Importance of Salat

Q. What is the importance of prayer for an individual and community? [10]

The importance of Salat lies in the fact that Salah is obligatory on every Muslim to pray five times a day
on time. Salah is the second pillar of Islam. The importance of prayers in Islam is great as it is the
foremost duty of the Muslim and one of the five pillars on which the structure of Islam stands. The Quran
states: “And to establish prayer and fear Him. And it is He to whom you will be gathered.” (6:72). It is the
distinguishing feature between a Muslim and a non-Muslim. The Holy Prophet said, "What stands
between a man and disbelief is the abandonment of salat.” The Quran mentions prayer seven hundred
times and has laid the greatest emphasis on it. The sin of giving up prayer is great, as is praying carelessly
or with an absent mind. By praying, Muslims express submission, adoration, and humility to Allah.

A person who offers prayers regularly becomes organized and learns the importance of time; he becomes
punctual. A person becomes pure and clean by daily wudu, five times a day. The actions involved in
prayer, such as Ruku and Sajdah, are like exercise for a person and are good for health and the brain.
Salah is also a source of strength and patience, as stated in the Quran: “And seek help through patience
and prayer, and indeed, it is difficult except for the humbly submissive [to Allah]” (2:45). It brings peace
and tranquility to life. It serves as a means for erasing sins and seeking forgiveness, making a person
devoutly obedient.

Spiritually, a person becomes close to Allah as prayer is a kind of meeting with Allah. He is showered
with rewards, and a person gets satisfaction out of praying, as he has fulfilled an obligation. By praying
five times a day, a person becomes aware of Allah’s presence and refrains from doing wrong. The
Prophet has said, “Surely prayer restrains a man from shameful deeds.” Our faith becomes stronger by
praying. The Quran states: “And establish prayer and give zakah and obey the Messenger – that you may
receive mercy.” (24:56).

Prayer also strengthens the community. When people are praying together, it is a sign of unity. People
learn how to promote brotherhood. Standing shoulder to shoulder bridges racial, linguistic, and social
barriers and teaches equality. Congregational prayers increase links amongst Muslims, and this may
diffuse the fire of enmity and hatred that could have developed daily. It helps individuals know where
they stand with hypocrisy.

Q. Write about the different types of purification before the performance of Salat:

 Wudu
 Tayammum
 Ghusl
(10 marks)

Salat is obligatory on every Muslim. It is the highest form of Divine worship. The Quran states: “But
those who hold fast to the Book and establish prayer – indeed, We will not allow to be lost the reward of
the pious.” (7:170). Before beginning the prayer, a believer must be in a state of ritual purity, cleansed of
major (Najasat e Galeeza) and minor impurities (Naajasat e Khafifa). Wudu, tayammum, and ghusl are
the three ways of ritual purification, which were followed by the Prophet (PBUH) himself. Wudu is both
physical and spiritual preparation before prayer and provides purification before communicating with
God. Prayer cannot commence without it, as the Prophet (PBUH) said: “The prayer of a person who does
Hadath (passes urine)...” (Sahih Bukhari).
Wudu (Ablution)

Four rites are mentioned in the Quran specifically for the performance of wudu. They are to wash the face
from the top of the head to the chin and as far as the ears, to wash hands and arms up to the elbows, to
wipe the head with wet hands, and to wash the feet up to the ankles. The Prophet (PBUH) said: “Listen to
me carefully! Shall I inform you about the deeds through which Allah eliminates mistakes and elevates
your ranks? To make wudu fully and properly despite its difficulties, to go to mosque from a distant
place, and to wait for the next prayer after a prayer.” (Nasai).

The Sunnah method of performing wudu is as follows: One must begin the wudu with God’s name, and
the intention to perform wudu must be made. A clean area should be used to perform wudu, preferably
facing the qibla, and clean water should be used. Hands should be washed up to the wrists. Miswak or a
brush could be used to clean one’s teeth. The mouth should be rinsed (gargled) three times. The face is
washed from the forehead down to the throat and from ear to ear. Both forearms are washed thrice, from
wrists to elbows, beginning with the right arm. After this, wet palms are passed over the head (once),
which is called masah of the head. Similarly, masah of the neck is performed, followed by cleaning the
ears, both back and front. Finally, the right foot and then the left foot are washed up to the ankles, thrice
each. Wudu should be performed in a continuous process, with each part being washed in the prescribed
way. To wash thrice is the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH), who, after completing wudu, proclaimed the
Shahadah.

