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Sumário
SIMPLE PRESENT.........................................................................................................................................................1
PRESENT CONTINUOUS..............................................................................................................................................2
SIMPLE PAST...............................................................................................................................................................3
PAST PROGRESSIVE.....................................................................................................................................................4
USED TO...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
PRESENT PERFECT (SIMPLE)........................................................................................................................................6
PRESENT PERFECT CONTIUOUS..................................................................................................................................7
PAST PERFECT.............................................................................................................................................................7
FUTURE FORMS..........................................................................................................................................................8
SUCH A/AN x SO.........................................................................................................................................................9
COMPARATIVES........................................................................................................................................................10
NEGATIVE PREFIXES..................................................................................................................................................11
EASILY CONFUSED WORDS.......................................................................................................................................12
TOO OR (NOT)… ENOUGH........................................................................................................................................12
CONDITIONALS.........................................................................................................................................................13
RELATIVE CLAUSES....................................................................................................................................................14
GERUND AND INFINITIVE.........................................................................................................................................15
-ED and –ING adjectives...........................................................................................................................................15
PASSIVE VOICE..........................................................................................................................................................16
EITHER…OR/ NEITHER…NOR/ BOTH AND................................................................................................................17
NOUN SUFIXES..........................................................................................................................................................18
REPORTED SPEECH....................................................................................................................................................19
QUESTIONS TAGS......................................................................................................................................................20
CONNECTORS............................................................................................................................................................21
POSITION OF ADVERBS.............................................................................................................................................22
Simple present
Use: facts, permanent situations; habits, repeated actions; stative verbs
∟Can use adverbs of frequency

Structure: Auxiliary: •Do → I/you/we/they •Does → he/she/it

affirmative: I/you/we/they + infinitive
he/she/it + infinitive –s

Negative: I/you/we/they + do not (don’t) + infinitive

he/she/it + does not (doesn’t) + infinitive

Interrogative: Do + I/you/we/they + infinitive?

Does + he/she/it + infinitive?

Spelling:
-Most verbs → +es
-Verbs ending in s, sh, ch, x, o → +es
-Verbs ending in consonant and y → -y +ies
example: asks, says, plays, studies, does, kisses

Examples:
I study every day
every summer we go to the beach
I love pop music
she thinks Jessie James is great
we live with mom
I don’t eat much chocolate
Present continuous
Use: actions happening now; temporary situations; future use, to talk about plans and personal arrangements

Structure: Affirmative Subject + to be + verb–ing

Negative: Subject + to be + not + verb-ing
Interrogative: To be + subject + verb-ing

Spelling:
-most verbs → + ing
-verbs ending in consonant and e → -e +ing
-verbs ending in ie →-ie +ying
-verbs of one syllable ending in “CVC” or verbs of two or more syllables ending in stressed vowel in “CVC” → double
final consonant + ing
Example: making, dying, forgetting, getting

Example:
Are you studying history?
I am not studying Spanish
He is reading a book
I’m relaxing now…
Simple past
Use: Completed actions or events in the past; Things which happened repeatedly in the past, past states.

We often use the simple past with past time expressions → yesterday, last, year

Structures: Auxiliary: did

Affirmative: Subject + Simple past (V2)
Negative: Subject + did not (didn’t) + infinitive
Interrogative: Did +Subject + infinitive

Spelling → (regular verbs)

-most verbs → +ed
-verbs ending in e → +d
-verbs ending in consonant and y → -y +ed
-verbs of one syllable ending in “CVC” or verbs of two or more syllables ending in stressed vowel in “CVC” → double -
final consonant +ed
plan → planned
spot → spotted
admit → admitted
deter → deterred

There are verbs that are irregulars, for example:

leave – left
Past progressive
Actions in progress at a specific time in the past; Past actions interrupted by other actions

Structure: Subject* + was/were + verb –ING

Subject* + was/were + not + verb –ING
Was/were + subject* + verb –ING
*was → I/he/she/it
were → you/we/they

OBS: Past progressive + simple past.

