Fluidized Bed Combustion

12/23/11
Fluidi ed Bed Combustion
Fluidi ed Bed Combustio

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Fluidi ed Bed Combustion for Clean Power Genera Carbon Free Energ and Pollution Free Power
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What is Fluidi ed Bed Combustion?
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Po -comb
ion Ai Poll ion Con ol Technologie
Another way to reduces emissions is through "dry sorbent injection: or "DSI". Dry Sorbent Injection is a post-combustion technology wherein a reactive calcium or sodium based sorbent is injected into the upper part of the furnace to react directly with the products of combustion that effectively and economically mitigates potential emissions problems in the flue gas including HCI, HF, SO2 and SO3. Dry Sorbent Injection advantages include lower equipment costs (first cost) as well as decreases in operations and maintenance costs - and have a lower life-cycle cost than other technologies. Commonly used sorbents include reactive calcium, sodium and powdered activated carbon. Controlling pollutants such as SO2 can also be accomplished by converting the products of combustion into sulfuric acid, or SO3, by passing the flue gas over a catalyst bed. Fluidized Bed Combustion allows for greater than 90 percent reduction of harmful emissions (such as SO2) and also reduces the amount of thermal NOx formed because plants are operating at a much lower temperature than conventional boilers. A "Circulating Fluidized Bed" plant eliminated most of the pollutants inside the furnace as the biomass or coal is burned. Crushed limestone, when added to the coal as it enters the combustor, captures 90 percent of sulfur pollutants. Fluidized Bed Combustion allows for a slow burn that reduces the formation of NOx. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plants involve the gasification of coal or biomass, cleaning the gas, and combusting it in a gas turbine generator to produce electricity.
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What is a Circulating Fluidi ed Bed Boiler?
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers produce 90% fewer emissions compared to typical coal fired power plants.
Fluidi ed Bed Boilers, a Bed for Burning Coal?
A Fluidi ed Bed Boiler
In a typical pulverized coal boiler, coal is crushed into very fine particles, blown into the boiler, and ignited to form a long, lazy flame. In other types of boilers, the burning coal simply rests on grates. But in a "fluidized bed boiler," crushed coal particles "float" inside the boiler, suspended on upward-blowing jets of air. The red-hot mass of floating coal called the "bed" would bubble and tumble around like boiling lava inside a volcano. Scientists call this being "fluidized." That's how the name "fluidized bed boiler" came about.
Wh does a "fluidi ed bed boiler" burn coal cleaner?

There are two major reasons fluidized bed boilers are cleaner, and superior to typical coal fired power plants. One, the tumbling action allows limestone to be mixed in with the coal. Remember - limestone is a "sulfur sponge" in that it absorbs sulfur pollutants. As coal burns in a fluidized bed boiler, it releases sulfur. But just as rapidly, the limestone tumbling around beside the coal captures the sulfur. A chemical reaction occurs, and the sulfur gases are changed into a dry powder that can be removed from the boiler. (This dry powder called calcium sulfate can be processed into the wallboard used for building walls inside our houses.) The second reason a fluidized bed boiler burns cleaner is that it burns "cooler." Cooler in this sense as it is still fairly hot at about 1400 degrees F. But older coal boilers operate at temperatures nearly twice that (almost 3000 degrees F). Also, recall that nitrogen oxides form when a fuel burns hot enough to break apart the nitrogen molecules in the air and cause the nitrogen atoms to join with oxygen atoms. But 1,400 degrees isn't hot enough for that to happen, so few nitrogen oxides forms in a fluidized bed boiler.
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The result is that a fluidized bed boiler can burn very dirty coal and remove 90% or more of the sulfur and nitrogen pollutants while the coal is burning. Fluidized bed boilers can also burn just about anything else - all types of biomass, including wood, ground-up railroad ties, even soggy coffee grounds. Today, fluidized bed boilers are operating or being built that are 10 to 20 times larger than the small unit built almost 20 years ago at Georgetown University. There are more than 300 of these boilers operating here in the USA and around the world. A new type of fluidized bed boiler makes a major improvement in the basic fluidized bed boiler technology. It encases the entire boiler inside a large pressure vessel, much like the pressure cooker used in homes for canning fruits and vegetables except the ones used in power plants are the size of a small house! Burning coal in a "pressurized fluidized bed boiler" produces a high-pressure stream of combustion gases that can spin a gas turbine to make electricity, then boil water for a steam turbine two sources of electricity from the same fuel input - that is called "cogeneration." A "pressurized fluidized bed boiler" is a more efficient way to burn coal. In fact, future boilers using this system will be able to generate 50% more electricity from coal than a regular power plant from the same amount of coal. That's like getting 3 units of power when you used to get only 2. Because it uses less fuel to produce the same amount of power, a more efficient "pressurized fluidized bed boiler" will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) released from coal-burning power plants. "Pressurized fluidized bed boilers" are one of the newest ways to burn coal cleanly. But there is another new way that doesn't actually burn the coal at all.
Coal Ga ifica ion

Don't think of coal as a solid black rock. Think of it as a mass of atoms. Most of the atoms are carbon. A few are hydrogen. And there are some others, like sulfur and nitrogen, mixed in. Chemists can take this mass of atoms, break it apart, and make new substances like gas! One of the most advanced - and cleanest - coal power plants in the world is Tampa Electric's Polk Power Station in Florida. Rather than burning coal, it turns coal into a gas that can be cleaned of almost all pollutants. This technology is called coal gasification. How do you break apart the atoms of coal? You may think it would take a sledgehammer, but actually all it takes is water and heat. Heat coal hot enough inside a big metal vessel, blast it with steam (the water), and it breaks apart. Into what? The carbon atoms join with oxygen that is in the air (or pure oxygen can be injected into the vessel). The hydrogen atoms join with each other. The result is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen this is called "Synthesis Gas." Now, what do you do with the Synthesis Gas?
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You can burn Synthesis Gas - very cleanly - and use the hot combustion gases to spin a gas turbine to generate electricity. The exhaust gases coming out of the gas turbine are hot enough to boil water to make steam that can spin another type of turbine to generate even more electricity. But why go to all the trouble to turn the coal into gas if all you are going to do is burn it? A major reason is that the impurities in coal like sulfur, nitrogen and many other trace elements can remove practically all of the pollutants when coal is changed into Synthesis Gas through Coal Gasification. In fact, scientists have ways to remove 99.9% of the sulfur and small dirt particles from the coal gas. Coal Gasification is one of the best ways to clean pollutants out of coal. Another reason is that the coal gases carbon monoxide and hydrogen, or simply "Synthesis Gas" don't have to be burned. They can also be used as valuable chemicals. Scientists have developed chemical reactions that turn carbon monoxide and hydrogen into everything from liquid fuels for cars and trucks to plastic toothbrushes! Today, in Tampa, Florida, and West Terre Haute, Indiana, there are power plants generating electricity through "coal gasification" instead of burning it. At a plant in Kingsport, Tennessee, coal gas is being used to make plastic for photographic film and to make methanol (a fuel that can be burned in automobile engines). Coal Gasification could be one of the most promising ways to use coal in the future to generate electricity and other valuable products. Yet, it is only one of an entirely new family of energy processes called "Clean Coal Technologies" technologies that can make fossil fuels future fuels.
S nthesis Gas
www.S nthesisGas.com
Clean, Renewable, Carbon-neutral fuel made in the U.S.A. - Unlimited Supply! from our Biomass Gasification plants!
What is S nthesis Gas?
Synthesis gas, or syngas, are the names given to gas of different (yet closely similar) to composition that are generated in coal gasification, coal liquefaction, gas liquefaction - also known as natural gas to liquids plants and other types of waste-to-energy facilities.
What is Natural Gas to Liquids?

Natural Gas to Liquids i a efe ed a "Na a Ga Li efac i ," hich i he ce i hich a a ga i c e ed f he ga e he i id ha e. A he e d f he Na a Ga Li efac i ce , he d c i efe ed a "Li efied Na a Ga " "LNG."
More about Natural Gas To Liquids or "Gas Liquefaction"

A first-of-its-kind, natural gas-to-liquids or "gas liquefaction" facility was built in the U.S. that produces highperformance, sulfur-free fuel. The gas liquefaction plant produces approximately 70 bbls of ultra clean fuel per day from natural gas.
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America's demand for natural gas is expected to grow as much as 50% by 2025. Unconventional gas resources, much of which currently are not economically recoverable, are expected to bear much of the burden of meeting this demand.
Clean Power Generation

The clean-burning properties of natural gas make it a preferred fuel for power generation. Indeed, natural gas consumption in the power generation sector is projected to increase from 5.0 trillion cubic feet in 2003 to 9.4 trillion cubic feet in 2025. Cost-effective production, processing, transmission, and storage technologies will enable natural gas to fulfill this central role in meeting our Nation s growing electricity needs. However, with the recent problems relating to the price of natural gas as well as the potential harm all fossil fuels may be causing to the climate and the planet, now is the time to begin placing greater emphasis on the production of energy from fuels that do not cause such economic and environmental liability. Now is the time for Clean Power Generation from fuels such as: Biomethane B100 Biodiesel Dimeth l Ether S nthesis Gas
Best of all, all of these renewable fuels and produced in the USA - most produced from waste streams from wastewater treatment plants, landfills/municipal solid waste, and agricultural waste streams such as corn stover, rice hulls and the manure from dairy farms, chicken farms and hog farms.
Biomass Gasification
Turnke Biomass Gasification Plants, Biomass Gasification Engineering and Feasibilit Studies
We provide turnkey Biomass Gasification plants as well as Engineering and Feasibility Studies for clients considering Biomass Gasification under a strict "vendor neutral" basis. Our Biomass Gasification Feasibility Studies form the basic foundation in our client's decision-making process and the critical answers they seek regarding Biomass Gasification - do we move forward with our plans to build a Biomass Gasification plant? Where should it be built? What are the optimum biomass feedstocks for this location? What size plant should we build? Who should build it? Which Biomass Gasification plant do we choose? Can we sell our excess power to the grid? Our Biomass Gasification Feasibility Study will answer these important questions and more. In the event you decide to move forward with our Biomass Gasification Engineering and Feasibility Study. We require a 50% deposit to begin work.
Biomass Gasification Plants No

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What is S nthesis Gas?