Ghusl (Bath)

In the case of major impurity, a full bath (ghusl) is required. This entails making the intention, washing
both hands, including wrists, and washing off any impurity from the body. This is followed by wudu in
the prescribed order, and finally, water is poured thrice over the entire body from head to feet, first from
the right side and then the left. Allah's Messenger (PBUH) said: "As for me, I pour water three times on
my head."

Tayammum (Dry Ablution)

Permission for tayammum is given by God in the case of non-availability of water or on grounds of
illness. The approved method of performing tayammum is to say Bismillah and make the intention to
perform tayammum. Both hands are then struck on some clean earth, sand, or stone. Excessive sand
should be blown off, and both hands are rubbed on the face so that no part is left out. The hands are then
struck again on the clean earth or sand, and after blowing off the excess, they are passed over the right
and then the left arm up to the elbows. This completes the tayammum. A dry stone free of dust, a brick, or
an earthen pot can also be used. The Prophet (PBUH) said: "Perform Tayammum with clean earth, and
that will be sufficient for you." (Sahih Bukhari).

Acts Which Nullify Wudu, Tayammum, and Ghusl

There are some acts that nullify wudu, tayammum, and ghusl, and it is imperative to purify oneself again
afterward. Some of these acts are vomiting, laughter during prayer, leakage of any impurity from the
body, blood or pus from a wound, feeling drowsy or sleepy during prayer, intoxication, or mental
imbalance.

B Part
Q. In your opinion, what is the most important benefit of Salat in the lives of Muslims? Give reasons to
support your answer. (4 marks)

The most important benefit of Salat is that by having specific times of prayer, believers remember God at
least five times a day and remain aware of the importance of faith in daily life. Muslims start their day by
purifying themselves and standing before their Lord. Another important benefit of Salat is that it serves as
a constant reminder of the presence of God. It strengthens their dependence and faith in God and puts
daily life in the perspective of the hereafter and the final judgment.

Q. How do Muslims offer a single Rak‘ah? (10 marks)

Salat is the cornerstone of Islamic worship, with its significance emphasized in both the Quran and
Hadith. The Quran states: “Offer your prayer and pay charity.” A believer is required to follow specific
actions to perform a single rak‘ah of prayer. It begins with Qiyam, where the worshipper stands straight
with arms by their side, facing the Qibla. The intention, or Niyat, is made by specifying the time, number
of rak‘ahs, and purpose of the prayer, disconnecting the worshipper from worldly acts and entering the
state of prayer. Takbeer-e-Tehreema follows, where the worshipper proclaims "Allahu Akbar" (Allah is
the Greatest), raising their hands to the level of their shoulders or earlobes.

The prayer continues with Thana, where the worshipper praises Allah, acknowledging Him as the sole
Creator. Tauz and Tasmeeah involve seeking refuge from Satan and invoking Allah’s blessings. The
recitation, or Qirat, includes Surah Al-Fatiha and a short Surah (no less than Surah Al-Kawthar), which
helps in the memorization and revision of the Quran. This is followed by Ruku, where the worshipper
bends at the waist, holding their knees with straight arms, while reciting Tasbeeh-o-Tehlil in praise of
Allah.

Standing upright after Ruku in Quamah, the worshipper acknowledges the greatness of Allah. The next
step is Sajda, where the forehead, nose, knees, palms, and toes touch the ground. This act, beloved by
Allah, signifies humility and the worshipper’s connection to the earth. Between the two sajdas, the
worshipper sits in Jalsa, briefly pausing before completing the second Sajda.

In the final part of the rak‘ah, the worshipper performs Qa‘dah, where they sit and recite Tashahud and
At-Tahiyyat. The prayer concludes with Salam, where the worshipper greets the angels recording deeds
(Karaman Katibeen) with "As-Salamu Alaikum wa Rahmatullah". Finally, the worshipper supplicates in
Dua, seeking Allah’s help, refuge, and forgiveness. The process is a comprehensive act of devotion,
reflecting a believer’s humility and submission to Allah.

B Part

Q. ‘A mosque is a focal point in the lives of Muslims.’ Discuss. (4 marks)

A mosque is not only a place of worship but also serves as a center for political and social gatherings. The
Quran and Hadith emphasize the greater reward for praying in the mosque, highlighting its spiritual
importance. Additionally, mosques function as educational centers, providing a place for Islamic
teachings and community learning. They also serve as a retreat, fostering reflection and spiritual growth.
The mosque exemplifies the importance of leadership in Islam and bridges gaps in racial and linguistic
barriers, promoting equality among Muslims. In large and small communities alike, mosques play a
significant role in uniting believers. However, their role is often more pronounced in small communities,
such as those in the UK, where they become hubs for developing social contacts and addressing
community problems. Thus, the mosque acts as a focal point for strengthening both faith and communal
ties.