Ex: I was reading a magazine when my mom called my name.
While I was reading a magazine, my mom called me.
Past continuous… + when + Simple past
While + Past continuous, Simple past
When → Simple past
While → Past continuous
Used to
Past habits or situations that are no longer true in the present

Subject + used to + infinitive verb

affirmative→ used to
Negative→ didn’t use to
Present perfect (simple)
Present situations that started in the past, past experience, without saying exactly when they happened.

Structure: S + have/has* + V3
affirmative: Subject + have (‘ve)/has (‘s) + past participle (V3)
negative: Subject + haven’t/hasn’t + V3
interrogative: Have/has + subject + V3

-Have → I/you/they/we;
-has → He/She/It

Verb Participle → regular verbs → simple past

→ irregular verbs

Ex: I have painted the house

Present perfect contiuous
Present situations that started in the past, past actions or situations with effective on the present
Focus in duration of an action

Structure
affirmative: Subject + have/has* + been + V –ING
negative: S + have/has* + not + been + V –ING
interrogative: have/has* + S + been + V –ING

Ex: I have been painting the house too whole morning

Past perfect
“Past of past”
Time Line
Past older
Past Simple
States or acctions that happned beforeother events in tha past
Perfect past Present Future
We want to refer to earlier actions or situations. ____|_______|_________|_________|____
Sequence of events.

Structure:

S + had + Verb V3 + complement

∟( ‘d) ∟(past participle)

Ex: When I arrived the meeting had already started

V2 encontro já V3

Expressions: Before (antes)

Example: I’d seen the movie before I read a book

•We often use these time expressions with the past perfec to indicate sequece of events.
-By the time
-by+ o’clock
-By+ month, year, before, after, when, as soon as, until…
Future forms
Will

S + Will + V1
S +Won’t + V1
Will + S + V1

(be) going to

Present Continuous for Future

S + (be) + V ing + Future expressions

S + (be not) + V ing
(be) + S + V ing
Such a/an x So
Intensification a noun → excess

So → before the adjective/adverb.

Such a/an → before the substantive

We can use so…that and such a/an…that to describe an exceptional quality of a person or thing and consequence
Comparatives
•Comparatives adjectives

Comparative of equality
thing1 + (to be) + as + adj + as + thing2

Comparative of superiority or inferiority

thing1 + to be + adj* + than + thing2

*Short adjective → adj + er (superiority)

-ending in single vowel + consonant (CVC) → double consonant + er
-ending in y → -y +ier
*long adjective → more + adj (superiority) or less + adj (inferiority)
*Irregular adjective:
good → better
bad → worse
far → farther

•Superlative Adjectives
the + adj* + thing

*Short adjective → adj + est (inferiority)

-ending in single vowel + consonant (CVC) → double consonant + est
-ending in y → -y +est
* long adjective → most + adj (superiority) or least + adj (inferiority)
* Irregular adjective:
good → best
bad → worst
far → fast
Negative prefixes
Easily confused words
Remind → ser lembrado
remember → lembrar

Borrow → (from) pegar emprestado

lend → (to) emprestar

Earn → ganhar atravez do esforço → salário

Win → vencer → luck → jogos, competição, loteria

Lose→ perder algo concreto

miss → perder abtrato ...

Tell → to someone something

Say → something to someone

Too or (not)… enough

Strong intensifier (Not) be sufficient
→something has an excess of a characteristic →something has sufficient or insufficient for a characteristic
→Too + adjective/adverb (+ to +Infinitive) → (not) + Adjective/adverb + enough (+ to + infinitive)

•When we use a verb after too or (not)… enough, we must use an infinitive with to, not a gerund.
-Examples:
I missed the game because I didn’t get up early enough.
I missed the game because I got too late.

I was too slow to catch the bus.

I wasn’t fast enough to catch the bus.

He is too overweight to wear his old pants.

He isn’t slim enough to wear his old pant

Amy isn’t tall enough to play volleyball.

