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    zaburzenia angielski

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    Some of the major categories and examples of mental disorders described in the fifth

    edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

    1. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

     Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Zaburzenia obsesyjno-kompulsyjne

    The diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 specify that in order to be diagnosed with obsessive-
    compulsive disorder, a person must experience obsessions, compulsions, or both.

     Obsessions: Defined as recurrent, persistent thoughts, impulses, and urges that lead to
    distress or anxiety
     Compulsions: Repetitive and excessive behaviors that the individual feels that they
    must perform to reduce anxiety or to prevent some dreaded outcome from occurring

    2. Bipolar and Related Disorders Bipolar disorder is characterized by shifts in mood as


    well as changes in activity and energy levels. The disorder often involves
    experiencing shifts between elevated moods and periods of depression. Such elevated
    moods can be pronounced and are referred to either as mania or hypomania.

     Bipolar disorder Zaburzenie afektywne dwubiegunowe

    Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized


    by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to
    weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis, it is called mania; if it is
    less severe, it is called hypomania.
    3. Mood Disorders Zaburzenia nastroju

    The category of depressive disorders includes a number of conditions. They are all
    characterized by the presence of sad, empty, or irritable moods accompanied by physical and
    cognitive symptoms. They differ in terms of duration, timing, and causes. Some include:

     Major depressive disorder Duże zaburzenia depresyjne


    Major depressive disorder, also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder
    characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of
    interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities

    4. Anxiety disorders Zaburzenia lękowe

    Anxiety disorders are a cluster of mental disorders characterized by significant and


    uncontrollable feelings of anxiety and fear such that a person's social, occupational, and
    personal function are significantly impaired.

     Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Zespół lęku uogólnionego


    This disorder is marked by excessive worry about everyday events. While some stress and
    worry are a common part of life, GAD involves worry that is so excessive that it interferes
    with a person's well-being and functioning.

     Separation Anxiety Disorder Separacyjne zaburzenie lękowe

    This condition is a type of anxiety disorder involving an excessive amount of fear or anxiety
    related to being separated from attachment figures. People are often familiar with the idea of
    separation anxiety as it relates to young children's fear of being apart from their parents, but
    older children and adults can experience it as well.

    The person experiencing these symptoms may avoid moving away from home, going to
    school, or getting married in order to remain in close proximity to the attachment figure.

    5. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Trauma- and stressor-related disorders involve exposure to a stressful or traumatic event.

    These were previously grouped with anxiety disorders but are now considered a distinct
    category of disorders. Disorders included in this category include:

     Acute Stress Disorder Ostra reakcja na stres

    Acute stress disorder is characterized by the emergence of severe anxiety for up to one month
    after exposure to a traumatic event. Some examples of traumatic events include natural
    disasters, war, accidents, and witnessing a death.

     Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Zespół stresu pourazowego

    PTSD can develop after an individual has experienced exposure to actual or threatened death,
    serious injury, or sexual violence. Symptoms of PTSD include episodes of reliving or re-
    experiencing the event, avoiding things that remind the individual about the event, feeling on
    edge, and having negative thoughts.

    6. Dissociative Disorders Zaburzenia dysocjacyjne

    Dissociative disorders are psychological disorders that involve a dissociation or interruption


    in aspects of consciousness, including identity and memory.

     Dissociative Identity Disorder Dysocjacyjne zaburzenie tożsamości

    Formerly known as multiple personality disorder, dissociative identity disorder involves the
    presence of two or more different identities or personalities in one person. Each of these
    personalities has its own way of perceiving and interacting with the environment.

    People with this disorder experience changes in behavior, memory, perception, emotional
    response, and consciousness.
    7. Disruptive, Impulse Control and Conduct Disorders Zaburzenia o charakterze
    destrukcyjnym związane z kontrolą impulsów i zachowania

    Disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders are those that involve an inability to
    control emotions and behaviors, resulting in harm to oneself or others. These challenges with
    emotional and behavioral regulation are characterized by actions that violate the rights of
    others such as destroying property or physical aggression and/or those that conflict with
    societal norms, authority figures, and laws.

     Oppositional defiant disorder ODD Zaburzenia opozycyjno-buntownicze begins


    prior to the age of 18 and is characterized by defiance, irritability, anger, aggression,
    and vindictiveness.

    8. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Schizofrenia i inne


    zaburzenia psychotyczne.

     Delusional Disorder Zaburzenia urojeniowe is characterized by one or more firmly


    held false beliefs that persist for at least 1 month.
     Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric condition that affects a person’s thinking,
    feeling, and behavior.

    One symptom must be one of the following:

     Delusions: Beliefs that conflict with reality


     Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that aren't really there
     Disorganized speech: Words that do not follow the rules of language and may be
    difficult or impossible to understand

    The second symptom may be one of the following:

     Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior: Confused thinking or bizarre behavior or


    movements
     Negative symptoms: The inability to initiate plans, speak, express emotions, or feel
    pleasure

    9. Personality Disorders

    Personality disorders are characterized by an enduring pattern of maladaptive thoughts,


    feelings, and behaviors that can cause serious detriments to relationships and other life
    areas.18 Types of personality disorders include:

     Narcissistic Personality Disorder Narcystyczne zaburzenie osobowości

    Narcissistic personality disorder is associated with a lasting pattern of exaggerated


    self-image, self-centeredness, and low empathy. People with this condition tend to be
    more interested in themselves than in others.
     Borderline Personality Disorder Zaburzenie osobowości typu bordeline

    Borderline personality disorder is associated with symptoms including emotional instability,


    unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, unstable self-image, and impulsive
    behaviors.

    10. Neurodevelopmental Disorders Zaburzenia neurorozwojowe

    Neurodevelopmental disorders are those that are typically diagnosed during infancy,
    childhood, or adolescence. These psychological disorders include:

     Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Zespół nadpobudliwości


    psychoruchowej (ADHD)

    ADHD is characterized by a persistent pattern of hyperactivity and impulsivity and/or


    inattention that interferes with functioning and presents itself in two or more settings such as
    at home, work, school, and social situations.5

     Autism Spectrum Disorder Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu

    Autism is characterized by persistent deficits in social interaction and communication in


    multiple life areas as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors.

    The DSM specifies that symptoms of autism spectrum disorder must be present during the
    early developmental period and that these symptoms must cause significant impairment in
    important areas of life including social and occupational functioning

     Intellectual Development Disorder Zaburzenie rozwoju intelektualnego

    Sometimes called intellectual disability, this type of developmental disorder originates prior
    to the age of 18 and is characterized by limitations in both intellectual functioning and
    adaptive behaviors.

    Limitations to intellectual functioning are often identified through the use of IQ tests, with
    an IQ score under 70 often indicating the presence of a limitation. Adaptive behaviors are
    those that involve practical, everyday skills such as self-care, social interaction, and living
    skills.

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