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What is Biomethane?
Biomethane i " e e ab e a a ga " hich i d ced i A ae bic Dige e . Biome hane i a ge e a ed b he dec ii f ga ic a e ia b ied i a dfi . We ide "La dfi Ga T E e g " ech gie ha i i e " e ha e ec e " e ec e he Biome hane. The ce f Biome hane d ci begi i h ga ic a e ia a d ga ic a e ea . Bi ga i fi d ced f he dec ii f he e ga ic a e ia b beca e bi ga i di , a d d de e gi e a d ga bi e , he bi ga fi eed be ified a d c ea ed - hi "bi ga bi e ha e" ce e e he i i ie i he bi ga , ch a ca b di ide a d h d ge fide (H2S). "Cleaned- p" and ead fo e in an on i e cogene a ion o igene a ion po e plan , he Biome hane c a be d a i ei ec a a dc e e e ace he " a a ga " ha i ica a ed a e ia he a de g d i ei e e . Biome hane i c a ie - he e da e ace he " e ha e" f he e ha e ha i db e ha e he e e ide i a ge e a ed f "f i f e ." i ed , he ea he e e ab e, he ea he e ec e , e a d d ci d i GOOD f e i d e NOT ge e a e he e i . e ha e d b ga c ha e db ga ge e a e "G ee ag " e . The d ci a ce i e a d e e e a ie ha ii c a "Re d e f e ea he d
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A p e io l men ioned, Biome hane i " a a " d ced f ga ic a e ia a he deca . S ce f Biome hane i c de; a dfi , POTW' /Wa e a e T ea e S e , a d e e ee ag ic a d c ha i ge i i g. Biome hane a ge e a ed f a i a e ai he e a e ca be c ec ed a d he Biome hane i ge e a ed f a ae bic dige e he e he a e dec e . Biomethane, af e i a a ga , e e a ai f he Biome hane e i c i ga d $10.00/ b . e i e e ia f ee, a ed b i g ha a e
Me hanogene i , al o called Biome hana ion, i ca ied o b me hanogen .
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U , $6.00/ $17.00/ , Biome hane prices will tend to be more stable over the ears as more and more Biome hane is produced, and produced in reliable and sustainable methods that can fuel the energ needs until a better fuel is found.
Se age Sludge
.Se ageSludge.com
We Turn Your Cit or Count 's Sewage Sludge Problems into Profits and Green Energ !
R B M " R P E E P L S P 3 L O G S T P F /G C O S &M (R ;A E P C ,C D C ,E R C )B A P D E E ,P E &F S V F &E C &P O P ; N C E I I ,D Q F ,L C M A S E ,B V :A G ,B . : E S D ,L S ,A G L T E ,B S R S , "
According to the United Nations:
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http://
.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=433&ArticleID=4792&l=en
Biomethane the Perfect Rene able Fuel, and Best of all Rene able Fuels?
As Biomethane is a near perfect fuel, and since Biomethane represents the best of all biofuels in terms of Recycling Carbon, and has the highest Net Energy Balance, and as Biomethane technologies such as Anaerobic Digesters and Biomass Gasification development increases and becomes even more commonplace, one of the fundamental questions is: what is the size of the potential biomass resource supply in the U.S.? In April 2005, the DOE and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) co-published a report assessing the potential of the land resources in the U.S. for producing sustainable biomass: Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply. Looking at forestland and agricultural land, the two largest potential biomass sources, this study estimates that the U.S. can sustainably produce up to 1.3 billion tons of biomass feedstock by mid-century. This would be enough feedstock to produce 60 billion gallons of B100 Biodiesel and E100 Ethanol with today's technologies. This study doesn't address the opportunities for Biomethane production from biomass feedstock or Biomass Gasification technologies. Some recent estimates indicate that Biomethane could replace up to 50% of present natural gas consumption in the U.S. and in some countries, such as Iceland, Biomethane already provides 100% of the natural gas requirements. There are many assumptions in the Billion Ton Study report that impact these estimates, but we believe the estimates reasonably reflect the potential availability and impact of biomass resources. Of the total estimated resource, the study suggests that forestlands in the contiguous United States can produce approximately 368 million dry tons annually. This projection includes 52 million dry tons of fuelwood harvested from forests and woodlands, 145 million dry tons of residues from wood processing mills and pulp and paper mills, 47 million dry tons of urban wood residues including construction and demolition debris, 64 million dry tons of residues from logging and site clearing operations, and 60 million dry tons of biomass from fuel treatment operations. Biomass to Biofuels By "converting" biomass wastes such as municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, crop residues, energy crops, and manure into biofuels, this will resolve the energy, environmental and political problems in an economical and environmentally sound manner - that will produce over one million new jobs. According to Jeff Seisler, Director of the European Natural Gas Vehicle Association, "Biomethane has an outstanding potential as a multifaceted solution to multifaceted social problems: urban and agricultural waste management, water purification, and clean air. Urban and agricultural waste can be processed into usable methane, as can the sewage during the water purification process. Cleaning and compressing the gas for use in vehicles then provides cleaner air than petroleum-consuming vehicles." Continuing, Mr. Seisler states about Biomethane; "this environmental 'closed loop waste-to-energy-to-fuel used in vehicles that again truck the next load of waste to the energy processing plants-substitutes fossil fuels with a renewable resource and reduces greenhouse gases 100% as compared to over gasoline vehicles (on a well-towheel basis). According to Peter Boisen Chairman, of ENGVA, "various well respected European research institutes now estimate more than three times better fuel output per hectare of land used than if going for ethanol or biodiesel. Sweden currently has a 51% Biomethane share, and Switzerland 37%. France, Norway, Germany and Austria use smaller amounts for vehicles. Iceland, completely without natural gas, uses 100% biomethane in its NGVs," Boisen says. Continuing, Boisen adds, "China, India, Korea, the Ukraine, Spain and Italy are other examples of countries now starting up projects where Biomethane will be used as a vehicle fuel." "With the energy efficiency of the gas production process at 50% to 70% it's hard to think of a more socially acceptable and economic energy value for the transportation sector," Boisen says.
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"Governments need to get out of their liquid fuel paradigm to refocus and balance their policies and communications to support the development of a Biome hane infrastructure. In Europe Biome hane has the potential to replace 20% of the petroleum consumed in the transport sector by 2030."
Biome hane - The Best of All Rene able Fuels!

BIOMETHANE FACTS
1. Biome hane i One of he Mo Emi ion . Common and Ha mf l of All G eenho e Ga
2. Biome hane i 21 Time Mo e Ha mf l o he Clima e han Ca bon Dio ide Emi ion . S a ed ano he a , Biome hane Ca e Global Wa ming and Clima e Change o Inc ea e 21 Time Fa e han Ca bon Dio ide Emi ion . 3. Biome hane I A "Rene able Na al Ga ." P ofi able of all G eenho e Ga
4. Biome hane i One of he Ea ie and Mo Emi ion o Reco e and Con ol.
Califo nia and S eden Sign Ag eemen o Join l De elop Biome hane and O he Rene able F el
Thursday, 29 June 2006 Sacramento, California USA and Sweden In a ceremony held at the Ministry of the Environment in Stockholm, representatives of the Kingdom of Sweden and the State of California signed an agreement pledging the two governments and their related industries to work together to develop bioenergy, with a particular emphasis on Biome hane. Through a strong working relationship between its industry and government, Sweden is showing how bioenergy can be developed in a cost-effective manner that benefits its economy and environment. We are extremely pleased to have signed this Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that will provide a basis for intensified collaboration between Swedish and California officials to develop a thriving bioenergy industry in California, said Joe Desmond, Undersecretary for the California Resources Agency. In particular, Sweden has been a global leader in terms of converting biowaste, largely agricultural material and residues, into usable Biome hane. This gas is then used to either generate electricity, residential heating, or as a transportation fuel. More than 8,000 vehicles in Sweden are powered by a combination of natural gas and Biome hane. The vehicles include transit buses, refuse trucks, and more than 10 different models of passenger cars. There are more than 25 Biome hane production facilities in Sweden and 65 filling stations. The Swedish Biome hane industry has been growing at an annual rate of about 20 percent over the last five years. According to the Swedish Gas Association, more than 50 percent of the methane used to power Sweden s natural gas vehicles now comes from biological sources, up from 45% last year. Natural gas vehicle sales in Sweden are increasing at the rate of 25% per annum. Sweden was motivated to develop its Biome hane industry because it has no natural gas reserves, to more efficiently manage its waste, and to meet its obligations under the Kyoto Accord. Since Biome hane is developed from methane sources that would normally release into the atmosphere, it s considered one of the most climate friendly fuels. Methane (and Biome hane) is 21 times more reactive as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2). Sweden is currently meetings its objectives and schedule as outlined in the Kyoto accord. Biome hane is developed by heating up and breaking down biomaterials in an (Anaerobic Digesters) digester. Among other raw materials, Swedish operators feed their Anaerobic Digesters with slaughterhouse waste, swine manure, and even grassy crops. After the materials breakdown over a 20 day period, technology is then used to
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remove the impurities and produce Biomethane. Once cleaned-up, Biomethane is 98 percent methane and easily meets the Swedish and California pipeline standards. The Memorandum of Understanding can be accessed on the California Resources Agency Web site: http://resources.ca.gov/press_documents/CaliforniaSwedenBiofuelsMOU.pdf
Anaerobic Digesters.
Anaerobic Digesters recover valuable and toxic Biomethane from organic materials and prevents the Biomethane - from entering the atmosphere. Biomethane, which we also refer to as "Renewable Natural Gas" is used as a renewable fuel for our cogeneration and trigeneration power plants. Alternatively, we may sell the Biomethane to a customer and transport it to them from our Anaerobic Digesters via natural gas pipelines. Anaerobic Digesters Biomethane
1. Anaerobic Digesters take an existing liability and waste (Biomethane) and convert it into an asset and " profit generator." 2. Anaerobic Digesters mitigate and reverse climate change and global warming by preventing Biomethane to escape into the atmosphere, which is one of the major causes of climate change and global warming. Of all Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Biomethane is 21 times more harmful to the environment than Carbon Dioxide Emissions. 3. Anaerobic Digesters are vital for renewable energy production and helping our country's drive for energy independence. 4. EVERY wastewater treatment plant as well as ALL Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO's) - IN EVERY COUNTRY - will soon be installing Anaerobic Digesters to prevent Biomethane from entering the atmosphere and help reverse climate change as well as for use as a renewable fuel. Or, they will be replacing their existing inefficient and inferior mechanical wastewater treatment plants, with our "Natural Wastewater Treatment" plants! 5. The country of Sweden is the global leader in Biomethane production. Sweden has identified the Biomethane opportunities and is converting biowaste derived from agricultural material and residues into usable Biomethane. The Biomethane is used to generate clean, renewable electricity, residential heating, and also as a transportation fuel. Biomass sources make up 45% of Sweden s Biomethane. Sweden's Biomethane industry has been growing at an annual rate of around 20% over the last five years. Biomethane powers more than 8,000 transit buses, garbage trucks, and 10 different models of passenger cars in Sweden. Sweden now has more than 25 Biomethane production facilities and 65 filling stations. The country believes that since Biomethane is developed from natural, organic sources that would have been released into the atmosphere, that Biomethane is considered one of the most climate-friendly fuels. Biomethane is 98% methane and easily meets the Swedish and California pipeline standards.
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Solar Trigeneration sm
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We Do Solar Righ sm
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We install our Solar Trigenerationsm Energy Systems, for commercial businesses, as well as cities, schools and government facilities with our Zero Up-front Cost program. For some customers - based on their present location, utility company and electric rate - we are able to reduce their electric rate by 10%. Even more for other customers. Solar Trigenerationsm Energy System! We provide the answers to our questions about solar power and energ ! Does your; business, city, school, or electric utility want a more sustainable solar power and energy solution? Are you interested in transforming your facility, campus or building(s) to "Net Zero Energy" buildings?
Does your city or school have a problem with rising electricity and energy expenses, but not have the financial resources to provide the necessary updates and upgrades to make your buildings more efficient? Maybe you have already decided to go solar, but you have a us, we have the answers to your solar questions. of questions, and don't know where to start. Call
What is the optimum solar solution? There are hundreds of companies in the solar power and energ industr ..... Who do ou call to help ou with these questions to help ou make the right decisions? There's still more questions, that you may not have thought about..... which solar technology do you go with, and what is the return on investment? Are there any solar rebates, refunds, tax credits or other incentives available? What about investors that might be interested in owning/operating and maintaining our solar energy system under a Power Purchase Agreement? You have numerous questions and need the answers to help in the decision-making process regarding the solar power and energy system you want to install. These decisions will have a long-lasting impact as the solar energy system that you install at your business or facility will probably be generating clean power for the next 40 to 50 years, if not longer! So, the decisions that you need to make now regarding your solar energy system will be a decision that will be either a long-term asset or a liability, depending on the equipment you select and who you choose to install it. We can help cities, schools and commercial (and large residential) customers make the switch to solar!
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And now, with our no up-front cost for our Solar Trigenerationsm Energy System, we can also transform your building(s) to a "Net Zero Energy Building" and many times, actually REDUCE your present energy expenses by 10%, and possibly more! Examples of buildings/facilities where our Solar Trigenerationsm Energy Systems would benefit, include; universities, churches, data centers, shopping centers, schools, radio/television stations, food processing, warehouses, new real estate developments and subdivisions, and electric utilities - practically any commercial facility can be upgraded to one of our "pollution free power" systems featuring one of our solar energy systems, including our Solar Trigenerationsm Call or email us, we can provide these answers. We are focused on providing the optimum solar energy systems for our clients. This begins with an initial review of your past 12 months energy/electrical bills. The next step would include a site visit which may include a Demand Side Management study and/or a Solar Feasibility Study which determines the optimum solar energy system for your facility or location. Once the optimum solar solution(s) are determined, we then have a blueprint to proceed that could include our installing one of our or Solar Trigenerationsm energy systems. Or for a city, real estate development or subdivision, or an electric utility, one of our utility scale power plants which might be a Concentrating Photovoltaic, Concentrating Solar Power or High Concentration Photovoltaic power plants.
What is "Net Zero Energ sm?"

Net Zero Energysm - when applied to a home or commercial building, simply means that the home or
buildings generates as much power and energy as they consume, when measured on a monthly or annual basis, and with an onsite, renewable energy system, such as our Solar Trigenerationsm Energy
System.
What is a Net Zero Energ Buildingsm?