Amy is too short to play volleyball.

This apartment isn’t big enough for a family of hour.

This apartment is too small for a family of hour.
Conditionals
Zero Conditional
Indicate facts
If + S + V1 + S + V1
Example: If there is smoke, there is a fire

Fist Conditional
Future events
If + S + V1 + S + + will + V1
| ∟Won’t
∟Don’t/Doesn’t
Example: If save up, I will travel.
If don’t save up, I won’t travel.

Second Conditional
Imaginary situations or hypothetical
If + S + V2 + S + Would + V1
∟Did/Didn’t
Example: If I eon the lotery, I would travel the world

* Excessão: quando a condicional se refere a pessoas usa-se o “were”

If I were a boy
If I was here

Third Conditional
Regret (arrependimento)
Imaginay or hypothetical past situations and imagine different consequences
If + past perfect + would have + Past participe
If + S + had + V3 + S + Would have + V3
Example:If I had told the truth, she would forgiven me.

Conditional + main clause OR main clause + Conditional

Relative clauses
Relative clauses give essential information about a noun (things, peoples, possessions, places, or time)

Give extra information related to a previously mentioned noun or pronoun within a sentence.
A relative clauses always stars with a relative pronoun

Relatives Pronouns:
Replace words already spoken earlier in the sentence to join the information.

-We use relative pronouns to add a new clause (the relative clause) to a sentence.
-The relative pronoun refers to the noun before it.

•That: Things and people.

Example: Working as a singing tutor is something that I love doing.
In non-defining sentences, the word that cannot replace who or which

•Which: Things.
Example: Mountains is the song, which stands out the most.

•Who: People.
Example: Anyone who know Ruth will agree that she works very hard.
Followed by verb

•Whose: Possession.
Example: I performed in a bar whose customers were at last twice my age.
Followed by possession (no verb).

•Where: Places.
Example: I am in a small venue where a young a woman is about to sing.

•When: Times.
Example: On a night when millions of people are watching TV…

OBS: whom: followed by subject

Omission of relative pronouns:

We can omit the relative pronoun in defining relative clauses, if it is the object of the relative clause.
→ Subject + verb +→ it is probably the object of a relative clause.
→Before a noun or a pronoun
-That´s the book (that/Which) Felipe read last week. → Subject = Felipe Object = book
-That’s the book That/Which explains the theory of relativity. → Subject = book
-Who/Which/that/when → can omit;
Whose/Where → can never omit;

Non-defining relative clauses: Given extra information

Use commas to separate the clause from the rest of the sentence;
Can’t omit any relative pronoun;
Can’t use that

I met a man. He works for a record company.

I met a man who/that works for a record company.

This is a café. I often go there on weekends.

This is a café where I often go there on weekends.

Anna has a friend. Her friend’s house has ten bedrooms.

Anna has a friend whose house has ten bedrooms.

Jared is a singer. He performs regularly at this venue.

Jared is a singer who/that performs regularly at this venue.

Linda likes reading science articles. They tell her about the universe.
Linda likes reading science articles that/which tell her about the universe.

Carnival is a great time of year. We dress up and have fun.

Carnival is a great time of year when we dress up and have fun.
Gerund and infinitive
Gerund: Verbs with –ING form → Translated into Portuguese as infinitives.
Structure: Verb + ING

Will be must gerund:

1] Beginning of sentence
EX: Smoking is prohibited.
2] After prepositions
in/on/at/with/without/about/against/of/for/after/before
EX: Before opening the letter, she took a deep breath.
You can save 10% by booking on the internet.
She screamed instead of speaking softly.