Q. Give a detailed account of the timing of Salat and how Muslims prepare for prayer. (10 marks)

Muslims are obligated to perform five daily prayers at prescribed times. The Quran states: "And establish
the Prayer at the two ends of the day and in the first hours of the night. Indeed, the good deeds drive
away the evil deeds. This is a Reminder to those who are mindful of Allah." (11:114). Another verse
states: "So, glorify Allah in the evening and in the morning; all praise is for Him in the heavens and the
earth - as well as in the afternoon and at noon." (30:17-18).

The five daily prayers are as follows:

1. Fajr (Dawn Prayer): Performed before sunrise, with 2 Fard and 2 Sunnat-e-Muakkadah.
2. Zuhr (Midday Prayer): Offered after the sun passes its zenith, with 4 Fard, 4 Sunnat-e-
Muakkadah, 2 Sunnat-e-Ghair Muakkadah, and 2 Nafl.
3. Asr (Afternoon Prayer): Performed when the shadow of an object is double its size, with 4 Fard
and 4 Sunnat-e-Ghair Muakkadah.
4. Maghrib (Evening Prayer): Offered just after sunset, with 3 Fard, 2 Sunnat-e-Muakkadah, and 2
Nafl.
5. Isha (Night Prayer): Performed after sunset until midnight, with 4 Fard, 4 Sunnat-e-Muakkadah,
2 Sunnat-e-Ghair Muakkadah, 2+2 Nafl, and 3 Witr.

Before offering Salat, certain conditions and preparations must be fulfilled:

 Intention (Niyyah): It is essential to declare the intention before prayer. Umar bin Al-Khattab
reported: "The deeds are considered by the intentions, and a person will get the reward
according to his intention."
 Timing: Prayers must be offered within their prescribed times. The Quran emphasizes this: "So,
glorify Allah in the evening and in the morning; all praise is for Him in the heavens and the earth
- as well as in the afternoon and at noon." (30:17-18).
 Purity: The place of prayer, the body, and clothing must be pure. This includes being free from
major and minor impurities. The Quran states: “Keep your cloth clean.” (74:4). The Prophet
(PBUH) said: “Cleanliness is half of faith.”
 Satr (Covering):
o For men, the area from the navel to the knees must be covered. It is disliked for a man to
pray without covering his shoulders if garments are available.
o For women, clothing must be thick, loose, and not transparent, covering the entire body
except the face and palms. The Quran states: “O children of Adam! We have provided for
you clothing to cover your nakedness and as an adornment. However, the best clothing is
righteousness.” (7:26).
 Facing Qibla: Muslims must face the Qibla (direction of the Kaaba in Mecca). The Quran states:
"And Allah's is the East and West, therefore, whither you turn, thither is Allah's purpose."
 Language: Obligatory prayers must be performed in Arabic.
These preparations ensure that the prayer is performed with the proper reverence and focus. Negligence in
fulfilling these conditions may lower the reward of the prayer.

B Part

What does Azaan teach Muslims about their daily lives? (4 marks)

Azaan refreshes the faith of a believer five times a day and reminds them of their Creator, to whom they
will ultimately return. It serves as a declaration of faith, emphasizing that Muslims prostrate to none but
Allah. It also reaffirms the finality of the Prophethood of Muhammad (PBUH) and strengthens the second
part of Shahada.

Moreover, Azaan is a reminder for Muslims to connect with their Lord for refuge and help. It provides an
opportunity for a believer to realign their life with the path of success and salvation. By responding to the
Azaan, Muslims are reminded to fulfill their purpose and seek the blessings of Allah in their daily lives.

Question:

Q. Describe the main characteristics and features of the Friday congregational prayer. (10 marks)

Friday, or Jummah, is an important day of the week for Muslims, with the literal meaning of "Jummah"
being "congregation." The day holds significant religious importance and virtues. The Jummah prayer is
obligatory for every Muslim man, except for the sick, children, slaves, and women, although women in
some communities are also encouraged to attend.

The prayer is marked by its congregational nature, where all Muslim men in the community gather
together. Before this prayer, purification is highly recommended. Worshippers are encouraged to bathe,
wear fresh clothes, and apply itr (perfume). Performing ablutions before worship is essential as part of the
purification process. Ahmad bin Hanbal related that the Prophet (PBUH) said: “A worshipper who
washes fully on Friday, comes to Salatul Jum'ah early, listens to the Imam's speech, and refrains from
wrongdoing will receive the reward of one year of fasting and prayer.”

