CSC 1000

Introduction to Computing

Lecture 11

Gull e ZulfNargis
[email protected]

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Last Lecture Summary
 System software
 Operating systems
 Functions of Operating System
 Start and Shut down
 Providing a User Interface
 Managing programs
 Managing memory
 Coordinated tasks and Configure devices
 Internet connections, Monitor Performance
 Providing Utilities and automatic Update
 Control a network and Administrator Security
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 Operating System Evolution
 Over past 30 years, the evolution in OS has
made PCs
 easier to use and understand
 more flexible and more reliable
 Many of the first operating systems were
device dependent and proprietary
 A device-dependent program is one that runs
only on a specific type or make of computer
 Proprietary software is privately owned and
limited to a specific vendor or computer model
 Some OS still are device dependent
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 Operating System Evolution
 A device-independent OS is one that run on
computers provided by a variety of manufacturers
 Advantage is you can retain existing application soft ware
and data files even if you change computer models or
vendors
 As new versions of the OS are released, users
upgrade their existing computers and mobile
devices to incorporate features of the new version
 Purchasing an OS upgrade usually costs less than
purchasing the entire operating system
 New versions of OS usually are backward compatible
 Application software, by contrast, may or may not be
upward compatible, meaning it may or may not run on
new versions of the operating system
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Types of Operating Systems
Windows Version Year Released

Windows 3.x 1990

Windows NT 3.1 1993
Windows 95 1995
Windows NT Workstation 4.0 1996
Windows 98 1998
Windows Millennium Edition 2000
Windows 2000 Professional 2000
Windows XP 2001
Windows XP SP2 2004

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 Stand Alone Operating Systems
 Stand-alone OS is a complete OS that works
on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or
mobile computing device.
 Some stand-alone OS are called Client OS
because they also work in conjunction with a
server operating system.
 Client OS can operate with or without a network
 DOS, Windows 3.x, Windows 95, Windows 98,
windows 2000, Windows Vista, Windows XP,
Windows 7, Mac OS X, Unix, Linux
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 Disk Operating System (DOS)
 Single user single-tasking OS
 Two popular version
 PC DOS, which IBM released with its computers
 MS DOS, which was used on millions of “IBM-
compatible” PCs
 Command line interface and completely text
oriented
 16-bit OS, Functions include
 monitor support, disk input and output, keyboard
control and internal functions related to program
execution and file maintenance
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 Disk Operating System (DOS)
 Advantages
 Requires small memory as it is small in size
 Fast and powerful
 Easy to use
 Supports legacy applications
 Weaknesses
 Single user single task
 No built-in support for networking
 Manual Installation of device-drivers
 Supports only 16 Bit programs
 Address limited amount of Memory and storage
 Command Line interface
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DOS Application

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Microsoft Windows 1990 - 2000

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Microsoft Windows 2000 - 2009

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 Windows NT (New Technology)
 32-bit OS released in 1993
 Very stable
 Powerful high-level-language-based
 processor-independent,
 Multiprocessing and multiuser operating system with
features comparable to Unix
 almost completely devoid of MS-DOS code
 Windows NT Workstation
 supports networking and can be used as a server in
peer-to-peer networks, it generally is not used on
network servers
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Windows NT Workstation

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 Windows 9x (Windows 95)
 95, 98, and Millennium Edition (Me)
 Pre-emptive multitasking 32-bit OS
 Supported 16-bit programs well
 Does not require MS-DOS to be installed
separately
 first version of Windows to support the Plug and
Play standard for connecting new hardware.
 With integrated networking support
 Improvements to the GUI, introduced the Start
button and Task Bar
 Very pretty not stable OS 14
 Windows 98
 Upgrade from Windows 95
 Inclusion of the Internet Explorer Web browser
 98 introduced Active desktop that lets users
browse the Internet and local computer in a
similar manner
 enables users to integrate Internet resources directly
on the Windows desktop
 First OS to use the Windows Driver Model
 More robust USB support
 Number of improvements are made to various
other system tools and accessories
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 Windows ME
 last operating system released in the Windows
9x series.
 offers several notable enhancements
 Improved multimedia capabilities,
 built-in support for digital video editing, and
 enhanced Internet features
 Updated GUI
 Optimized for office and developers
 Heavily criticized by users for its instability and
unreliability, due to frequent freezes and
crashes. Entertainment software ran very
poorly
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 Windows 2000
 Look of 9x with file system, networking, power,
and stability of Windows NT
 designed primarily for PCs in offices and small
businesses
 Provides support for
 Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) with up to two
processors
 People with disabilities has been improved
 Different languages and locale information
 Windows NT file system, NTFS 3.0, the Encrypting
File System and basic and dynamic disk storage.
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 Windows XP
 Microsoft’s newest desktop product
 Different look from 2000
 desktop has a more three-dimensional look, with
rounded corners and more shading.
 It also offers some brighter color choices
 Many different versions
 Professional, Home, Media Center Edition
 Digital multimedia support was enhanced
 Advanced networking and Communications was
enhanced
 makes use of Internet Connection Sharing
 Mobile computing became a priority
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 Windows Vista
 Released in 2006 and is available in multiple
editions:
 Windows Vista Home Basic
 Windows Vista Home Premium
 Windows Vista Ultimate
 Windows Vista Business
 Offered enhancements in reliability, security,
easy deployment and performance
 Windows Vista Provides Programs such as
 Windows Firewall, Windows Messenger, Windows
Media Player, Windows Side Bar
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 Windows Vista - Desktop
 Updated GUI
 Simplified and
centralized desktop
configuration
management.
 Visual Style called Aero
introduces support for
3D graphics (Windows
Flip 3D), translucency
effects (Glass), live
thumbnails, window
animations, and other
visual effects
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Windows Vista Features