A Net Zero Energy Buildingsm produces as much energy as it uses over the course of a year. Net Zero Energy Buildingssm are very energy efficient. The remaining low energy needs are typically met with on-site renewable energy. First of all, understand that there is no such thing as a " ero energ building!" EVERY building uses energ , or ou ma as well be in a cave! The important considerations are, 1. How efficient is the building? 2. How much energy does the building use, and how efficiently is it used? 3. How much "carbon free energy" or "pollution free power" is generated by the buildings' own onsite renewable energy system? 4. What are the utility company's prices for the excess power generated and sent to the grid? (see: Net Energy Metering) 5. How difficult is it to interconnect the renewable energy system of the building with the utility company's powerlines/electric grid? At the heart of a Net Zero Energy Buildingsm is the idea that any building can meet its energy requirements from low-cost, locally available, nonpolluting, renewable sources, like our Solar Trigenerationsm Energy Systems. Our Solar Trigenerationsm Energy Systems are the idea whose time has come, to make Net Zero Energy Buildingssm commonplace. Solar Trigenerationsm Energy Systems Provide of the Cooling, Heating & Power, for Any Size Building, with only the Energy of the Sun. Solar Trigenerationsm Energy Systems Provide Simultaneous Cooling, Heating &
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Power whether it is 12 Noon,
, and can do so,
Connection to the electric grid!
The Diagram Below Shows How Our Solar Trigenerationsm Energ S stem Works, for Heating and Cooling a Building
Our Solar Trigenerationsm Energ S stem provides "Cooling, Heating & Power" for our business, or home with the free energ of the sun!
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What is Net Energ Metering?

Ne e e g e e i gi ed ea e a c e' a e ec ic c i agai ha c e' a i e e ec ic ge e a i . Whe a c e' i e ge e a i f e e ceed he a ha he e, he c e' a e eg e ( he e e ab e e e g e )e he e a e ec ici he g id. Whe he e e ie e f he c e e ceed hei i e ge e a i f e , he c e i he e ec ici he eed f e ec ic g id. The c e a he e ec ic c a f a e a e he e e he a he ge e a e - OR - he c e ecei e a c edi ef d f he e ec ic c a if he e ed e e he g id, ha ha he c ed.
Rene able Energ Is Necessar for Net Zero Energ Buildings

M ch f c i aced e e g efficie c a he c -effec i e a ed ce e e g ei c e cia b i di g . H e e , c i ca be ed ced ch. The e i a i a hich he c f addi g efficie c ea e i highe ha ha f i g e e ab e e e g ch a hi fi h aic a d he a e eg e . Agg e i e e e g efficie c e e g ech gie be a egie ca ed ce a b i di g' e e g c i b 50% ed each he g a f a e - e e e g b i di g (NZEB). 70%. Re e ab e
Suppl -Side Technologies

Va i - ide e e ab e e e g ech gie a e a ai ab e f Ne Ze E e g B i di g . S ech gie , f e ca ed e e g d ce , c ec a a e e g a d a f i i a ef f f he e ech gie i c de PV, a h a e , i d, h d e ec ic, a d bi f e . - ide .E a e
Ranking of Energ Options

A e e ab e U.S. De a e efe ab e): ce a e fa ab e e c e i a e eg f E e g ec e d he f i g a i gf ce ch a c a a d a he e i ( he e a ga ; h e e , he be a e
Option Number 0
NZEB Suppl -Side Options Red ce i e e e g e h gh e e g b i di g ech gie U e e e ab e e e g ce a ai ab e i hi he b i di g' f i U e e e ab e e e g ce a ai ab e a he i e U e e e ab e e e g ce a ai ab e ff i e ge e a e e e g ie P cha e ff- i e e e ab e e e g ce
E amples Da igh i g, high-efficie c hea i g, e i a i , a d ai -c di i i g e i e (HVAC), a a e i ai ,e a ai ec i g
On-Site Suppl Options 1 PV, a h b i di g ae ,a d i d ca ed he
PV, a h i d ca ed
ae, -i - i e, b
ac h d e ec ic, a d he b i di g
Off-Site Suppl Options 3 Bi a , ca be i - ie ce ge e a e e ec d e e , e ha , bi die e ha ed f ff i e; a e ea f e ha ca be ed - i e ici a d hea he
U i i -ba ed i d, PV, e i i c edi , "g ee " cha i g i ; h d e ec ic i ei e c ide ed
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This hierarchy is weighted toward renewable technologies within the building footprint and site. Rooftop PV and solar water heating are the most applicable supply-side technologies for Net Zero Energy Buildings. Other supply-side technologies such as parking lot-based wind or solar energy systems may be available. The goal in developing the ranking was to encourage technologies that: Minimize overall environmental impact by encouraging energy-efficient building designs and reducing transportation and conversion losses Will be available over the lifetime of the building Are widely available and have high replication potential for future Net Zero Energy Buildings.
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Solar Trigenerationsm
www.SolarTrigeneration.com
Now, Your Business Can Have Our Solar Trigeneration Energy System, installed for No Up-F on Co !
Through an affiliated partner company, we are now installing our Solar Trigeneration commercial businesses, , with Zero up-front costs. Energy Systems, for
Some customers may even see a in their energy expenses by as much as 10% to 20% with our Zero upfront cost Solar Trigeneration Energy System! To qualify for our no up-front cost Solar Trigeneration Energy Systems, businesses must: Have a good credit rating Agree to buy all of the energy generated from the Solar Trigeneration Power Purchase Agreement Energy System through a 20 year
Other conditions may apply, depending on location, state or utility company you are presently buying power from. We expect ALL of our customers will be very happy knowing that the clean, green, renewable power they are using is: More reliable than the electricity from the power company. Saving the environment by reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and helping reverse Climate Change and Global Warming. Generated from their own reliable Solar Power System on their roofs. Saving Money! At today's published electric rates at Southern California Edison, TXU, Reliant and Centerpoint, of our customers will also enjoy a SAVINGS on their present electric bills by as much as 10% from what they are now paying for their electricity from the electric utility. Under warranty. At the end of the Power Purchase Agreement, the Solar Trigeneration Energy System is then offered for sale to our customers, for $1.00. And then their energy savings really start to add up as the power and electricity generated from their Solar Trigeneration Energy System is free!
Sola T igene a ionsm i He e!

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C i g, Hea i g & P e Re i e e . Solar Trigenera ion i a he G ee e Wa C , Hea a d P e Faci i he he ha ' a H i a , Da a Ce e , Office B i di g U i e i Ca
e cia , I d ia & U i i C e : Red ce COMPLETELY ELIMINATE Y E ec ic P e , Na a Ga E e e a d G ee h e Ga E i i !

Bi he E ec ic a d Na a Ga C a ie !
Pa i g High U i i
Le Sh Y H Y Ca "C he C d" he E ec ic C a
O "Solar Trigenera ion " P e a d E e g S e Ge e a e Ca b F ee E e g a d P i F ee P e Which i S ai ab e, C ea , Re e ab e a d Aff dab e

S S C W , / .T . O E P P P S P O G T D C F /G C &M /R E C A , M &F S O . ,E E F &P S : .T , E E . S P E "E G .U " , , S S .A , , , " " R E . O
Ne Ze
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The Audubon Na e Center Installs S a T ige e a i S e Ma i g hi e f he W d' Fi "Net Zero Energ Buildings" a Thei Ne Faci i i L A ge e , Ca if ia
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NO CONNECTION TO THE ELECTRIC UTILIT !

The Solar Trigeneration Provides All of their Facilit 's (5000 sq.ft.) Cooling, Heating and Power Requirements - at 12 noon or 12 midnite, WITHOUT ANY CONNECTION to the Electric Utilit with our Solar Trigeneration Energ S stem!
The Sun Powers the Audubon Nature Center's System at Debs Park in Los Angeles. The Audubon Nature Center's building is one of the world's first "Net Zero Energy Buildings." The System Consists of a 10 Ton "Solar Absorption Cooling" System Matched with a Solar Electric Power System and a Solar Water Heating System B : Mont Goodell, MBA www.SolarTrigeneration.com Los Angeles, California There is now a better, more efficient, pollution free power and "carbon free energy" solution for cooling, heating and powering homes and commercial buildings where solar energy is available. It's called Solar Trigeneration. Solar Trigeneration is defined as the simultaneous generation of cooling, heating and power with only the free solar energy from the sun providing the "fuel". Solar Trigeneration is now a reality at the Audubon Center at Debs Park several miles from downtown Los Angeles and is one of the world's first "Net Zero Energy Buildings." Net Zero Energy Buildings." Net Zero Energy Buildings." The Audubon Nature Center is totally powered by the sun s energy and our Solar Trigeneration energy system! The 5,300 square foot building operates entirely grid-free and without any electric connections to the electric grid, or natural gas connections a truly sustainable power and energy solution. Best of all, the Audubon Center doesn t rely on the over-burdened electric grid or even natural gas. Therefore, the Audubon Nature Center NEVER receives an electric bill or natural gas bill.... ever! The Audubon Nature Center's 5,000 square foot office and conference facility is powered by a Solar Trigeneration system that features a 25-kilowatt solar electric power system where the energy is stored in a bank of batteries. The Center is cooled by a 10-ton solar absorption cooling system powered by an array of very efficient solar heat pipe vacuum tube thermal collectors. The collectors heat the water to temperatures of 200+ degree F stored in a 1,200 gallon insulated tank, another type of inexpensive battery. The Solar Trigeneration system at the Audubon not only provides the air-conditioning in the summer but also heats the building in the winter, and provides the hot water for the kitchen and bathrooms. Absorption chillers, and cooling with solar energy with an absorption chiller are not new technologies. In fact,
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absorption chiller technology is over 70 years old. The first refrigerators were powered by propane gas to run the absorption chillers that used ammonia as a refrigerant. Electricity and the electric compression chiller gained popularity only because of the convenient plug and play appliance and relatively cheap electric rates. Electricity is no longer economically, or environmentally cheap.
Histor of Cogeneration and Trigeneration