There are two Adhans (calls to prayer) for Jummah. The Quran emphasizes its importance: “O you who
believe! When the call is proclaimed for Jummah (Friday prayer), come fast to the remembrance of
Allah.” (62:9). The prayer is performed behind the Imam and never individually, as the Prophet (PBUH)
said: “Two or more than two constitute prayer.”

An essential feature of the Jummah prayer is the two sermons delivered from the pulpit. These sermons,
based on the Quran and Hadith, provide lessons on religious matters and practical guidance for living a
good Muslim life. It is compulsory to listen attentively, without speaking or using mobile phones during
the sermon. The Prophet (PBUH) said: “The best day the sun rises over is Friday; on it Allah created
Adam. On it, he was made to enter Paradise; on it, he was expelled from it, and the Last Hour will take
place on no other day than Friday.” (Al-Tirmidhi).
The pre-Fard prayers can be offered at home or in the mosque, followed by two rakats of Tahiyyatul
Masjid upon arrival. After the Iqamah, the congregation straightens the rows, and the Imam leads the
prayer, with the Muqtadis following. The Jummah Fard prayer consists of two rakats, not four. A charity
box is often circulated for less fortunate members of society. After the prayer, believers may sit with the
Imam to discuss legal or community matters.

Certain people are exempt from Friday prayers, such as travelers, the sick, women, and children. Abu
Hurairah (RA) narrated that the Prophet (PBUH) said: “On the day of Jummah is an hour during which
Allah gives to a Muslim servant standing in prayer whatever he asks for.” (Muslim).

B part:

Explain the main differences between regular daily prayer (Salat) and personal prayer (Du’a). (4 marks)

Regular Salat is always performed according to the pattern set by the Quran and Sunnah, while Du’a has
no such condition. Salat is an obligatory act of worship, whereas Du’a is voluntary. Salat must be
performed at set times during the day, while Du’a can be made at any time.

Salat is directed toward the Ka’ba and involves a structured combination of formulas and physical
actions, whereas Du’a is not confined to any specific direction or posture. Salat is always recited in
Arabic, while Du’a can be offered in any language. Unlike Salat, Du’a allows personal and spontaneous
communication with Allah without any fixed rules or procedures.

Question:

Q. Describe the features and performance of delayed (Qaza) and shortened (Qasr) Salat. (10 marks)

Qaza Salat (Missed Prayer)

Qaza Salat refers to prayers that are missed and not offered at their prescribed time due to reasons such as
laziness, illness, or unavoidable circumstances. It is mandatory for every Muslim to perform these missed
prayers to make up for the lost time. The method of praying Qaza Salat is similar to the regular Salat,
with a few exceptions. Qaza Salat should be performed as soon as possible after the missed time, without
further delay. It is recommended to perform missed prayers in chronological order, starting with the
oldest missed prayer first.

For each day, a Muslim must make Qaza for the Fard prayers and three Witr Wajib, while Sunnah prayers
do not require Qaza. Qaza prayers cannot be offered during three specific times: sunrise, sunset, and
noon. After Fajr and Asr, offering Nawafil is not allowed, but Qaza prayers are permitted. Before starting
the Salat, the worshipper should make the intention of performing the missed prayer as Qaza. In Ruku and
Sajdah, instead of reciting "Subhaana Rabbiyal Azeem" and "Subhaana Rabbiyal A'la" three times, it is
sufficient to recite them once.

The Prophet (PBUH) said: “Oversleeping does not mean that you have neglected the prayer. Neglecting
the prayer is to avoid performing it until its time elapses (whilst being conscious). So whoever misses a
prayer, let them perform it as soon as they remember.” This emphasizes the importance of making up for
missed prayers without delay.

Qasr Salat (Shortened Prayer)

Qasr Salat is a concession and gift from Allah for travelers. It is applicable when traveling a distance of
77.7 km or more and staying at a place for 14 days or less. Qasr Salat begins as soon as the person leaves
the border of their hometown.

The performance of Qasr involves shortening the four Rakat Fard of Zuhr, Asr, and Isha to two Rakats.
This rule applies whether performing Salat alone or behind an Imam who is also a traveler. However, the
Fard of Fajr (2 Rakats) and Maghrib (3 Rakats) remain unchanged. If a traveler prays behind a resident
Imam, they must perform the full Salat.

