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    CBSE TEST PAPER-02

    CLASS - XI BIOLOGY
    (Breathing and Exchange of Gases)

    General Instruction:

    All questions are compulsory.


    Question No. 1 to 3 carries one marks each. Question No. 4 to 6 carry two marks each.
    Question No. 7 and 8 carry three marks each. Question No. 9 carry five marks.

    1. Define vital capacity.

    2. What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in RBC’s?

    3. What is carbaminohaemoglobin?

    4. What is chloride shift? Explain.

    5. Explain briefly the first step is respiration?

    6. Write a note on bronchitis and its prevention.

    7. Differentiate between vital lung capacity and total lung capacity.

    8. Explain the mechanism of breathing in humans.

    9. Describe in brief the respiratory organs of man.

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    CBSE TEST PAPER-02
    CLASS - XI BIOLOGY (Body fluids and circulation)
    [ANSWERS]

    Ans 01. The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration is
    known as Vital Capacity. This includes ERV, TV, and IRV or the maximum volume of air a
    person can breathe out after a forced inspiration.
    Ans 02. About 70% of CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid in RBCs in the presence of

    enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

    Ans 03. Carbaminohaemoglobin is formed when CO2 combines with haemoglobin in blood to

    facilitate the transport of CO2.

    Ans 04. The diffusion of chloride ions from blood plasma into RBC’s is known as chloride
    shift.
    a) Occurs from plasma to RBC’s in the human body.
    b) It maintains ionic balance and electrochemical neutrality.
    Ans 05. First step in respiration is called breathing. In breathing atmospheric air is taken in
    by inspiration and alveolar air is released out by expiration. The exchange of O2 and CO2

    between deoxygenated blood and alveoli, transport of gases throughout body by blood,
    exchange of O2 and CO2 between the oxygenated blood and tissues and utilization of O2 by

    the cells are the other steps involved in it.


    Ans 06. It is “inflammation of the bronchi and is characterized by hypertrophy hyperplasia
    seromucous glands and goblet cells lining the bronchi”
    Symptoms are coughing with thick greenish-yellow sputum. It shows infection, that excessive
    secretion of mucus. It is caused by pollutants as well as the cigarette smoking. Prevention of
    Bronchitis –
    1) Avoiding exposure to allergens.
    2) Treatment involves antibiotic theory & bronchodilator dugs, etc.
    Ans.07.

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    Vital Capacity (VC) Total lung Capacity. (CT2C)

    Sum total of tidal volume, expiratory Sum total of vital capacity and residual
    1.
    reserve and inspiratory reserve volume. volume.

    2. VC = Vt + ERV + IRV TLC = VC + RV

    3. Value is 3500-4500ml. Value is 5000 – 6000ml

    Represents maximum amount of air that Represents maximum total amount of air
    4. a person can expel after filling the lungs which can be present in lungs after
    to the maximum. maximum inspiratory effort.

    Ans 08.

    Breathing involves two stages: Inspiration during which atmospheric air is drawn in
    and Expiration by which the alveolar air is released out.
    The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a pressure
    gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere. Inspiration can occur if the pressure
    within the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) is less than the atmospheric pressure, i.e.,
    there is a negative pressure in the lungs with respect to atmospheric pressure.
    Similarly, expiration takes place when the intrapulmonary pressure is higher than the
    atmospheric pressure.
    The diaphragm and a specialised set of muscles – external and internal intercostals
    between the ribs, help in generation of such gradients.
    Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of the diaphragm which increases the
    volume of the thoracic chamber in the anteroposterior axis. The contraction of
    external intercostal muscles lifts up the ribs and the sternum causing an increase in
    the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorsoventral axis.
    The overall increase in the thoracic volume causes a similar increase in pulmonary
    volume. An increase in pulmonary volume decreases the intrapulmonary pressure to
    less than the atmospheric pressure which forces the air from outside to move into the
    lungs, i.e., inspiration.
    Relaxation of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles returns the diaphragm and
    sternum to their normal positions and reduce the thoracic volume and thereby the
    pulmonary volume. This leads to an increase in intrapulmonary pressure to slightly

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    above the atmospheric pressure causing the expulsion of air from the lungs, i.e.,
    expiration.
    On an average, a healthy human breathes 12-16 times/minute. The volume of air
    involved in breathing movements can be estimated by using a spirometer.

    Ans 09. The following are the main respiratory organs:-

    1) Nostrils – These are the paired openings situated at the anterior and posterior ends of the
    nasal chambers. They are lined up with ciliated epithelium and mucous cells. These prevent
    the entrance of dust into lungs and help in warming and moistening the air. The nasal
    chamber opens interiorly by the external nostril and posterior internal nostril into the
    pharynx.
    2) Larynx – It is situated at the anterior part of the trachea and communicates with the
    pharynx. The glottis is protected by a stiff cartilage called epiglottis. The larynx contains
    pairs of vocal cords which set into vibrations when the air enters into it and produces the
    sound.
    3) Trachea – It is a long ringed tube. It is supported c – shaped elastic cartilaginous rings to
    prevent its collapsing. It is lined internally with the mucous membrane to hold the dust
    particles, bacteria and other foreign bodies. It also warms the air.
    4) Bronchi – Inside the thorax, the trachea bifurcates into two branchy and each of which
    enters into one lung. In each lung, the bronchus again redivides into numerous small
    branches known as bronchioles. These bronchioles further divide at its ends to form
    respiratory bronchioles.
    5) Lungs – There are two large bag-like spongy structures which are the main respiratory
    organs. These are enclosed by double pleural membranes. The lungs are divided externally

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    by lobes. The right lung consists of four lobes and left by two lobes. Inside the lungs, the
    respiratory bronchioles give rise to alveolar ducts, alveolar sac and finally alveoli. Each lung
    contains millions of alveoli. Each alveolus is exceptionally thin walled. Its walls are highly
    permeable and richly supplied with blood capillaries.
    The blood is supplied to the lungs by a pair of pulmonary arteries. These bring blood which
    poor in oxygen & rich in CO2. The exchange of gases occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. The

    oxygenated blood from alveolar capillaries is called by the pair of pulmonary vein to be
    conveyed to the heart.

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