Few people realize that the world's first commercial power plant, designed and built by Thomas Edison, was a cogeneration power plant that was first opened on Pearl Street, in Lower Manhattan, New York. That was in 1882! Edison not only generated, and sold electricity in the several blocks surrounding his "Pearl Street Station" but he also sold the hot water that was also generated from the cogeneration plant. The fuel Edison used for generating the electricity and hot water (cogeneration) came from "pulverized coal." The Pearl Street Station provided 110 volts of "direct current" power to 59 customers in lower Manhattan, around his Pearl Street laboratory. Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of heat and power. Trigeneration is the simultaneous production of cooling, heating and power. Our company, in partnership with the Renewable Energy Institute and our affiliated partners, have perfected "Solar Cogeneration" and "Solar Trigeneration" which are the "heart" of our Net Zero Energy Buildings. Unlike traditional cogeneration and trigeneration power plants that are fueled by natural gas - and Thomas Edison's cogeneration plant, which was fueled with pulverized coal, our Solar Cogeneration and Solar Trigeneration energy systems are fueled with the energy of the sun! And, while natural gas is a "cleaner" fuel, it still has its problems in that it is a limited resource and generates greenhouse gas emissions. Natural gas also have had extreme price swings and has a history of price volatility. Natural gas prices have gone from a high of $17.00/mmbtu to a recent low of under $3.00/mmbtu. Regarding pulverized coal, yes, it's cheap in terms of the cost of generating electricity, but too many people forget about the "externalities" of pulverized coal that is not reflected in the "cheap" costs of generating electricity from pulverized coal. These costs not accounted for are the huge environmental cost relating to the use of pulverized coal. Pound for pound, pulverized coal and coal fired power plants generate more greenhouse gas emissions than any other fossil fuel. There are also the costs related to the health and safety issues of the miners that mine the coal. And, the costs to the environment in terms of the ever-increasing amounts of mercury that are "dumped" into the environment from coal fired power plants, is also not reflected in the "cheap" price of generating power from pulverized coal. Unlike the problems inherently found with the use of fossil fuels, Solar Cogeneration and Solar Trigeneration have no such problems. And talk about "cheap" costs of generating power and energy, there is nothing cheaper than free!!!! The owners of the Audubon Nature Center receive any monthly natural gas or electric bills!
And the owners of the Audubon Nature Center will have to account for their greenhouse gas emissions, or comply with the ever-increasing regulations related to greenhouse gas emissions and the pending Cap and Trade laws..... thanks to our Solar Trigeneration energy system! Solar Trigeneration is an EcoGeneration solution. EcoGeneration refers to a power and energy system that uses the natural energy or fuel that is available for a specific site or location. Such energy or fuel includes, solar, wind, BioMethane, geothermal, and ocean power, including ocean tidal and ocean thermal energy conversion. For example, in the desert areas of the Southwestern U.S. , there is an abundance of solar energy. Therefore, home-owners and business owners in this part of the country should seriously consider an EcoGeneration system ( ecogen system ) that optimizes the opportunities available through solar energy Today, the cause of the summer peak electric demand, electric supply problems, and black-outs, are the result of the energy crisis in California, primarily attributed to the air conditioning load. Over 40 percent of the electricity generated every day goes is used for air conditioning. At this time of year, the electric utilities are forced to turn on all of their power plants to generate the peak demands required by the customers, primarily for airconditioning. This means that all of the efficient power plants, the inefficient power plants, along with all of the peaking power plants have to run to generate the electricity needed. The high cost of meeting the peak demand is passed on to the consumers with rates of $.20+ per kWh during the summer months. For fixed income seniors living in desert communities, they are already forced to conserve on energy, food, water, and other necessities of life.
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Greater Demands on California s Limited Electric Supply, Lack of New Electric Power Supplies, and This Summer s Heat Wave are Compounding the Problem Leading to the Perfect Electric Storm Many people will remember the movie The Perfect Storm from several years ago, when several storms came together in the northeastern part of the U.S. to produce a deadly and catastrophic perfect storm. Today, a different type of perfect storm is brewing in California. The storm that s looming on the horizon in California is a perfect storm wherein the supply of electricity from the electric utility company s power plants are unable to keep-up with the demand meaning a black-out, or loss of electricity, like the black-outs from previous years, and like the northeastern black-out from 2003. The most likely time of year for a black-out in California, unfortunately, is the summer, when air-conditioners are running at the maximum, and placing the maximum load on California s electricity supply. Should such a blackout occur in the desert areas of California, where daily high temperatures routinely reach 110 degrees and higher, and where a significant percentage of the population is comprised of retired and senior citizens, and should the black-out be prolonged, a number of deaths will be the likely outcome. People, and especially the elderly, simply cannot tolerate prolonged high temperatures How Do We Prevent the Perfect Electric Storm from Occurring in California and Other Regions in the U.S.? Another major concern is how do we prevent the Perfect Electric Storm from happening, like the Northeast Blackout several summers ago, especially for people living in the desert? California s energy authorities are warning of a possible energy crisis during the hot summer months, due to the excessive and prolonged summer temperatures where demand increases by over 40 percent. Compounding the problem is the rising demand for electricity due to population growth and the limited transmission capacity in some areas in the region. According to the California Energy Commission, the State must build three natural gas-fired 500-megawatt peaking power plants, every year, just to keep up with the growing demands of electricity. Failure to keep up with demand means The problem is getting worse due to the population growth in the Inland Empire , Coachella Valley and Antelope Valley. The projected power gap for the coming summers remains bleak. Governor Schwarzenegger s Million Solar Roofs program and the passage of the 2005 Federal Energy Act will be the foundation to create a Perfect Storm to trigger the Solar Economy throughout California. With the threat of California s seniors and elderly dying from heat exhaustion due to power outages, black-outs, rolling black-outs and the rising costs of electricity and natural gas, combined with the continuing impact of global warming, the perfect solution is to create a Solar Revolution by cooling, heating and powering the desert with solar energy and technologies like Solar Cogeneration or Solar Trigeneration. For more information about Solar Energ S stems, such as Solar Cogeneration or Solar Trigeneration, call Mont Goodell at (832) 758 - 0027, or send an email to [email protected].
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The Audubon Center's new Solar Trigeneration power and energ s stem makes this building a "Net Zero Energ Building"
The Audubon's Roof showing the Solar Thermal Collectors, part of the Solar Trigeneration power and energ s stem
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The heart of the Audubon's Solar Trigeneration power and energ s stem provides "free heating, cooling and domestic hot water," a "net ero energ building."
The hot water from the Solar Thermal Collectors on the roof of the Audubon is pumped here for producing the building's heating, cooling and domestic hot water. Hot water is stored in the tank on the left for overnight. ________________________________________________________________________
Ab o p ion Chille
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& Adsorption Chillers Fo Sola T igene a ion Applica ion

What are Absorption Chillers and How Do The Work?
Ab a ab I i chi e e hea i be , a ge e a , a ead f echa ica e e g ide c i g. A he a c ,a da h i g de ice, a d e ace he echa ica a e c e c . i f
he chi e , ef ige a a f he e a a i ab bed b a i i e i he ab be . Thi i i he ed he ge e a . The e he ef ige a e- a i e i g a a e ea hea ce. The ef ige a -de e ed i he e he ab be ia a h i g de ice. The c ef ige a / ab be i e ed i ab i chi e a e a e / i hi b ide a d a ia/ a e . a ed i h echa ica chi e , ab i ad/hea i ). H e e , ab i chi e e ed b -g ade a e hea . Va c e, ea -d i e ab i chi e chi e c e i c e cia ide a he a COP f 0.7 a d e -h f c i g. D b e-effec , i g ab 10 d f 100chi e ha e a c efficie f ef ca b a ia ed ce e a i g c e i chi e , b c a , be a ce (COP = chi e beca e he a e - e gi e-d i e .
L - e Ab i achi e ea e he a i I
a e a ai ab e i ca aci ie a gi g f 100 1,500 . a ai ab e de ig : i g e-effec a d d b e-effec . Si g e-effec i e ab 18 d f 15d- e a e-i ch-ga ge ( ig) achi e a e ab 40% e efficie , b e i e a highe g ade f 150- ig ea e -h .
i g e-effec ab i chi e , a c de i g hea c a d c de e i he c de e . F he e i i e ea ed he c i g a e . A d b e-effec achi e ad a highe hea efficie c f c de a i a d di ide he ge e a i a high- e e a ea da -e e a e ge e a . Actions You Can Take De e i e he c -effec i e e chi e b a i g he f i g C d c a a e i g ad e i a ai e f di : aci g a i f c f i g a e ad ea ie e i he i i g echa ica i ha a e ea ab i
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Absorption Chillers Refrigeration C cle

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The basic cooling cycle is the same for the absorption and electric chillers. Both systems use a low-temperature liquid refrigerant that absorbs heat from the water to be cooled and converts to a vapor phase (in the evaporator section). The refrigerant vapors are then compressed to a higher pressure (by a compressor or a generator), converted back into a liquid by rejecting heat to the external surroundings (in the condenser section), and then expanded to a low- pressure mixture of liquid and vapor (in the expander section) that goes back to the evaporator section and the cycle is repeated. The basic difference between the electric chillers and absorption chillers is that an electric chiller uses an electric motor for operating a compressor used for raising the pressure of refrigerant vapors and absorption chillers use the heat for compressing refrigerant vapors to a high-pressure. The rejected heat from the power-generation equipment (e.g. turbines, microturbines, and engines) may be used with an absorption chiller to provide the cooling in a CHP system. The basic absorption cycle employs two fluids, the absorbate or refrigerant, and the absorbent. The most commonly fluids are water as the refrigerant and lithium bromide as the absorbent. These fluids are separated and recombined in the absorption cycle. In the absorption cycle the low-pressure refrigerant vapor is absorbed into the absorbent releasing a large amount of heat. The liquid refrigerant/absorbent solution is pumped to a high-operating pressure generator using significantly less electricity than that for compressing the refrigerant for an electric chiller. Heat is added at the high-pressure generator from a gas burner, steam, hot water or hot gases. The added heat causes the refrigerant to desorb from the absorbent and vaporize. The vapors flow to a condenser, where heat is rejected and condense to a high-pressure liquid. The liquid is then throttled though an expansion valve to the lower pressure in the evaporator where it evaporates by absorbing heat and provides useful cooling. The remaining liquid absorbent, in the generator passes through a valve, where its pressure is reduced, and then is recombined with the low-pressure refrigerant vapors returning from the evaporator so the cycle can be repeated. Absorption chillers are used to generate cold water (44 F) that is circulated to air handlers in the distribution system for air conditioning. "Indirect-fired" absorption chillers use steam, hot water or hot gases steam from a boiler, turbine or engine generator, or fuel cell as their primary power input. Theses chillers can be well suited for integration into a CHP system for buildings by utilizing the rejected heat from the electric generation process, thereby providing high operating efficiencies through use of otherwise wasted energy. "Direct-fired" systems contain natural gas burners; rejected heat from these chillers can be used to regenerate desiccant dehumidifiers or provide hot water. Commercially, absorption chillers can be single-effect or multiple-effect. The above schematic refers to a singleeffect absorption chiller. Multiple-effect absorption chillers are more efficient and discussed below.
M l iple-Effec Ab o p ion Chille

In single-effect absorption chillers, the heat released during the chemical process of absorbing refrigerant vapor into the liquid stream, rich in absorbent, is rejected to the environment. In a multiple-effect absorption chiller, some of this energy is used as the driving force to generate more refrigerant vapor. The more vapor generated per unit of heat or fuel input, the greater the cooling capacity and the higher the overall operating efficiency. Double-effect absorption chillers uses two generators paired with a single condenser, absorber, and evaporator. It requires a higher temperature heat input to operate and therefore they are limited in the type of electrical generation equipment they can be paired with when used in a CHP System. Triple-effect absorption chillers can achieve even higher efficiencies than the double-effect chillers. These absorption chillers require still higher elevated operating temperatures that can limit choices in materials and refrigerant/absorbent pairs. Triple-effect chillers are under development by manufacturers working in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Wha i "Coppe Indi m Galli m Di elenide?"

Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CuInSe2) is a material that provides an extremely high absorption of light ( 99%) to be absorbed in the first micron of the material. Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide is projected to be the revolutionary material that some are saying, could put typical "central" power plants and some electric utilities, out of business, as it will be much cheaper for customers to generate their own onsite power with Thin Film Photovoltaics made from these materials.
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When additional small amounts of Gallium is added to Copper Indium diSelenide, this increases its' lightabsorbing band gap, thereby making the solar panel more closely match the solar spectrum of the sun. This, in turn, increases the voltage and the efficiency of the Thin Film Photovoltaics solar panel. Solar panels produced with Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide cells have reached efficiencies of more than 20% - which is much higher than the other Thin Film Photovoltaics. Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide solar panels create more electricity from the same amount of sunlight than other Thin Film Photovoltaics panels. This translates into a higher conversion efficiency. The conversion efficiency of Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide PV technologies is very stable over time, meaning its power output remains stable over many years, while the power output of many other PV materials can rapidly decline with time.
What are "Building Integrated Photovoltaics?"

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are solar energy systems that are integrated into a part of the building, that serve as the building's exterior or the building's skin. Commercial buildings and facilities (including houses) that integrate their own solar power systems into the building's exteriors, are referred to as "power buildings." The technology that makes this possible is "Thin Film Photovoltaics."
What are Thin Film Photovoltaics?

Without a doubt, the most exciting technology in the solar power industry is "Thin Film Photovoltaics." Thin Film Photovoltaics technology represents the next big thing in renewable energy and solar power as it integrates nanotechnologies into the production of solar photovoltaics. According to the Department of Energy, the recent technological advances in thin film photovoltaics make this a very exciting time to be in the solar energy industry. These advances have led to many new developments in the components and manufacturing of thin film photovoltaics. This has made thin film photovoltaics cheaper to manufacture as they are also now easier to install since they are extremely versatile, flexible, bendable, and much lighter. Thin film photovoltaics have led many to believe that as much as 50% of our nation's future power will be generated by "power buildings" that integrate "building integrated photovoltaics" or "BIPV" into the building's skin or exterior surfaces, that convert sunlight into "pollution free power" for use in the building. This also designates these buildings (and homes) as "Net Zero Energy Buildings" and make the option for going grid-free, or not connecting to the grid, a real possibility. According to the Department of Energy, the market potential for printed electronics will grow into a $47 billion market by 2018. Thin film photovoltaics represents a significant portion of this market - and based on this heavily researched solar technology, thin film photovoltaics now represents a $20 billion/year industry in the U.S. The solar PV panels produced under the thin film photovoltaics umbrella have the potential to produce power significantly cheaper power than today s typical silicon-based PV panels. The panels are usually made in the form of a monolithic piece of glass, upon which various thin films are deposited, although a number of firms are working on depositing the materials on a substrate, such as stainless steel or plastic. Types of Thin Film Photovoltaics there are primarily three types of thin film photovoltaics and include: . . . Amorphous Silicon Cadmium Telluride Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide
Amorphous Silicon had the largest share of the thin film photovoltaics market through 2006. It has been researched for the longest period of time, may be the best understood material of the three and has been commercial for the longest. Cadmium Telluride has the remaining share and is growing.
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Thin Film Photovoltaics Advantages over Cr stalline Silicon Photovoltaics Lower cost of production of the Lower production facility cost per watt - CapEx Uses as little as 1/500 of the amount used in standard silicon cells Lower energy payback manufacture. amount of time until the product produces more energy than was utilized in its
Produces more power/watt Superior performance in hot and cloudy climates Integrates seemlessly in homes and buildings Produces the lowest cost power _________________________________________________________________________________________________ see Building Integrated Photovoltaics
Ama ing Solar Fact! Did ou know that the silicon contained in onl one ton of sand, and used in manufacturing solar photovoltaic panels, could produce as much electricit as burning 500,000 tons of coal?
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Solar Power Parks

and
.SolarPo erParks.com
Solar Power Plants
.SolarPo erPlants.net
Solar Power Park Project Development Services, Including: Engineering, Procurement & Construction
Email: [email protected]
We provide the following Solar Power Plant development services, some with our strategic partners or affiliates: Project Development Engineering Procurement & Construction Feasibility Studies Power Purchase Agreements Interconnection Agreements Molten Salt Storage Greenhouse Gas Emissions trading credits Cap and Trade Consulting
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Ope a ion & Main enance Rene able Ene g C edi Demand Side Managemen Clean De elopmen Mechani m Con Ce ified Emi ion Red c ion C edi O o k i pe fo med on a ic adhe ence o " endo -ne ali ." We eek o ma imi e he e n on in e men f om bo h he economic and en i onmen al a pec hile im l aneo l minimi ing he ope a ional e pen e fo o clien . l ing
What is Concentrating Solar Power?