While the Sunnah Mu’akkadah prayers attached to each Salat become optional during travel, they are
recommended if time and circumstances permit. The Witr of Isha remains Wajib and must be performed.
If a prayer becomes Qaza during travel, it should be performed as Qasr later, even if the individual has
returned home. Conversely, when at home, full Salat is performed, but if another journey is undertaken
for the minimum distance or more, Qasr is again applied.

The Quran states: “And when you travel in the land, there is no blame on you if you shorten your Salât.”
(Surah Nisa: 101). This highlights the permissibility and practicality of Qasr for travelers.

Jama Salat (Combined Prayer)

Jama refers to the combination of two obligatory prayers:

1. Jam-al-Taqdim (Preceding Combination): Zuhr and Asr prayers are combined at Arafat during
the time of Zuhr.
2. Jam-al-Ta'kheer (Delayed Combination): Maghrib and Isha prayers are combined at
Muzdalifah during the time of Isha.

Both types of combinations are equally permissible and encouraged during specific circumstances, such
as during Hajj.

Q: Write about the preparations made for the two ‘Id and Witr and Taraweeh prayers and
say how the prayers are performed. [10]

Salat ul-‘Id (Eid Prayers)

The prayers of the two ‘Ids were made compulsory in the first year after migration. These prayers are
classified as Sunnah Mu’akkadah, as the Prophet (PBUH) always performed them and instructed men,
women, and children to attend. Eid al-Fitr marks the end of Ramadan and is celebrated on the 1st of
Shawwal, while Eid al-Adha occurs on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah, commemorating the completion of
Hajj and Prophet Ibrahim’s (AS) willingness to sacrifice his son. The Prophet (PBUH) said: “The prayer
of al-Fitr is two rak‘ahs and the prayer of al-Adha is two rak‘ahs, complete and not shortened, on the
tongue of your Prophet.” (Sunan Nisai).

Preparations for ‘Id Prayers

 It is preferred to bathe, perfume oneself, and wear one’s best clothes on both ‘Ids.
 On Eid al-Fitr, it is Sunnah to eat an odd number of dates before the prayer. On Eid al-Adha,
eating is delayed until after the prayer, ideally from one’s sacrifice.
 Eid prayers are usually performed in an open field or outside the city, as the Prophet (PBUH)
preferred. However, they can also be performed in mosques if necessary.
 The time for Eid prayers falls between Fajr and Dhuhr.

Performance of ‘Id Prayers

 The prayer consists of two rak‘ahs.

 During the first rak‘ah, six extra takbirs are pronounced: three after Thana (praise of Allah) and
before starting Surah Al-Fatiha.
 In the second rak‘ah, three extra takbirs are recited after completing the Surah read after Al-
Fatiha and before Ruku.
 The khutba (sermon) is delivered after the prayer, and it is obligatory to listen attentively.
 The Prophet (PBUH) said: “Allah’s Messenger used to offer the prayer of Id-ul-Adha and Id-
ul-Fitr and then deliver the Khutba after the prayer.” (Al-Bukhari).
 It is highly recommended to proclaim takbir loudly on the way to the prayer.

After the prayer, Muslims celebrate by gathering with family and friends, sharing meals, giving Eidi
(money or gifts), and visiting relatives.

Salat ul-Witr

Witr is an odd-numbered prayer that the Prophet (PBUH) always practiced and highly encouraged. It
can be offered anytime after Isha and before Fajr.

Performance of Witr

 Witr can consist of 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 rak‘ahs.

 In the last rak‘ah, Surah Al-Fatiha is recited, followed by another Surah. Before or after Ruku, the
Dua al-Qunut is recited, raising hands and supplicating: “O Allah, guide me among those whom
You have guided...”
 After completing the prayer, believers ask for forgiveness and mercy, either in Arabic or their
native language. The Prophet (PBUH) never missed Witr, even while traveling.
Taraweeh Prayer

Taraweeh is a voluntary night prayer performed during Ramadan. The word "Taraweeh" means rest or
relaxation, reflecting the relaxed pace of the prayer.

Performance of Taraweeh

 Taraweeh is performed after Isha and before Witr.

 The prayer consists of sets of two rak‘ahs, and the total number can range from 8 to 20 rak‘ahs,
depending on local traditions.
 During Taraweeh, long portions of the Quran are recited, often completing the entire Quran
over the course of Ramadan.
 The Prophet (PBUH) said: “Nothing prevented me from coming out to you except the fact that I
feared that it would be made obligatory for you.” (Muslim).
 Praying Taraweeh is highly rewarding and strengthens the believer’s connection to Allah.
According to a hadith, “Those who pray Taraweeh out of faith and in the hope of reward will
have their previous sins forgiven.”