3] after some verbs

Like/Love/Hate/ Prefer/Stop}
OBS: Can put a “gerund” or “to + infinitive” after some verbs:
Like/love/hate/prefer
Example: She loves to teach singing
She loves teaching singing
Obs: would like/love etc… → infinitive

4] After expressions:
- Don’t care/mind worth.
- Can’t stand.
- Can’t help (não poder evitar).
- Be worth (valer a pena).
- Feel like (Estar a fim ou com vontade de).
-It is no good (não é bom).
-It is good (é bom).
-It is no use (não adianta).
-There is no point (não há razão/porque)
-What about/ How about (que tal)
-Be used to (estar acostumado a)
-Object to (oporse-se recusar)

5] After verb to be
Am + to + verb Gerund
Ex: My favorite hobby is walking

Infinitive: Want, hope, need, would, like → Most of the verbs

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or to + infinitive, but there is change in meaning.
EX: Stop: gerund = to end an action, Infinitive = to interrupt one action with another action.

-ED and –ING adjectives

-ED: describe how a person feels and know

-ING: describe the cause of a feeling

∟ classifies something or someone

Example:

There is nothing to do. I am bored.

This movie is boring
Passive voice

Focus in action → no in subject

I washed the dishes

the dishes were washed by me
to be + V3

To be → depend → verb (present, past...)

My friend do housework.
∟Subject ∟ present ∟object;
Housework is done by him.
∟Subject ∟ present ∟object;

Structure: be + past participle (V3)

be → in the same tense that the active sentence

Tense Active Passive

Simple present Takes Is taken
Simple past Took Was taken
Present continuous Is taking Is being taken
Past continuous Was talking Was being taken
Present Perfect Have taken Have been taken
Past Perfect Had taken Had been taken
Future Will take Will be taken
Modal Can take Can be taken
Either…or/ neither…nor/ both and
Either…or Neither…nor Both… and
There are two possibilities, but you There are two possibilities, but we Can choose both
can only choose one of the two. are not allowed to choose either
one.
Isso ou aquilo nem isso nem aquilo Isso e aquilo
+ | - or - | + - | - + | +
You can either have a burger or a We like neither was nor arguments They can both have pizza and pasta.
milk shake Is up to them.
OBS: Neither (-) → We like either wasn’t or arguments. You can’t to use neither…nor in the negatie tense.
OBS: “Neither… nor” is formal. It is more common to use “not…or”, “not…and not… either”
Noun sufixes
Mis – errado
dis -
im (com m/p)
in
ir
over – exagero
re – fazer de novo
self – auto
under – sub
un

Noun sufsixes
ance
ation
ence
er
ian
ion
ist
or
ment

Adjective suffixes

Able - capaz/ apto

al - x
ful - cheio
ic – matérias universitárias
ish – egiosmo, cores, horarios
ive - x
- less menos ou sem
ous – cheio
y – torna adj em advérbios
Reported speech
Structure: report what a person had said, without saying their exact words
“I’m happy with my life”
∟ he said that he was happy with his life.

*Formal language → reported speech clause with that

Informal language → can omit that

Reported statements

Tense changes: we change the tense of the main verb by putting it one-step further into the past

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present V1 Simple Past V2
Present continuous am/are/is + V-ING Past Continuous was/were + V-ING
Present Perfect have/has + V3 Past perfect had + V3
Simple past V2 Past perfect had + V3
Past continuous was/were + V-ING Past perfect continuous had been + V3
Past Perfect had + V3 Past perfect had + V3
Will Would
Can Could
Must Had to
May Might

Most modal verbs do not change (, should, could, would, might, ought to…)
“I could help you” → He said that he could help me.

Other changes:
- Pronouns usually change
- Expressions of time and place usually change

Reported Questions
Reported questions have a different word order from direct questions. They have the same word order as affimative
setence

“Where is the youth center?” she asked.