Concen a ing hea i g a a c i hea e e g ola po e a d ce e ec ic e b c e i g he ' e e g i high- e e a e i i c fig a i . The hea i he cha e ed h gh a c e i a ge e a . The f a : e ha c ec a e e g a dc e i hea , a d a he ha c e e ec ici . i a ) g id-c ec ed a ica i d e i d a igh . O he ca be ide high- a e, di a chab e e . efficie cie , a e c ce a i g a he be egi d ide.
Concen a ing ola po e e ca be i ed f i age e (10 ( 100 ega a ). S e e e he a age d i g c c bi ed i h a a ga a d he e i g h b id e a The e a ib e , a g i h d ec d a - -e ec ic c e i e a a ac i e e e ab e e e g i i he S h e a d
Wh Concentrating Solar Power is one of the Few "Superior" Renewable Energ Technologies Concen a ing ola po e a "ca b f ee e e g " a d " i e he high a f ee e ." a a i adia ce f he ge g a hic ca i ge e a e
Fo gene a ing po e af e he n e , man o ne /de elope of c ce a i g a e a a e i a i g "M e Sa S age" e ha e e e e gh e e g a f e ec ici ge e a i h gh he igh i e e i d. S eam bine and ga bine po e ed b coal, ani m, oil and na al ga a e he f el ed oda fo gene a ing po e and elec ic g id abili . The e f el p o ide bo h ba e-load and peak po e . Ho e e , he e ame eam bine can al o be po e ed b he high empe a e hea f om c ce a i g a e a . Concen a ing ola po e a i he 30 MW - 200 MW a ge a e e a i g cce f i ca i f Ca if ia E e. Nea e e da , e c ce a i g a e a a e bei g a ed f c c i . The c ce a i g a c ec a e e efficie a d he a c ee e ace he f i f e ha e e ed i adi i a e a . T da ' c ce a i g a e a ge e a e he hea eeded ge e a e e ec ici a a c e i ae $50 - $60 e ba e f i (e i a e ). Thi c i e ec ed be a hed b 50% be $25 - $30 e ba e i he e 10 ea . J like con en ional fo il-f eled po e plan , c ea i g e e ec ici . ce ai g a e a ge e a e ba e- ad a d
J like fo il f el fi ed con en ional po e plan , c ce i c e 100 %, b ih he ca b e i i , ca b i ge ide , a i e ga ic c d a d g ee h
ai g a e a ha e a a ai abi i ha di ide e i i , ha a d ai a , e ga e i i ha f i f e e a e i. a
A c ce a i g a e a i ha e a age faci i f f ad e a i d i g he igh i e e i d i c e bei g b i i he S a i h Sie a Ne ada ea G adi . Thi c ce a i g e a i ge e a e 50 MW f e .
A he fea e ha di i g i he c ce a i g a e a i he i f c bi ed ge e a i f hea a d e - a ech g ha i ca ed "I eg a ed S a C bi ed C c e" hich achie e he highe ib e efficie cie f e e g c e i . I addi i e ge e a i , ch a ca
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provide steam for absorption chillers and/or adsorption chillers, industrial process heat or thermal ocean water desalination. A design stud for such a plant was completed in 2006. This plant is scheduled to be commissioned in earl 2009. This Integrated Solar Combined C cle will provide 10 MW of power, 40 MW of district cooling and 10,000 cubic meters per da of desalted water for a large hotel in Jordan. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abo
We p o ide ene able ene g enginee ing e ice and nke in alla ion of o ola ene g em fo comme cial, m nicipal, go e nmen , chool and ili clien i h p ojec loca ed in he U.S., Canada Cen al Ame ica and he Ca ibbean. In man ca e , e ma al o be able o p o ide p ojec finance o in e men . A oma ed Demand Re pon e Biome hane Ca bon Dio ide Emi ion Con Ca bon Emi ion Con Ca bon F ee Ene g Clean Ene g Pa k Clean Po e Gene a ion Concen a ed Sola Po e Concen a ing Pho o ol aic Concen a ing Sola Po e Decen ali ed Ene g Demand Side Managemen Di ib ed Gene a ion l ing
l ing & Sol ion
E ac a ed T be Collec o Geo he mal Po e Plan G eenho G o nd So e Ga Emi ion con ce Hea P mp l ing
High Concen a ion Pho o ol aic Mol en Ca bona e F el Cell On i e Po e Gene a ion Na al Wa e a e T ea men Plan
Pho pho ic Acid F el Cell Poll ion F ee Po e Po e P cha e Ag eemen
PPA F nding Rene able Ene g Capi al Rene able Ene g Cen e
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Renewable Energy Credit consulting Renewable Energy Funds Renewable Energy Investments Renewable Energy Parks Renewable Energy Technologies Solar Cogeneration Solar Desalination Solar Electric Power Systems Solar Energy Systems Solar Heating And Cooling Solar Power And Energy Solar Power Purchase Agreements Solar Thermal Collectors Solar Trigeneration Thin Film Photovoltaics Trigeneration Waste To Energy Waste to Fuel Wind Farm Development Wind Power Generation
Solar Electric Power S stems (PV)
Solar electric power systems transform sunlight into electricity. Sunlight is an abundant resource. Every minute th the Earth in as much energy as the world consumes in an entire year.
Solar cells employ special materials called semiconductors that create electricity when exposed to light. Solar elec are quiet and easy to use, and they require no fuel other than sunlight. Because they contain no moving parts, they durable, reliable, and easy to maintain.
How It Works
Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic (PV) cells, do the work of making electricity. Several types of solar electric are under development, but four crystalline silicon (a form of refined beach sand), thin films, concentrators, and thermophotovoltaics are illustrative of the range of technologies. Solar cells are connected to a variety of other co make a solar electric power system.
Cr stalline Silicon
Crystalline silicon solar cells are used in more than half of all solar electric devices. Like most semiconductor dev include a positive layer (on the bottom) and a negative layer (on the top) that create an electrical field inside the ce photon of light strikes a semiconductor, it releases electrons (see animation). The free electrons flow through the s bottom layer to a connecting wire as direct current (DC) electricity.
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e a ce a e ade f c a ce a e chea e d ce b
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Solar Electric Power S stem Components

I addi i d e , e ea c e a e eeded c eea a e ec ic e e .
Ma e i c de ba e ie , ba e cha ge , a bac ge e a , a d a c a d b i di g ca he igh a igh ee i i a ia ce e i e ba e ie bac ge e a beca e he e he g id f bac h e ed ae ,d e i e a bac e ce.
e ha e ei ac d da . G id-c ec ed e e .S e e e e a ica i
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S a e ec ic hi fi a e igh e , e e de e ed hi -fi ech g e a d be i a c a.A a h i ic O he hi -fi a e ia i c de cad i hi ech g beca e hi fi e ie Thi fi ae d ced a a ge he . The a e a fac ga a ic. E ec ica c a e ia . Thi fi c f f e ib e a e ec ic fi g
i ie , a d ea ie a fac e ha c a i e i ic d e . The h i ic , i hich he a ae a a ged i a a ic a d fi e ic hic ca ab b 90% f he ab e a e eg e ide a d c e i di di e e ide. S b a ia c a i g ae e a i e i e e ic d c a e ia .
ge, c ee d e , a i di id a ce ha be ed i f a e a d ed b a i g e e e hi a e f e ic d c a e ia a -c bac i ac , a i ef ec i e c a i g , a d ec i e a e a e a a ied di ec he ha e f he bac i g, a fea e ha a he be ed i ch i ai e hi g e .
Concentrators
C ce a e ica e e ( i i a a ic a ce . Wi h a c ce a ag if he igh i c ce a a e ade f c a i e i ic . H ae e efficie ha i ic i a e ec ic c ce ed i c ica i a e i e a d he ace a
ag if e i e e, a ica
i gga e ) i c ce a e he igh ha , he a ce d ce e e ec ici . T da , a e ia ch a ga i a e ide a d ga i i di a d i i e ee e e i he f e. The e a e i .