B Parts

(b) What, in your opinion, is the importance of celebrating the two ‘Ids? [4]

1. The two ‘Ids mark significant events in the Islamic calendar: the completion of fasting during
Ramadan for Eid al-Fitr, and the completion of Hajj or Prophet Ibrahim’s sacrifice for Eid al-
Adha.
2. They promote brotherhood, bringing Muslims together regardless of background or status.
3. These festivals remind Muslims of their obligations to Allah and each other, such as zakat and
sharing sacrificial meat with the poor.
4. They strengthen familial and community ties through celebrations, meals, and gift exchanges.

(b) What is the importance of celebrating religious festivals? [4]

1. Religious festivals bring joy and strengthen faith, reflecting Islam’s holistic approach to life.
2. They mark significant religious achievements, such as fasting and pilgrimage.
3. Festivals unite communities, providing opportunities for families to gather and celebrate together.
4. Acts of charity during these festivals, like Sadaqah and distributing meat, help the needy and
foster goodwill.

(b) How do the two Eids bring the Muslim community together? [4]
 1. The Eids are a practical example of unity and brotherhood, where Muslims gather for prayers
and celebrations.
2. Acts of charity, such as Sadaqat-ul-Fitr and distributing sacrificial meat, promote welfare within
the community.
3. Shared meals, festivities, and visits strengthen relationships among families and friends.
4. Eid prayers and communal gatherings provide an opportunity to share joys and support each other
in hardships.

(b) Why do Muslims regard delayed (Qada) prayers as a sign of God’s mercy? [4]

1. God’s mercy is reflected in His willingness to allow Qada prayers for missed obligations,
recognizing human limitations.
2. Qada prayers provide a way for Muslims to make up for missed Salat due to unavoidable
circumstances like travel, illness, or sleep.
3. This concession highlights Allah’s attribute as Rahman and Rahim, ensuring Muslims can
fulfill their obligations.
4. It shows that Islam emphasizes accountability while offering flexibility to maintain spiritual
discipline.

Q: (a) How do Muslim individuals and the Muslim community benefit from the annual
pilgrimage (Hajj)? [10]

Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam, is obligatory for all Muslims who are physically and financially capable of
performing it. It is a comprehensive form of worship that encompasses all aspects of human life. The
Quran states: “And complete the Hajj or Umrah in the service of Allah.” (2:196). This sacred journey
provides immense benefits, both for individuals and the Muslim community.

For individuals, Hajj offers spiritual cleansing and renewal. It is a means of demonstrating obedience to
Allah, affirming His unity, and fulfilling a pillar of faith. The Prophet (PBUH) said: “The best Jihad (for
women) is Hajj Mabrur.” (Bukhari). Through this act, pilgrims sacrifice their wealth, time, and physical
and mental energy, showing complete submission to Allah. Hajj helps individuals earn patience,
strengthen their faith, and overcome temptations. The Prophet (PBUH) said: “One who comes to this
House for Hajj and avoids all lewdness and sins, he returns as he was on the day his mother gave birth to
him.” (Bukhari & Muslim). This highlights the cleansing of sins and the purity achieved through Hajj.

On a community level, Hajj symbolizes equality and promotes brotherhood. The Ihram clothing
eliminates differences of nationality, social class, and status, emphasizing that all Muslims are equal in
the eyes of Allah. The Quran teaches: “The parable of the believers in their affection, mercy, and
compassion for each other is that of a body. When any limb aches, the whole body reacts with
sleeplessness and fever.” (Bukhari). Hajj unites Muslims worldwide, providing an opportunity to foster
communication, strengthen shared identity, and promote cultural exchange.

Hajj also provides economic benefits. Trade is permissible during pilgrimage, allowing economic
interactions that benefit the Muslim world. Pilgrims from various regions discuss economic challenges
and find solutions to mutual problems. On a broader scale, Hajj facilitates the unity of the Muslim
Ummah, enabling leaders and representatives from different parts of the world to address global issues
affecting the Muslim community. It fosters an atmosphere of sharing, love, peace, and harmony,
transcending borders and restrictions.

In conclusion, Hajj is not only a spiritual journey for individuals but also a powerful tool for promoting
unity, equality, and prosperity within the Muslim community.

(b) How does the talbiya sum up the relationship between the pilgrim (Haji) and God? [4]

The talbiya beautifully encapsulates the relationship between the pilgrim and Allah. It is a declaration of
God’s oneness and supremacy, reaffirming that there is no deity but Allah. By reciting the talbiya, the
pilgrim pledges obedience and servitude to Allah, acknowledging His ultimate authority.

