E(t)

    lc
    2c

    Nu

    bunch length
    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    SLAC Report 611

    Atomic, molecular and optical science Nano-particle and single molecule (non-periodic) imaging
    t0
    Absorption

    t1 t2 t3 t4 t5

    Aluminum plasma
    classical plasma
    G =1

    Resonance Raman

    Diffraction studies of stimulated dynamics (pump-probe)

    G =10

    dense plasma

    Program developed by international team of scientists working with accelerator and laser physics communities the beginning.... not the end

    G =100

    High energy density science

    high density matter


    10-4 10-2 1 10 2 10 4

    Density (g/cm-3)

    t= t=0

    Coherent-scattering studies of nanoscale fluctuations

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Focused beam (100nm):


    Formation of Hollow Atoms:
    h =900eV
    Ne Photoionization

    Auger
    =2.5fs

    K-edge

    All atoms have multiple core holes per pulse (105 atoms)

    Multiphoton Ionization:
    h h

    Kr photoabsorption L-edge

    Note effect ~ I2
    All atoms experience multiphoton ionization per pulse (105 atoms)

    h =900eV

    2h

    Giant Coulomb explosions of Xe clusters


    109 atoms

    Xe
    h =950eV 3p (M3)

    Auger
    =0.1fs

    Auger rate 1000 times faster than ionization rate Valence shell is missing - only cores left Understanding is central to the imaging of biomolecules

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Structural Studies on Single Particles and Biomolecules


    Conventional method: x-ray diffraction from crystal

    Proposed method: diffuse x-ray scattering from single protein molecule


    Neutze, Wouts, van der Spoel, Weckert, Hajdu Nature 406, 752-757 (2000)

    Lysozyme

    Calculated scattering pattern from lysozyme molecule

    Implementation limited by radiation damage:


    In crystals limit to damage tolerance is about 200 x-ray photons/2 For single protein molecules need about 1010 x-ray photons/2 (for 2 resolution)

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    LCLS Nanocrystal of lysozyme

    1 LYSOZYME

    5x5x5 LYSOZYMES

    Nanocrystal of lysozyme

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    562kD a

    1 fs 5 x 1013

    5 fs 1 x 1013

    2 resolution

    Predicted scattering from a single RUBISCO molecule (Relectronic = 15%)

    10 fs 5 x 1012

    50 fs 8 x 1011

    100 fs 3 x 1011

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Ultrafast Coherent Single Shot X-ray Diffraction The First Demonstration at the VUV-FEL at DESY
    Pulse #1: Diffraction reveals structure before radiation damage occurs Pulse #2: Structure was completely destroyed by pulse #1

    Incident VUV15o FEL pulse: 30 fs, 32 nm, -15o 13 W 3 x 10 1x3 SiN membrane cm-2 with 200 nm pattern Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    multilayer mirror

    To beam dump CCD

    VUV-FEL Pump-probe Experiments Measure the FELinduced explosion with 30 fs Time Resolution
    Latex particles Multilayer Mirror

    30 fs pulse (9 m long) Detector

    z
    Prompt diffraction Delayed diffraction

    Time delay = 2z/c The pattern is the interference of the waves scattered from the unexploded particle (reference wave) and the same particle during explosion. Many particles generate speckle also.

    Single shot ultrafast time-delay X-ray hologram, with 300 fs delay


    Jerry Hajdu and APS Chapman,HastingscollaboratorsApril 23, 2006

    Scattering experiments

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    EOS and Pump-Probe


    Typical time resolved experiment utilizes intrinsic synchronization between pump excitation and probe
    system response impulse

    S1

    S9

    S4

    S7

    S6

    S3

    S8

    S0

    S5

    S 2 time

    Electro-Optic Sampling (EOS) delivers arrival time to users


    Pump-Probe experiments now possible at XFELs Machine jitter exploited to sample time-dependent phenomena
    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    (Typical)Single-Shot EOS Data at SPPS (100m ZnTe)