She asked (me) where the youth center was
NOT - She asked (me) where was the youth center

If a direct question uses question words (who, why, when, how, what), we repeat the queston word in the reported
question
“Why did you skip school?” he asked her.
He asked her why she had skipped school

If a direct question does not use question words, we use if or wheter in the reported question

Reperted Orders and requests

Orderns:
Subject + Verb + Object + to + infinitive
“Stay way” he said to them → He ordered them to stay away
Request: (pedido)
Subject + ask + object + to + infinitive
“Can you help me?” The girl asked me → The girl asked me to help her

OBS: negative command in reported speech

Put not before to + infinitive
Subject + Verb + Object + not + to + infinitive
“Don’t be silly!” → he told her not to be silly

Reporting verbs

Reporting verb Struture Example

Add, admit, agree, announce, declare, explain, insist, Verb + that He added (that) he was
recall, recommend, reply, report,, reveal, say, suggest, tell sorry.
Advise, ask, invite, order, remind, tell Verb + object + to She advised me to call the
infinitive police
Agree, decide, offer, promise, refuse, threaten Verb + to + infinitive She agreed to help
Apologize for, deny, regret, suggest Verb + gerund He apolagized for being rude
Questions tags

Are used when for agreement or confirmation

Polarization of oration
A positive statement + a negative question tag
A negative statement + a positive question tag

Subject + Verb (+) → Verb + pronoun (-)

Subject + verb (-) → Verb + pronoun (+)
∟ Auxiliary + Subject
OBS: am – amn’t = aren’t
Connectors

Transition words or discourse makers

Link ideas

Careful:
~~~~~. However, ~~
~~, but ~~
Although – no main
Position of adverbs
Cognatos
1] –ção = -tion
fomação = formation

2] –ia = -y
estrategia = estrategy

3] –cial = -cial
crucial = crucial

4] –lar = -lar
regular = regular

5] –e/o = e/o
importante = important
Sucesso = Success

False friends
actually (na verdade, na realidade, o fato é que)

adept (especialista, profundo conhecedor)

agenda (pauta do dia ou da reunião)

alias (pseudônimo, nome falso)

amass (acumular, juntar)

anthem (hino)

anticipate (prever, esperar ansiosamente)

application (inscrição)

appointment (compromisso com hora marcada)

appreciation (gratidão, reconhecimento)

argument (discussão, debate)

assist (ajudar, dar suporte)

assume (presumir, supor)

be obliged (estar agradecido)

balcony (sacada)

beef (carne bovina)

braces (aparelho dental)

camera (máquina fotográfica)

cigar (charuto)

collar (gola)

college (faculdade)

competition (concorrência)

comprehensive (abrangente, extenso, amplo)

compromise (entrar em acordo, fazer concessão, acordo)

convict (condenado)

costume (fantasia)

data (dados)

deception (fraude, ato de enganar)

defendant (réu, acusado)

disposable (descartável)

devolve (transferir)

diversion (desvio)

eventually (finalmente, por fim)

exit (saída, sair)

exciting (empolgante)

exquisite (belo, refinado)

fabric (tecido)

grip (agarrar algo firmemente)

hazard (risco)

idiom (expressão idiomática)

ingenious (engenhoso)

ingenuity (criatividade)

inhabitable (habitável)

injury (ferimento)

interest (juros)

instance (exemplo)

intoxication (embriaguez)

jar (pote)
journal (revista especializada)

lace (tecido fino feito de fios, renda)

ladder (escada portátil)

lecture (palestra, aula)

legend (lenda)

library (biblioteca)

location (localização)

lunch (almoço)

lojas (revista)

mayor (prefeito)

medicine (remédio)

moisture (umidade)

novel (romance)

notice (notar, perceber)

office (escritório)

parents (pais)

pasta (massa, macarrão)

médico (médico)

policy (políticas, diretrizes)

prejudice (preconceito)

preservative (conservante)

particular (particular)

push (empurrar) Palavras em Ingles Conheca 87 Falsos Cognatos para Acelerar seu Aprendizado

pull (puxar)

realize (perceber)

record (gravar um disco ou dados)

requirement (requisito)

resume (retomar, reiniciar)

retired (aposentado)

retribution (represália, punição)

scholar (erudito)

senior (idoso)

sensible (sensato)

service (atendimento)

silicon (silício)

support (appoiar, apoio)

syndic (representante jurídico, delegado)

tax (imposto)

vegetables (legumes e verduras)