The talbiya signifies the pilgrim’s response to Allah’s call, leaving behind worldly pleasures and material
distractions to seek His forgiveness and express gratitude. The pilgrim promises to dedicate themselves
wholly to Allah’s worship, recognizing His blessings and mercy. The repeated utterance of the talbiya
emphasizes the believer’s acknowledgment of their position as Allah’s obedient servant, committed to
fulfilling His commands and seeking closeness to Him.

In essence, the talbiya represents the pilgrim’s wholehearted submission, gratitude, and devotion to Allah,
symbolizing a profound connection and commitment to their Creator.

Q: Outline the main observances of the annual pilgrimage (Hajj). [10]

Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam, is a unique and obligatory form of worship for all Muslims who are
physically and financially able. The Quran states: “Pilgrimage thereto is a duty men owe to Allah, those
who can afford the journey.” (Al-Imran 3:97). The word Hajj means "to visit the house of Allah." There
are three types of Hajj:

1. Haj-e-Tamattu: The pilgrim performs Umrah before Hajj but not in the same Ihram.
2. Haj-e-Qiran: Both Hajj and Umrah are performed in a single visit.
3. Haj-e-Ifrad: Only Hajj is performed without Umrah.

The Prophet (PBUH) emphasized the importance of Hajj, saying: “Whosoever possesses the provisions
(for Hajj) and the means of transport to take him to the House of Allah, yet he never performs the Hajj,
there is no blame on him if he dies as a Jew or as a Christian.” (Bukhari).

Observances of 8th ZilHajj

 1. Mawaqeet: Pilgrims reach the designated boundaries of Haram, take a bath, observe Niyah,
perform two Nafl prayers, and wear Ihram.
2. Ihram: Men wear two white unstitched sheets, while women wear normal modest clothing.
Pilgrims start reciting the Talbiyah:
“O Allah, I am at your service.”
3. Tawaf-e-Qudum: Pilgrims perform this initial Tawaf upon arrival at Makkah, followed by two
Rakats at Maqam-e-Ibrahim.
4. Sayi: Pilgrims walk seven times between Safa and Marwa, commemorating Hagar’s search for
water for her son Ismail.
5. Zam Zam: Pilgrims drink Zam Zam water and offer two Nafl prayers.
6. Stay at Mina: Pilgrims proceed to Mina, where they stay overnight, engaging in prayer and
supplication.

Observances of 9th ZilHajj

1. Waqoof-e-Arafaat: Pilgrims travel to Arafat after Fajr in Mina. At noon, the Imam delivers the
Hajj sermon. Pilgrims combine Zuhr and Asr prayers and seek forgiveness at the Mount of
Mercy.
2. Muzdalifa: After sunset, pilgrims leave Arafat without praying Maghrib and proceed to
Muzdalifa. They combine Maghrib and Isha prayers, collect 79 pebbles for stoning the Jamarat,
and stay overnight.

Observances of 10th ZilHajj

1. Sacrifice (Yawm al-Nahr): Pilgrims offer animal sacrifices in remembrance of Ibrahim’s (AS)
willingness to sacrifice his son. Afterward, they shave their heads or trim their hair, completing
the state of Ihram.
2. Rami (Stoning): Pilgrims throw seven pebbles at Jamarat al-Uqba, symbolizing Ibrahim’s
rejection of Satan’s temptation.
3. Tawaf-e-Ziyarat: Pilgrims perform this obligatory Tawaf and the associated Sayi (if not done
earlier).

Ayyam al-Tashreeq (11th–13th ZilHajj)

1. Pilgrims stay in Mina and perform Rami on all three Jamarat (Sughra, Wusta, and Uqba).
2. Before leaving for home, they perform Tawaf-e-Wida (Farewell Tawaf).

(b) How does Hajj encourage a sense of equality amongst Muslims? [4]

Hajj is a profound display of equality among Muslims, as millions of people from different countries,
cultures, and socioeconomic backgrounds gather for the same purpose. All pilgrims wear simple Ihram
clothing, symbolizing the stripping away of worldly distinctions such as wealth, status, or race.