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Concentrators produce more electricity using less of the expensive semiconductor material than other solar electri basic concentrator unit consists of a lens to focus the light, a solar cell assembly, a housing element, a secondary co to reflect off-center light rays onto the cell, a mechanism to dissipate excess heat, and various contacts and adhesiv unit can be combined into modules of varying sizes and shapes. Concentrators only work with direct sunlight and most effectively in sunny, dry climates. They must be used with tracking systems to keep them pointed toward th
Thermophoto oltaics
Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) devices convert heat into electricity in much the same way that other PV devices conve electricity. The difference is that TPV technology uses semiconductors "tuned" to the longer-wavelength, invisible radiation emitted by warm objects. This technology is cleaner, quieter, and simpler than conventional power gene steam turbines and generators.
TPV converters are relatively maintenance-free because they contain no moving parts. In addition to using solar can convert heat from any high-temperature heat source, including combustion of a fuel such as natural gas electricity. TPV converters produce virtually no carbon monoxide and few emissions. They may be used in the fu furnaces that generate their own electricity for self-ignition (during power outages) and in portable generators and chargers.
Ad antages
Solar electric systems offer many advantages. Standalone systems can eliminate the need to build expensive new p to remote locations. For rural and remote applications, solar electricity can cost less than any other means of produ electricity. Solar electric systems can also connect to existing power lines to boost electricity output during times o demand such as on hot, sunny days when air conditioners are on.
Solar electric systems are flexible. Solar electric modules can stand on the ground or be mounted on rooftops. built into glass skylights and walls. They can be made to look like roof shingles and can even come equipped wit turn their DC output into the same AC utilities deliver to wall sockets. These advances mean individual homeown businesses can relieve pressure on local utilities struggling to meet the increasing demand for electricity.
More than 30 states offer grid-connected solar electric system owners the chance to save money on their energy bil any excess power their solar electric system produces into the utility grid an arrangement called net metering.
Solar power systems require minimal maintenance. They run quietly and efficiently without polluting. They are e combine with other types of electric generators such as wind, hydro, or natural gas turbines. They can charge solar electricity continuously available.
For utilities, large-scale solar electric power plants can help meet demand for new power generation, especially in applications. A solar electric power plant is created from multiple arrays that are interconnected electronically. plants are easier to site and are quicker to build than conventional power plants. They are also easy to expand inc by adding more modules as power demand increases.
Solar electric power systems are good for the environment. When solar electric technologies displace fossil fuels f water, lighting homes, or running appliances, they reduce the greenhouse gases and pollutants emitted into the at The use of solar electric systems is particularly important in developing nations because it can help avert the expe increases in emissions of greenhouse gases caused by the growing demand for electricity in those countries.
Solar electric technologies also benefit the U.S. economy by creating jobs in U.S. companies. Exporting solar electr technologies to developing nations expands U.S. markets while protecting the global environment.
Disad antages
Although solar electric systems make financial sense in remote areas that lack access to power lines, they are usua expensive than fossil fuels for grid-connected applications.
This disadvantage is significant for utilities considering large-scale solar electric power plants. Although solar ele considerably more than electricity generated by conventional plants, regulatory agencies often require utilities to electricity for the lowest cash cost.
Utilities view solar electric power plants differently than they view conventional power plants. Solar electric mod electricity intermittently only when the sun shines. Their output varies with the weather and disappears altogeth Integrating solar electricity into a utility system requires creative planning.
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Applications
Solar electricity has powered satellites since the dawn of the space program. It has run remote communications outposts high in the mountains and turned on the lights, kept medicines cold, and pumped water in rural areas for more than 30 years. Small solar cells are used to power wristwatches, calculators, and other electronic gadgets. More recently, solar electric systems have been used to provide supplemental power to homes and commercial buildings in cities. Solar electric technology has important roles to play in both the developing and developed worlds. From the farmer irrigating his crops in rural Mexico to an innovative lighting system for an Olympic sports arena, solar electric solutions abound. Electric utilities harness solar electricity for distributed applicationsnear substations or at the end of overloaded power lines, for example, to avoid or defer costly line upgrades. They use solar electricity during hot, sunny periods when the demand for air conditioning stretches conventional power generation to its limit. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District, for example, uses large solar electric arrays as part of its power generation mix. Utilities also rely on solar electricity to power remote, standalone monitoring systems.
A combination of solar e and pool-heating solar co were used to provide po heat to the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center, site of th Olympic swimming com (Credit: Heliocol)
Consumers and builders are integrating solar electric modules into their homes and offices. Innovative solar technologies can replace conventional roofing and facade materials in new buildings. Solar electric roofing example, are being used in some new residences. In grid-connected applications, solar electricity supplies some o consumer's energy needs; the local utility provides the rest.
Standalone solar electric systems power a variety of applications far from the reaches of the power grid. These include remote communications systems such as television and radio transmitters and receivers, telephone microwave repeaters. Standalone solar electric power is also used to prevent corrosion of metal pipes, tanks, brid buildings. Many remote residences worldwide use solar electricity as their source of power. For instance, more than 100,000 homes in Scandinavia rely solely on solar electric technology to run lights and appliances.
Villages around the world are building solar electric systems to bring electricity to their homes and local industrie the first time. To make the maximum use of available resources, village power is typically produced by a hybrid system that combines solar electricity with diesel backup generators and sometimes another renewable energy such wind power. Villages also use standalone solar electric systems for pumping wateran application shared b farmers and ranchers in the United States.
Glossar of Terms
What is an Assigned Amount (AA)? The quantity of greenhouse gases that an Annex I country can release in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol, during the first commitment period of that protocol (2008-12).
What is an Assigned Amount Unit (AAU)? An Assigned Amount Unit (AAU) is a tradable unit of 1 tCO2e. What are Carbon Reduction Tons? Carbon Reduction Tons, or "CRTs" or simply a CRT (which is pronounced carrot ) represents one ton of Carbon Dioxide Emissions-equivalent in terms of emission reductions. Also known as carbon dioxide sequestration. What is a Certified Emission Reduction (CER)?
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A E C D
K R C E M
P E R
P C
1 D C E
R ( CER ) .
CO 2 M R
.AC .T ( CER ) -
Wha i he Clean De elopmen Mechani m (CDM)? T C D M A 12 K P , . Wha i an Emi ion Red c ion P A E ERU ) R . P A cha e Ag eemen (ERPA)? ( CER
Wha a e Emi ion Red c ion C edi ? (ERC )? A E " CO2 ". R J C I , E .T R U , ,
Wha a e Emi ion Red c ion (ER )? E . Wha i Emi ion T ading? E T K 1. J 2. C 3. E I D T M P " ," A C : A T U .H , / ,
Wha i he Emi ion T ading Scheme? T ETS EU . ,
Wha i an ERC? A ERC E R C .
Wha i he EU ETS? E U E T S .
Wha i an EUA?
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An EUA refers to the European Union Allowance.
What is a European Union Allowance (EUA)? A European Union Allowance Materialization of the EU ETS quotas, the tradable unit under the EU ETS. One EUA represents the right to emit 1 ton of CO2.
What is the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) Trading Scheme within the European Union. The first compliance phase is from 2005 to 2007, while the second compliance phase continues from 2008 to 2012. What is a Renewable Energ Credit? A Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) represents the equivalent of one megawatt hour of electricity generation from an accredited renewable energy source. What are Verified Carbon Units? The Voluntary Carbon Standard defines Voluntary Carbon Units ( VCU ) as being equal to an emission reduction that is equivalent to one metric ton of CO2 that has been implemented and verified according to the criteria set forth by the Voluntary Carbon Standard. Verified Carbon Units are uniform instruments for use in voluntary offset programs that can be purchased and sold between the market participants such as project developers and intermediaries. Ultimately, VCUs are purchased and retired by the participants and/or end-use customers. A Verified Emission Reduction shall be defined as a VCU only if it has been certified as meeting all the criteria contained in The Voluntary Carbon Standard and subsequently registered in an approved VCU Registry. VCUs are registered and kept in custody in an approved VCU Registry, which has been approved by the Voluntary Carbon Standard Steering Committee. What is a Verified Emission Reduction (VER)? A Verified Emission Reduction is a unit of greenhouse gas emission reduction that has been verified by an independent auditor, but has not yet undergone the procedures and may not yet have met the requirements for verification, certification and issuance of Certified Emission Reductions (in the case of the Clean Development Mechanism) or ERUs (in the case of JI) under the Kyoto Protocol. Buyers of a Verified Emission Reduction assume all carbon-specific policy and regulatory risks (i.e. the risk that the VERs are not ultimately registered as either a Certified Emission Reduction or a Emission Reduction Credit). Buyers therefore tend to pay a discounted price for VERs, which takes the inherent regulatory risks into account. A Verified Emission Reduction is a carbon credit which is not certified under the Kyoto Protocol but which can be used to compensate carbon emissions. 1 Verified Emission Reduction corresponds to one metric tone of CO2 equivalent.
What is the Voluntar Market? The Voluntary market is precisely that, a "voluntary" market for emissions reductions for buyers and sellers of a Verified Emission Reduction (VER), which seek to manage their emission exposure for non-regulatory purposes.
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What is "Decentrali ed Energ "?

Decentralized Energy is the opposite of "centralized energy." Decentralized Energy energy generates the power and energy that a residential, commercial or industrial customer needs, onsite. Examples of decentralized energy production are solar energy systems and solar trigeneration energy systems. Today's electric utility industry was "born" in the 1930's, when fossil fuel prices were cheap, and the cost of wheeling the electricity via transmission power lines, was also cheap. "Central" power plants could be located hundreds of miles from the load centers, or cities, where the electricity was needed. These extreme inefficiencies and cheap fossil fuel prices have added a considerable economic and environmental burden to the consumers and the planet. Centralized energy is found in the form of electric utility companies that generate power from "central" power plants. Central power plants are highly inefficient, averaging only 33% net system efficiency. This means that the power coming to your home or business - including the line losses and transmission inefficiencies of moving the power - has lost 75% to as much as 80% energy it started with at the "central" power plant. These losses and inefficiencies translate into significantly increased energy expenses by the residential and commercial consumers.
Decentrali ed Energ is the Best Wa to Generate Clean and Green Energ !

How we make and distribute electricity is changing! The electric power generation, transmission and distribution system (the electric "grid") is changing and evolving from the electric grid of the 19th and 20th centuries, which was inefficient, highly-polluting, very expensive and dumb. The "old" way of generating and distributing energy resembles this slide:
The electric grid of the 21st century (see slide below) will be Decentralized, Smart, Efficient and provide "carbon free energy" and pollution free power to customers who remain on the electric grid. The electric grid of the future will be comprised of both Onsite Power Generation plants and "utility scale power plants" that are fueled/powered with Biomass Gasification, Biomethane, Concentrating Solar Power, B100 Biodiesel, Distributed PV, EcoGeneration Systems, Geothermal Power Plants, Synthesis Gas, Rooftop PV, Solar Cogeneration, Solar Energy Systems, Solar Power Parks, Solar Trigeneration and Wind Power Generation - located at Residential, Commercial, Industrial and City/Municipal Locations. Some customers will choose to dis-connect from the grid entirely. (Electric grid represented by the small light blue circles in the slide below.)
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The an mi ion g id ill be pg aded o a "T an mi ion S pe high a " ia "High Vol age Di ec C en ." T pical "cen al" po go o of b ine d cen al po e plan fo il f el o gene a
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e plan and he elec ic ili companie ha o n hem ill ei he be h -do n, clo ed o e o one o mo e of he follo ing: failed b ine model, ino dina e e pen e ela ed o ha a e inefficien , e ce i e poll ion/emi ion , high co , con in ed eliance on he e of e ene g , and he fail e o p o ide efficien , ca bon f ee ene g and poll ion f ee po e . Ene g
Ca bon f ee ene g and poll ion f ee po e ed ce o dependence on fo eign oil and make Independen hile ed cing and elimina ing G eenho e Ga Emi ion . * Some of the above information from the Department of Energ website with permission. _______________________________________________________________________
Ama ing Solar Fact! Did ou know that the silicon contained in onl one ton of sand, and used in manufacturing solar photovoltaic panels, could produce as much electricit as burning 500,000 tons of coal?
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How To Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

You can easil and affordabl reduce or eliminate our compan 's "carbon footprint." Did ou know that the United States Congress will be passing the S. 2191 "Cap and Trade" Law in 2009? Did ou know that Supreme Court ruled in April (2008) that the EPA alread has the authorit to regulate Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Cap And Trade narrowl passed in the U.S. House of Representatives, and is now in the U.S. Senate, who has threatened to make even greater reductions of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in their final Bill of the Cap And Trade legislation. Are ou read for these new regulations? We can help ou get read ! According to Mont Goodell, the Founder and Chairman of the Renewable Energ Institute,
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions will be the world s biggest commodity market and will probably soon be the world s largest market, period." In fact, Mr. Goodell anticipates that Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions will become one of the fasting-growing commodities and markets ever. Every day, leading companies are spending millions of dollars going "GREEN" and reducing their Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Market Potential is staggering! According to a recent New York Times article, carbon trading is one of the fastest-growing specialties in financial services. Already, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading and International Carbon Trading markets are worth in excess of $50 billion/year. The United Nations expects this market to be valued in excess of $2 Trillion/year by 2012 and others are saying this could easily exceed $5 Trillion/year within the next several years! DO THE MATH on the Carbon Dioxide Emissions market! You may be wondering, how can such a relatively new commodity grow so rapidly? Here in the USA, 40 billion tons of Carbon Dioxide Emissions are produced every year. At the present price of $50 per ton of carbon dioxide, the Carbon Dioxide Emissions market is valued at $2.0 Trillion (40 billion tons of Carbon Dioxide Emissions x $50.00/ton). How to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint Carbon Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions can be reduced or completely eliminated with renewable energy technologies, such as our Solar Energy Systems including our super high efficiency Solar Cogeneration and Solar Trigeneration energy systems. Brown buildings can be upgraded in to green buildings and "Net Zero Energy Buildings" through the products and services that we offer. Qualified commercial, government, industrial and municipal clients can affordably have one of our Solar Cogeneration and Solar Trigeneration energy systems installed, with ZERO up-front costs, with our Power Purchase Agreement. Call (832) 758 - 0027 to learn more and find out if your business qualifies.
Wh We Need Renewable Energ and a Feed In Tariff, NOW!

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Wha i a Feed In Ta iff?

