Statistics and Probability (Midterms)_removed 2

NORMAL RANDOM VARIABLE
COR 4 (STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY)

Lesson 1 | 3rd Quarter | 2nd Semester
Definition of Terms
● Normal Distribution– a continuous probability distribution where most of the scores tend to be closer to the
mean.
● Normal Random Variable– continuous random variable of a normal distribution
● Normal Curve– represents a normal distribution
1 𝑥µ) 2
1 −2( )
○ defined by the following probability density function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 σ
σ 2𝑛
○ µ (“mu”) - mean
○ σ (“sigma”) - standard deviation
○ π - represents a constant; equal to 3. 14159...
○ 𝑒 - natural number; equal to 2.71828
● Standard Normal Distribution– most common example of a normal distribution wit
● a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1.
● Interpretation of scores using the mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ)
○ one standard deviation - below the mean: μ − σ; above the mean μ + σ
○ two standard deviation - below the mean: μ − 2σ; above the mean μ + 2σ
○ three standard deviation - below the mean: μ − 3σ; above the mean μ + 3σ
CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORMAL RANDOM VARIABLE

Characteristics of a Normally Distributed Set of Data

a. A normal distribution is symmetric about its mean.
● the mean will be placed at the center if the data, arranged in ascending order
● approximately 50% of the data is less than the mean
● approximately 50% of the data is greater than the mean
a. The mean, median, and mode of a normal distribution are all equal.
b. A normal distribution is thicker at the center and less thick at the tails.
● center means that there are more scores
● fewer scores are found near both ends of the distribution
c. Approximately 68. 26% of the area in a normal distribution is within one standard deviation of the mean.
● probability notation– 𝑃(μ − σ < 𝑋 < μ + σ) = 0. 6826
d. Approximately 95. 44% of the area in a normal distribution is within two standard deviations of the mean.
● probability notation– 𝑃(μ − 2σ < 𝑋 < μ + 2σ) = 0. 9544
e. Approximately 99. 74% of the area in a normal distribution is within three standard deviations of the mean.
f. probability notation– 𝑃(μ − 3σ < 𝑋 < μ + 3σ) = 0. 9974
Definition of Terms
● Empirical Rule– states that 68. 26% of the scores fall within one standard deviation away from the mean, 95.
44% of the scores fall within two standard deviations away from the mean, and 99. 74% of the scores fall
within three standard deviations away from the mean.
● Outliers– scores more than two standard deviations away from the mean
● Extreme Outliers– scores more than three standard deviations away from the mean
NORMAL CURVE
Definition of Terms
● Normal Curve or Bell Curve– graph that represents the probability density function of a normal probability
distribution.
○ gaussian curve (Carl Friedrich Gauss)
CONVERSION OF NORMAL RANDOM VARIABLE TO STANDARD

RANDOM VARIABLE
Definition of Terms
● Standard Normal Distribution– a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1, or 𝑁(0, 1)
.
● Standard Score or 𝑍 Score– distance between a given value 𝑋 and the mean (μ)
𝑥−µ
○ 𝑍 = σ
: formula used to convert a raw score to its corresponding score.
○ 𝑋 - raw score
○ μ - population mean
○ σ - population standard deviation
REGIONS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

Characteristics of a Normally Distributed Set of Data

● Standard Normal Distribution– expressed in a graph as a normal curve with the following properties:
1. the graph is a bell-shaped curve;
2. the graph is asymptotic to the x-axis; and
3. the total area under the normal curve is 1
● Regions under the Normal Curve– characterized by the following common 𝑍 scores and their respective
areas:
PROBABILITIES AND PERCENTILES

● look for the 𝑧-score table to determine the value of 𝑘.
SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING THE NORMAL CURVE

𝑥−µ
● 𝑍 = σ
: formula used to convert a raw score to its corresponding score.
PERIMETER, STATISTIC, AND SAMPLING PLAN

Definition of Terms
● Population– group where members have something in common, that is, the total set of observations that can
be made.
● Sample– a smaller group or subset of the population in question.
● Parameter– describes an entire population
● Statistic– describes only the sample
● Simple Random Sampling– simplest way of getting a random sample where each member of the population
has an equal chance of being chosen as the sample.
● Stratified Random Sampling– involves selecting a simple random sample from each of a given number of
subpopulations.
○ each subpopulation is called a stratum (plural: strata)
● Cluster Sampling– the population is first divided into separate groups called clusters. Then, a simple random
sample of clusters from the available clusters in the population is selected.
● 1-in-k Systematic Random Sampling– involves the random selection of one of the first 𝑘 elements in an
ordered population, and then the systematic selection of every 𝑘th element thereafter.
○ The value of 𝑘 is first calculated by dividing the population size by the sample size.
● Multistage Sampling– two or more probability techniques are combined. It can be described as sampling
within the sample.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
Definition of Terms
● Sampling Distribution– a probability distribution of a statistic obtained from all possible samples of a
particular size from a population.
● Information From Repeated Random Sampling
1. What values of the statistic that can occur?
2. How often each of these values occurs?
● Three Ways of Determining the Sampling Distribution of a Statistic– to determine the sampling
distribution of a statistic, we can use (1) laws of probability; (2) simulation; or (3) statistical theorems.
○ (1) Derive the distribution mathematically using the laws of probability.
○ (2) Use a simulation to approximate the distribution. Draw a large number of samples of size n,
calculate the value of the statistic for each sample, and tabulate the results in a relative frequency
histogram. When the number of samples is large, the histogram will be very close to the theoretical
sampling distribution.
○ (3) Use statistical theorems to derive exact or approximate sampling distribution.
● Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean– the distribution of the infinite number of sample means
● Random Sampling– when each sample has an equal probability of being chosen and every element of the
population has a known, non-zero probability of being selected

Statistics and Probability (Midterms)_removed 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Statistics and Probability (Midterms)_removed 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Statistics and Probability (Midterms)_removed 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NORMAL RANDOM VARIABLE

COR 4 (STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORMAL RANDOM VARIABLE

Characteristics of a Normally Distributed Set of Data

CONVERSION OF NORMAL RANDOM VARIABLE TO STANDARD

REGIONS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

Characteristics of a Normally Distributed Set of Data

PROBABILITIES AND PERCENTILES

● look for the 𝑧-score table to determine the value of 𝑘.

SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING THE NORMAL CURVE

PERIMETER, STATISTIC, AND SAMPLING PLAN

You might also like