This gathering highlights the unity of the Muslim Ummah and the shared commitment to worship Allah.
Pilgrims perform the same rituals, standing shoulder to shoulder, reaffirming that everyone is equal in the
eyes of Allah. Hajj reminds Muslims of the real purpose of life and emphasizes humility, brotherhood,
and shared devotion. Through this collective act of worship, Muslims renew their faith and foster stronger
bonds of Islamic brotherhood and sisterhood.
Q: Outline the various kinds of circumambulations (Tawaf) around the Ka’ba required
during the annual pilgrimage (Hajj) and describe the conditions for performing them. [10]

Tawaf is the act of circumambulating the Ka’ba seven times in an anticlockwise direction. It is a
fundamental part of Hajj and Umrah, symbolizing submission and devotion to Allah. There are different
kinds of Tawaf, each with its own purpose and conditions.

1. Tawaf-e-Qudoom (Arrival Tawaf)

 This Tawaf is performed upon entering the Sacred Mosque during Hajj.
 Pilgrims perform odd numbers of circuits, starting from the Black Stone and ending at the
Ka’ba’s door.
 Two Rakats are offered behind Maqam-e-Ibrahim, if possible, or elsewhere in the mosque.
 It marks the beginning of the pilgrim’s spiritual journey in the House of Allah.

2. Tawaf-e-Ziara (Tawaf Ifadah)

 This is an obligatory act of Hajj and must be performed for the pilgrimage to be valid.
 It is performed after the first stoning of the Jamarat on the 10th of Zil Hajj and can be completed
until the 12th of Zil Hajj.
 Pilgrims recite supplications, including:
“O our Lord, give us the good in the world, and give us the good in the Hereafter, and save us
from the torment of the Hellfire.” (2:201).
 It involves Istalam (salutation) of the Black Stone and completing Sayi (if not done earlier).

3. Tawaf-e-Wida (Farewell Tawaf)

 This Wajib act is performed before departing from Mecca.

 It signifies the pilgrim’s farewell to the Sacred House of Allah.
 Women who are menstruating or experiencing postpartum bleeding are exempted.
 Failure to perform Tawaf-e-Wida requires a penalty (sacrificing an animal).

4. Tawaf-e-Nafla (Voluntary Tawaf)

 This is not a requirement during Hajj but is performed for extra rewards.
 Men are encouraged to walk briskly during the first three circuits and slow down for the
remaining four.
 Pilgrims recite “Allahu Akbar” while saluting the Black Stone during each circuit.

5. Tawaf-e-Umrah

 This Tawaf is a fundamental part of Umrah.

 It is performed along with Sayi between Safa and Marwa.
 The pilgrim must be in a state of Ihram and have the intention (Niyyah) for Umrah.
Conditions for Performing Tawaf

1. Niyyah (Intention): The pilgrim must have the intention to perform Tawaf.
2. State of Wudu: According to some scholars, Wudu is Fard (compulsory), while others consider
it Mustahab (recommended).
3. Ihram: Pilgrims must wear Ihram for specific Tawafs.
4. Seven Circuits: Tawaf consists of seven complete circuits around the Ka’ba.
5. Recitation of Duas: Pilgrims recite specific supplications, with a special focus between Rukn-e-
Yamani and Hajar al-Aswad.
6. Respect for Sacredness: Pilgrims must avoid prohibited acts such as quarrels, foul language, or
damaging others’ worship.

(b) Why, in your opinion, is it desirable that pilgrims should visit Madina after performing
Hajj or Umrah? [4]

1. Historical Significance: Madina is a sacred city where Islam flourished, and it was chosen by the
Prophet (PBUH) as his residence, even after the conquest of Mecca.
2. Sanctification of Madina: The Prophet (PBUH) sanctified Madina just as Prophet Ibrahim (AS)
sanctified Mecca.
3. Prophet’s Grave: The Prophet (PBUH) is buried in Madina, and visiting his grave is an act of
reverence. A Hadith states: “Whoever makes pilgrimage and then visits my grave after my death
is like one who visits me in my life.”
4. Spiritual Renewal: Visiting Madina, performing prayers at Masjid Nabawi, and reflecting on the
life of the Prophet (PBUH) enhance the pilgrim’s spirituality.

(b) Why do you think pilgrims strive so hard to touch the Black Stone (Hajr al-Aswad)? [4]

1. Connection to Prophet Ibrahim (AS): Hajr al-Aswad is the only remaining part of the Ka’ba’s
original structure, built by Prophet Ibrahim (AS), the father of monotheism.
2. Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH): Touching or kissing the Black Stone follows the example of
the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
3. Symbol of Unity: Touching the stone connects the pilgrim to the long lineage of believers and
strengthens their sense of community with Muslims throughout history.
4. Spiritual Cleansing: Many believe that touching the Black Stone cleanses sins and purifies the
believer, bringing them closer to Allah.