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Germany's great success for jump-starting the solar energy industry there, first established Feed In Tariffs in 1999. Germany now has about five times as many solar photovoltaic panels installed as the United States - even though their total combined installations of PV panels still only account for about 0.5% of the electricity generated there. "So, we go with a Feed In Tariff in lieu of a Renewable Portfolio Standard. Simultaneously, we need to start rebuilding our national electric grid, and transforming it into 'Transmission Superhighway' or 'Unified Smart Grid' and dramatically increase the nation's power supply as well as implement greater use of 'Energy Efficiency Measures' - also referred to as Energy Conservation Measures. And we need to implement "real" 'Demand Side Management' programs. Failure to move in these areas and to do so immediately increases the risks to our country, our national security and the climate" according to Mr. Goodell. According to Mr. Goodell, our nation is at a crossroads and we have been 'over the Middle Eastern barrel of their fossil fuels' long enough. We must shift from energy dependence to energy independence and place significant emphasis and investments in our national energy security and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable energy, and only renewable energy provides the significant economic and environmental dividends our country now needs. Preferably, our fledgling renewable energy industry in the U.S., will be "jump-started" with a Feed In Tariff. Some of the economic and environmental dividends that renewable energy will provide our country include: Creation of more than 3 million new jobs in the U.S.. Generate more than $1 trillion in economic impacts Eliminates or Reduces Carbon Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Significant reductions of oil imports Reduce energy prices and save consumers as much as $50 billion on their energy bills Elimination of billions of pounds of carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gas emissions Stimulate rural economies Conserve natural gas supplies Creates a clean, safe energy future Position the US as a world leader in renewable energy technologies According to the Energy Information Administration, the total US primary energy consumption is expected to increase from 100 quadrillion Btu (quads) in 2005 to 131 quads in 2030. However, the renewable electricity generation remains at 9% while use of coal increases 50 percent in 2030 to 57%. Ethanol use is expected to increase from 4 billion gallons in 2005 to 14.6 billion gallons in 2030, yet that is only about 8% of total gasoline consumption. In January (2008) the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) blamed the burning of fossil fuels as a key contributor to global warming and accelerating climate change. The NCDC warned that the rate of the warming is accelerating and that the rise in temperatures over the past 9 years is unprecedented in the historical record." This was underscored in February (2008) in the consensus report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that concluded with near certainty that human activity was the main contributor to global warming. The renewable energy industry, single-handedly, provides a powerful argument and solutions for these problems. Global warming and climate change are symptoms of a sick planet and the results of unrestrained "dumping" of huge amounts of pollution - in the form of carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The vast majority of carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gas emissions comes from "dirty" fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) used in making electricity at power plants and dirty fuels (gasoline and petroleum diesel) that run our internal combustion engines in our cars, trains, planes, and trucks. Our planet is home to millions and millions of internal combustion engines that run on dirty fossil fuels - whether they are fueled with gasoline for running our cars and lawnmowers or running on diesel fuel in the engines of trucks and ships like the very large crude carriers that transport the crude oil all around the world...... every internal combustion engine that is running
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on dirty fossil fuels is dumping millions and millions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gas emissions into our atmosphere - which is aggravating and exacerbating our sick planet - and making manmade climate change and global warming more difficult to resolve through manmade remedies and solutions. "Finally, the fact that over 60% of the gasoline we use every day in our cars comes from foreign countries - should be the "clarion call" that jump-starts the renewable energy industry here in the U.S." said Mr. Goodell. _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Wh We Need The "Unified Smart Grid" or "Transmission Superhigh a "

According to Monty Goodell, the Chairman and Founder of the Renewable Energy Institute, "our country desperately needs to upgrade its' national electric grid. The grid of today is a relic from the past, that is inefficient and costly. Originally built in the 1930's, it is costing our nation approximately $120 billion every year due to its' outdated and out-lived existence. The national power grid as designed and built in the 1930's does not have the efficiencies and capabilities to keep pace with the national power grid's demands of today." "What we need" according to Mr. Goodell, is a "Unified Smart Grid" or what we prefer to call a "Transmission Superhighway." A Transmission Superhighway would be buried underground and "wheels" or transmits the renewable power ("green electricity") from the wind farms of the midwest, and solar farms of the southwest, and geothermal farms of the west, to load centers throughout every corner of the U.S." According to many estimates, the "Unified Smart Grid" or "Transmission Superhighway" could be built for about $400 billion. Through its' increased efficiencies, savings and reliability improvements that it will provide, the nation's new "unified smart grid" will be paid in full, in less than 4 years.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Carbon Dio ide Emissions Since the ear 1750

## Wo ld CO2 ince 1750 (c bic fee )
The carbon clock tracks total carbon dioxide emissions in metric tons since 1750. Since 1750, humans have emitted over 5 trillion pounds of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Roughly half of this has ended up in the oceans where it is beginning to damage the coral reefs. The other half is still in the atmosphere and causing global warming. Each pound of CO2 takes up as much space as a 500 pound person. The formula (which should be good for a year or two) is: C(t) = 2.58 1012 + 1240 t, where t is seconds since the start of 2007. C is tonnes (metric tons) of carbon dioxide emissions. 2205 x C gives pounds of carbon dioxide emissions. That comes to over 43 billion tons/year or over 86 trillion pounds/year. Carbon dioxide (2) = 1 carbon atom with 2 oxygen atoms. Carbon has relative weight 12 and Oxygen 16. So it takes only 12 pounds of carbon to make 12+16+16 = 44 pounds of CO2.
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Greenho se Gas Emissions

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Linked o he Lo
of Pola Bea
Photo courtesy of Alaska Image Library. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ spending hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of billions of dollars every year for oil, much of it from the Middle East, is just about the single stupidest thing that modern society could possibly do. It s very difficult to think of anything more idiotic then that. - R. James Woolsey, Jr., former Director of the CIA _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Price of Addic ion $4,764,347,555,266.97 o Foreign Oil
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
About the Renewable Energy Institute, Climate Science, Tax-payer Subsidies for Fossil Fuel & Nuclear Industries, Peak Oil & America's Clear and Present Danger
Monty Goodell, MBA Founder and Chairman Renewable Energy Institute The Rene able Ene g In i e (REI) doe no ake a and in he deba e on global a ming, and if he e i global a ming, i i "an h opogenic" o i i ca ed b he n, o he n' no mal c cle . O , if he e i " clima e change," i i " global cooling" ca ed b he a e apo in he a mo phe e? A he Rene able Ene g In i e, e a e ai ing fo he " e" cien i ho doing he eal e ea ch, o p o ide i h he cience and an e c i icall needed o fo m la e co ec polic - and no he phon " cien i " ho a e follo ing poli icall -mo i a ed and p ofi -d i en agenda of he Uni ed Na ion and go e nmen leade . The e phon cien i a e no in e e ed in cond c ing eal cien ific e ea ch. Thei e li elihood a e dependen on he go e nmen g an o f nd hei phon e ea ch ha ha e p e-de e mined concl ion befo e and " e ea ch" i cond c ed. Poli ical-in e fe ence b go e nmen , go e nmen al agencie , and b ea c a ha hand o billion of a pa e dolla o phon cien i o cond c "j nk cience" and e ea ch, e pec he concl ion ha ppo
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collec ed $2.1 Billion in a -pa e b idie .
coal ecei ed $3.2 Billion in a -pa e
Ta a e ha e ba ed he i a d ga i d , a d he c a i d f 100 ea , a d he c ea i d f 50 ea , ee he e di f e a d e e g "chea ." Ta e a a he a - a e i ce i e a d a d a , a d e be ie e he ea c f ga i e, d be i i a he ga i e c i E e - $7.00 $8.00/ga ! I he ea i e, U.S. Mi i a i e di g bi i f a - a e d a each ea ec i g he S ai f H he e ch f he d' c de i i d ced a d hi ed h gh he ai ' i e a i a hi i g a e . Each da , h d ed f " e a ge c de ca ie " a h gh he S ai fH ca i g i f OPEC a d he Midd e-Ea he U.S. a d a he c ie . I ' i i e e a e e f he a - a e d a a i ce i i i g c ea , e e ab e e e g ech I ' i i e ha A e ica e d i e ia ce i ie f f eig c ie , a d a Me c Emi ion f om Coal Fi ed Po e Plan Ga Emi ion i g he c ea , c a a d i a d ga i d ie , a d gie ha d ' e ha he e i e i a a ? ai ab e e e g ce a d e $1 bi i e e da , i g hi e i " a e e f ?!? Fa Mo e Ha mf l o he Plane and People han G eenho e ha i bei g d e he a e ec e i i f c a fi ed . We i e ha if a a bea he high e e f ec i hei f e
Rega di g he ha bei g ca ed a e f e eg e, fa e a e ea d a a d a i a , a ic a fi h, f he a ha f he c a fi ed e a ' g ee h e ga e i i died a a e fa e i e a be ,i a e i e f chai , ha f g ee h e ga e i i .
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Clima e Change, Global Wa ming o Global Cooling? The a 10 ea i dica e he g ba c i g ha a e ace.

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I he ea i e, a he e a i be 30 ea f e ea ch bef e he e a e c c i e a e c ce i g a h ge ic c i a e cha ge, ca e " i " 30 ea f chi d e a d g a d chi d e ' f e, h d he e i a i be ee c i a e cha ge a d g ee h e ga e i i ? Sh d e e he ide f ca i ? H bbe ' Peak Oil P edic ion No P o ing T e?
Ma i Ki g H bbe a a ge gi a d cie i h ed a She Oi c a ' e ea ch ab i H , Te a . H bbe ade e e a i a c ib i ge g , ge h ic a d e e ge g . H bbe i ec g i ed f he "H bbe C e" a d " H bbe Pea The " hich i efe ed a " Pea Oi . H bbe ' ife de e i ed ha he d ha a fi i e a f e e ha ca be d ced. (Si i a he e i a fi i e a f c a .) Ma cie i a d e gi ee be ie e e ha e eached H bbe ' " ea i " i i . H bbe ' e e ha he 50% f d e ic c de i d c i ha bee eached, ha he e i be ch ig ifica a d de a d ice f he i i ed ie f i d c i , ha he U.S. ec i e e ie ce e e e ec ic, cia , a d i ica i. H bbe ' Pea Oi edic i ha e e be e a d hi i a ida ed a he U.S. i he ea 1970' d ced ab 60% f i ' i de a d a d i ed 40%. Tha e a i ha f i ed i ce he , beca e d e ic i d c i ha bee he dec i e i ce 1970, ,d e dec i i g d e ic i d c i , e ha e i 60% f i ie , ee c ' i /e e g de a d . The Ne H hi Oil Shock Co ld be he "mo he " of All Oil Shock ec e a ic ca a i a d e he f i g: " i h c " i d ci e aci g ; i i ge e g i ; gica a d ec ic i de e d c de i a d ci be f fac ee i , i c di g e eg he ,
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Now is the time to begin weaning ourselves off of fossil fuels and making the transition to and increasing the use of renewable energ . If ou don't believe in climate change, or global warming, GREAT! Join us in the switch to renewable energ and a fossil-free econom !
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'D 50% S
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America is even more "addicted" to foreign oil toda , than we were in 1973 - 1974 when OPEC, Saudi Arabia and other suppliers from the Middle-East stopped selling us their fossil fuels, and created a significant blow to our econom .
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According to Mont Goodell, Founder and Chairman of the Renewable Energ Institute, "our increased dependence and reliance on foreign energ supplies represents a Clear and Present Danger to our national securit , our econom , and the lives and livelihood of ever American. Energ - including the energ we use from imported fossil fuels, is the ver "lifeblood" of the American econom as it is for ever industriali ed countr . An econom dies without it's lifeblood of energ . This Clear and Present Danger we face is far more
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serious than the problems related to greenhouse gas emissions. And while greenhouse gas emissions are ver serious issue, in the long-term, pales in comparison to America's vital national securit interests and America's economic stabilit in the short term. For this reason alone, America needs to transition awa from its addiction to foreign energ supplies. And America's abundant renewable energ resources such as the energ we receive from the sun, and renewable energ technologies such as concentrated solar power (CSP) plants - can suppl 100% of America's power requirements with a concentrating solar power plant measuring 75 miles b 75 miles, located in the Southwest U.S. B generating America's power from concentrating solar power plants, America resolves its' short-term Clear and Present Danger as it relates to importing its energ from foreign countries, and the long-term problems relating to greenhouse gas emissions." Continuing, Mr. Goodell states that "too man Americans have forgotten what happened to us in 1973, when the Arabs and OPEC brought the United States econom to a screeching halt during the OPEC Oil Embargo. This happened because the (mainl the countr of Saudi Arabia) disagreed with our foreign polic and is the reason wh the "turned off the tap" of our need for their oil supplies. When Saudi Arabia and OPEC stopped the vital flow of oil to our countr in 1973, the caused an "oil shock" that severel and negativel impacted our econom . Mr. Goodell's question for us to ponder is, "do these countries who sell us 60% of our dail energ requirements, like us and our foreign polic , or might the leverage our addiction to their fossil fuels, and turn off the tap to make us adjust or revise our foreign polic ?? Like an addict, America's foreign polic ma be held hostage to its addiction, and in this case, our addiction to foreign oil, ma over-ride our national interests."
Ha e Ame ican' fo go en he ga ho age and long line a hei ga a ion o ge ga d ing he A ab Oil Emba go of 1973?
"Apparentl so." Mr. Goodell states that "in 1973, America was 'addicted' and 'over the barrel' of foreign oil to the amount of 40%. Fort percent of our energ 'needs' in 1973 came from countries - man of which didn't like us then, and I'm afraid, man of them still don't. The difference between 1973 and toda - is that toda we receive 50% MORE foreign oil now than we did in 1973. And now we know about the problems relating to greenhouse gas emissions that we didn't know then. America needs to change course, and change course now, in terms of its' energ supplies and how we keep America's econom strong, without the threat of being held hostage to a middle-east t rant or regime, that could once again, turn on us, and turn off our suppl of foreign oil."
Remembe ????
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" Sad ," M G de c i e , " A e ica ha e f g e he g i e f e e ai i g i hei ca - i ed a d ai i g f ga i e a hei ea b ga a i , i h i e ha e e a b c g. A d, af e ai i g 4-5 h , a e e ai i g e igh i a ace , fi a a e hei fi hei ca i h ga i e, fi d ha he ga a i had f ga ." "Le i f e Re ea .... Tha a 1973 he e ea , a d f f eig c ei ed 40% f dai ie - a d a f he e f e eg c e ie e i he f ie ha d ' i e . i e e ia ce e a a feed c f f c de e eg f d ci g
T da , e 35 ea a e , A e ica ha e ea he e . We ca c f eig c ie ha i h 60% f he c de i ha efi e ie ga i e a d die e f e f ca a d c c e f e ea . A e ica i " e he ba e " a d i ' ba e , b he c ie . Wh ha e e ea ed he e ia e eg ie e eed? C ie i e Chi a, a e g i g a id , a ec , i i c ea i g g i gi i c d hi h gh hei abi i b a ch A e ica d i i g ig , ech g ,a de a ge a f i f hei c , a d ca R ia, i h a f hei i a d a a ga , a decided NOT e i ???? T be Pe e e, g ee h Da ge , b e ia ce f e ga e i i he e e 60% f a ea ha i
he ba e f i ha e a e addic ed b a d ed b e eeded ea i 1973 he e e e c - ff f he
d ha e a i a iab e eed f c de i . Chi a, i h hei b i g a dc e i e ai a ie f c de i - he he he i a he eed a dai ba i , he he he i b ea d d ce i a d ga f hei fie d . Chi a, i b i g i g a d ici g dec i i g ie . Wha ha e if g i h Chi a a d Ve e e a, i h ih he he f OPEC, be ,a d e e a i i gf e, g ee h e ga e i i a ea i e C ea a d P e e Da ge . f eig ie i -acce ab e. a f
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a C ea a d
A e ica'
e e g " eed " c
The "d i e " ge A e ica begi ed ci g a d e i i a i g f i f e e h d be ai ' ai ec i a d he e fa e a d afe f i ci i e . A d hi ca a begi i h de e i ga di e i gi e e ab e e e g e ce a d e e ab e e e g ech gie , e ' a b i g a e e
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ha ha a clea and nob c ed ie of he So he n k . See .Roof opPV.com o .Di ib edPV.com fo mo e info ma ion. Le ' c ea e incen i e begin i h adop ing a na ional "Feed In Ta iff" a Ge man did in 1990. We impl do NOT ha e he l of ime on o hand . We need o end o dependence and eliance on fo eign fo il f el , e peciall f om co n ie ha don' like ! We need o apidl begin e panding ene able ene g e o ce and ene able ene g echnologie f om o a and ab ndan ene able ene g e o ce , ch a ; ola , ola ene g em , ola cogene a ion, ola igene a ion, " ola on e e oof," along i h; Bioma Ga ifica ion, B100 Biodie el, Biome hane, E100 E hanol (f om cell lo ic, ag ic l al a e, ga cane, e c., and NOT f om co n), Geo he mal Po e Plan , Na al Wa e a e T ea men , S n he i Ga , Wa e To Ene g , Wa e To F el and Wind Po e Gene a ion he e i make economic and en i onmen al en e."
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fo Mo e Info ma ion, Vi i One of he Follo ing Si e