    ~ 200 fs

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Dynamics of high amplitude coherent optical phonons


    Bi structure

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    X-rays diffraction direct probe of atomic motion


    111 forbidden in simple cubic 222 perfect in simple cubic

    467 fs

    Sokolowski-Tinten et al., Nature, 422 (2003)

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Using the jitter @ SPPS for Random Sampling

    D. M. Fritz et al. unpublished


    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Using the jitter @ SPPS for Random Sampling


    1.74 mJ/cm2 (absorbed), <n>~1% < x> = 5pm f =2.5 THz* A = 0.92 pm

    N=12463

    Arrival time distribution D. M. Fritz et al. unpublished


    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Sorted normalized data


    *precise time calibration still in progress

    Measured (Mean) Equilibrium Position

    D. M. Fritz et al. unpublished


    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Exciting science with the baseline LCLS


    Atomic physics in a new regime Potential to collect and invert diffraction patterns from single molecules providing atomic resolution Study directly the atomic scale motions on the time scales of interest to chemistry and materials science And MUCH more
    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Looking to the future: Can we get attosecond pulses ??

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Saturation Saturation Exponential Gain Regime Exponential Gain Regime

    Undulator Regime Undulator Regime

    Select a single spike ~ 300 attoseconds


    0.9 fs

    1 % of X-Ray Pulse 1 % of X-Ray Pulse Electron Bunch Electron Bunch Micro-Bunching Micro-Bunching

    0.2 fs

    2.5 fs

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Transverse Emittance is Critical for X-ray FEL


    < 1 m at 1 , 15 GeV
    N = 1.2 m N = 2.0 m

    P = P0 P = P0/100

    Can we spoil most of the e bunch and leave 1-fs to lase?


    courtesy S. Reiche
    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    single bunch, 1-nC, 120-Hz single bunch, 1-nC, 120-Hz


    7 MeV z 0.83 mm 0.2 % rf gun
    w w ne ne

    150 MeV z 0.83 mm 0.10 %

    250 MeV z 0.19 mm 1.8 %

    4.54 GeV z 0.022 mm 0.76 %

    14.35 GeV z 0.022 mm 0.02 %

    Linac-X L =0.6 m rf=180 Linac-1 L =9 m rf = 38


    21-1b 2121-1d 21-

    Linac-0 L =6 m

    Linac-2 L =330 m rf = 43 X BC-1 L =6 m R56= 36 mm


    21-3b 2124-6d 24-

    Linac-3 L =550 m rf = 10
    25-1a 2530-8c 30-

    ...existing linac DL-1 L =12 m R56 0

    BC-2 L =22 m R56= 22 mm

    undulator L =120 m DL-2 L =66 m R56 = 0

    SLAC linac tunnel

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Magnetic Bunch Compression Magnetic Bunch Compression


    0.1 mm (300 fs) rms / / x, horizontal pos. (mm) 2.6 mm rms
    or overcompression

    z0 z0
    z
    50 m

    chirp

    undercompression

    E/E E

    zz

    z, longitudinal position (mm)

    V = V0sin() 0
    RF Accelerating RF Accelerating Voltage Jerry Hastings APS Voltage 2006 April 23,

    z = R56/ 56
    Path Length-Energy Path Length-Energy Dependent Beamline Dependent Beamline

    Add thin slotted foil in center of chicane Add thin slotted foil in center of chicane
    y
    coulomb scattered eunspoiled ecoulomb scattered e-

    e-

    2Dx
    PRL 92, 074801 (2004). (2004
    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    x DE/E tt x DE/E
    15-mm thick Be foil

    P. Emma, M. Cornacchia, K. Bane, Z. Huang, H. Schlarb, G. Stupakov, D. Walz (SLAC)

    z 60 m x-ray Power

    2 fsec fwhm

    (GW)
    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

    Summary The fun begins in 2008 -2009 and the unexpected is the most exciting !

    Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

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