Al e na i e F el Engine .Al e na i eF elEngine.com Anae obic Dige e .Anae obicDige e .com
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Anae obic Dige e .Anae obicDige e .com
Be A ailable Con ol Technolog .Be A ailableCon olTechnolog .com Bioga A ocia ion .Bioga A ocia ion.com Bioga Confe ence .Bioga Confe ence.com Bioga Maga ine .Bioga Maga ine.com Bioga To Biome hane .Bioga ToBiome hane.com Bioma Ga ifica ion .Bioma Ga ifica ion.com Biome hane .Biome hane.com Ca bon Dio ide Emi ion .Ca bonDio ideEmi ion .com Ca bon Emi ion .Ca bonEmi ion .com Ca bon F ee Ene g .Ca bonF eeEne g .com Clean Comb .CleanComb ion ion.com
Clean Po e Gene a ion .CleanPo e Gene a ion.com Cogene a ion .Cogene a ion.ne Comp e ed Biome hane .Comp e edBiome hane.com Comp e ed Na al Ga .Comp e edNa alGa .ne Die el To Na .Die elToNa al Ga alGa .com
D al F el Engine .D alF elEngine.com EcoGene a ion .EcoGene a ion.com Engine Sale And Se ice .EngineSale AndSe ice.com
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Enhanced Oil Recover www.EnhancedOilRecover .com Gas Compression www.GasCompression.net Gas Compressors www.GasCompressors.net Gas Gathering www.GasGathering.com Greenhouse Gas Emissions www.GreenhouseGasEmissions.com Greenhouse Gas Reporting www.GreenhouseGasReporting.com Landfill Gas To Energ www.LandfillGasToEnerg .com Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) www.LiquefiedNaturalGas.net Liquefied Petroleum Gas www.LiquefiedPetroleumGas.net Marine Cloud Brightening www.MarineCloudBrightening.com Marine Cloud Whitening www.MarineCloudWhitening.com Natural Gas Engine www.NaturalGasEngine.net Natural Gas Engines www.NaturalGasEngines.net Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) www.NaturalGasLiquids.net Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) www.NaturalGasVehicle.net Natural Wastewater Treatment www.NaturalWastewaterTreatment.com Net Zero Energ www.NetZeroEnerg .com Net Zero Energ Building www.NetZeroEnerg Building.com Onsite Power www.OnsitePowerGeneration.com Pollution Free Power www.PollutionFreePower.com
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Prevention of Significant Deterioration www.PreventionOfSignificantDeterioration.com Renewable Biogas www.RenewableBiogas.com Renewable Biomethane www.RenewableBiomethane.com Renewable Natural Gas www.RenewableNaturalGas.com Reporting GHG Emissions www.ReportingGHGemissions.com Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions www.ReportingGreenhouseGasEmissions.com Reporting Greenhouse Gases www.ReportingGreenhouseGases.com Reporting of Greenhouse Gases www.ReportingOfGreenhouseGases.com Selective Catal tic Reduction www.SelectiveCatal ticReduction.com Stranded Gas www.StrandedGas.com Stranded Oil www.StrandedOil.com Stratospheric Aerosol Insertion www.StratosphericAerosolInsertion.com S nthesis Gas www.S nthesisGas.com Trigeneration www.Trigeneration.com Waste To Energ www.WasteToEnerg .net Waste to Fuel www.WasteToFuel.com
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Waste to Watts www.WasteToWatts.com
For more information, call or email:
[email protected]
Are ou doing our part to prevent Climate Change and End America's Reliance on Foreign Energ ? O follo ing EcoGene a ion echnologie , incl ding o Biome hane, B100 Biodie el and S n he i Ga F el Gene a ed f om o "Wa e o F el" echnologie a e Ca bon F ee Ene g and Poll ion F ee Po e ol ion ha ill: * fo e e change he * elimina e o g ea l a ene g i gene a ed and ed ce o c ed.
ome ' elec ic demand cha ge and elec ic e pen e .
* lo , op and e en all e e e clima e change b ed cing and hen elimina ing an h opogenic g eenho e ga emi ion - of hich ca bon dio ide emi ion make p 80% of all g eenho e ga emi ion . * ed ce and e en all elimina e he e of coal and o he fo il f el . o ned b ili companie .
* ed ce he need fo inefficien and e pen i e cen al po e plan * p omo e ene g independence.
* end Ame ica' dependence on oil f om OPEC and o he co n ie in he Middle-Ea , Vene and end o need fo impo ing na al ga f om R ia.
ela
Anaerobic Digester
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B100 Biodiesel
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Biomass Gasification
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Biomethane
.Biomethane.com
Carbon Dio ide Emissions

.CarbonDio ideEmissions.com
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.CarbonEmissions.com
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.CleanPo erGeneration.com
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.Cogeneration.net
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.ConcentratingSolarPo er.com
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.DistributedSolarGeneration.com
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.EcoGeneration.com
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www.GreenhouseGasEmissions.com
Marine Cloud Whitening

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Net Zero Energ

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Pollution Free Power

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www.RooftopPV.com
Solar Energ S stems

www.SolarEnerg S stems.net
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www.SolarCogeneration.com
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S nthesis Gas
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T igene a ion
.T igene a ion.com
Wa e Hea Reco e
.Wa eHea Reco e .com
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.Wa eToEne g .ne
Wa e To F el
.Wa eToF el.com
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.WindPo e Gene a ion.com
Wind Po e Technologie
.WindPo e Technologie .com
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We support the Rene able Energ Institute b donating a portion of our profits to the Rene able Energ Institute in their efforts to reduce fossil fuel use through rene able energ and their goals to end fossil fuel pollution b reducing/eliminating Carbon Emissions, Carbon Dio ide Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The Rene able Ene g In i e i "Changing The Wa The Wo ld Doe Ene g b P o iding Re ea ch & De elopmen , F nding and Re o ce Tha C ea e S ainable Ene g ia 'Ca bon F ee Ene g ' and 'Poll ion F ee Po e ' Th o gh E panding he e of Rene able Ene g Technologie ."
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info@Fl idi edBedComb ion.com
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Power Generation Plant Search Thousands of Catalogs for Po er Generation Plant

Fluidi ed Bed Combustion

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What is Fluidi ed Bed Combustion?

Fluidi ed Bed Combustion

ion Ai Poll ion Con ol Technologie

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What is a Circulating Fluidi ed Bed Boiler?

Fluidi ed Bed Boilers, a Bed for Burning Coal?

A Fluidi ed Bed Boiler

Wh does a "fluidi ed bed boiler" burn coal cleaner?

Fluidi ed Bed Combustion

Coal Ga ifica ion

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What is Natural Gas to Liquids?

More about Natural Gas To Liquids or "Gas Liquefaction"

Fluidi ed Bed Combustion

A natural gas to liquids, or "gas liquefaction" ultra clean fuels facilit .

F e ce f i c ef e e e ca i , i c ea i g c e a d dee e e e i , a d ee i e a e i i e a ea . Ne ech gie i ce ai be eeded de e he e e ce i a e i e a a d ec ica acce ab e a e . Wi h ad a ced ech gie , Na i ca c i e d ci g he e a ab e d e ic e ce hi e a ee i g e i e a ec i g a .

Fluidi ed Bed Combustion

Clean Power Generation

Biomass Gasification Plants No

Fluidi ed Bed Combustion

Ga ifica ion enginee ing and p ojec de elopmen

M l iple Ad an age of Bioma

Applica ion fo Bioma

Fluidi ed Bed Combustion

The a a ica i :c i g, a ica i :U i g d ce ga E ec ici ge e a i : U i g a ig i i e gi e /i ga

What is S nthesis Gas?

Biomethane ha a i . Biome hane i e e ab e. Bi e ha e C edi " f he e a d b he ga c a g df e i e

Me hanogene i , al o called Biome hana ion, i ca ied o b me hanogen .

he p od c ion of CH4 and CO2 b biological p oce e

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According to the United Nations:

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Fluidi ed Bed Combustion

Biome hane - The Best of All Rene able Fuels!

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Fluidi ed Bed Combustion

Fluidi ed Bed Combustion

What is "Net Zero Energ sm?"

What is a Net Zero Energ Buildingsm?

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Power whether it is 12 Noon,

, and can do so,

Connection to the electric grid!

Fluidi ed Bed Combustion

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Rene able Energ Is Necessar for Net Zero Energ Buildings

Suppl -Side Technologies

Ranking of Energ Options

E amples Da igh i g, high-efficie c hea i g, e i a i , a d ai -c di i i g e i e (HVAC), a a e i ai ,e a ai ec i g

On-Site Suppl Options 1 PV, a h b i di g ae ,a d i d ca ed he

Off-Site Suppl Options 3 Bi a , ca be i - ie ce ge e a e e ec d e e , e ha , bi die e ha ed f ff i e; a e ea f e ha ca be ed - i e ici a d hea he

U i i -ba ed i d, PV, e i i c edi , "g ee " cha i g i ; h d e ec ic i ei e c ide ed

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Sola T igene a ionsm i He e!