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 Windows 7
 Microsoft’s fastest, most efficient operating
system to date and is available in multiple
editions:
 Windows 7 Starter
 Windows 7 Home Premium
 Windows 7 Ultimate
 Windows 7 Professional
 Windows 7 Provides Programs such as
 Windows Firewall, Windows DVD Maker, Windows
Media Player, Desktop Gadget Gallery

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 Windows 7 Desktop

Windows 7 has a new interface, easier

With Windows 7 Aero Flip 3D, users
navigation and searching techniques,
flip through windows by rolling the
and improved security
wheel on their mouse.
 To run Windows 7 Home Premium requires at least 1 GB of
RAM
 On a 64-bit computer, 2 GB of RAM is required.
 Windows 7 adapts to the hardware configuration on which it is
installed
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Windows 7 Additional Features

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 Macintosh OS X
 The Macintosh OS has set the standard for
operating system ease of use since 1984
 Mac OS works only on Macintosh computers
 Based on FreeBSD Linux
 Small market share
 Latest version is Mac OS X

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 Macintosh OS X
 Very stable and easy to configure
 Mac OS X includes these features:
 New desktop search technology
 Dashboard, a desktop area for mini-programs called widgets
 Built-in, fast Web browser
 Parental controls
 Improved backup utility, called Time Machine
 Accessibility interface reads e-mail messages
 3-D personal video and audio conferencing
 Filter to eliminate junk e-mail messages
 Contact lists synchronized with Bluetooth enabled smart phone or
other mobile device
 Latest version of QuickTime to listen to music and view videos on
the Internet
 Easy networking of computers and devices
 Windows network connection and shared Windows documents

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OS X Desktop

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 Unix
 Runs on all computer
types Unix is a multitasking
 32- or 64-bit operating system developed
in the early 1970s
 Very powerful, stable
and fast
 Command-line interface
 Can cost thousands of
dollars
 Power users often work
with UNIX because of
its flexibility and power
Many versions of UNIX have a GUI
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 Unix
 Composed of three parts Kernel, shell and the programs
 Kernel is the hub of the Unix OS
 Functions of kernel is to allocate memory and time to the programs.
 handles system calls in response to storage of files and
communication.
 Shell acts as an interface between user and kernel.
 done through small process which takes place when a user logs in
 Program which has a control over the login checks for the
correct user name and password of every user who tries to
login.
 In Unix OS, everything is either a process or a file.
 A file can be considered as a collection of data which are created by
the user by making use of text editors, running compilers etc.
 A process can be considered as a program which is under
execution and is identified by a unique processor identifier (PID).

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 Linux
 Open-source, popular,
multitasking UNIX-type
operating system
 Free or inexpensive
version of UNIX
 32-bit OS
 Very stable and fast Some versions of Linux have a GUI
 Most flavors are open Supports multiple users and multiple
source processors
 X Windows GUI Can run on nearly any computer and
can support almost any type of
 Command line interface application
is available
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 Linux
 Includes many free programming languages and utility
programs.
 Promoters of open source software state two main
advantages:
 users who modify the software share their improvements with
others, and
 customers can personalize the software to meet their needs.
 Two most popular GUIs available for Linux are
GNOME and KDE.
 Some companies such as Red Hat market software
that runs on their own distribution of Linux.
 Many application programs, utilities, and plug-ins have
Linux distributions, including OpenOffice.org,
StarOffice, Mozilla, Yahoo! Messenger, RealPlayer,
QuickTime, and Acrobat Reader
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Market Share

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 Network Operating System
 Allows users to share printer, Internet access, files
and programs on a network
 Administrator security by establishing user name and
password for each user
 The “ other" computers are called client computers,
and each computer that connects to a network server
must be running client software designed to request a
specific service

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 Network Operating Systems (NOS)
 Fast and stable
 Runs on servers
 Multi-user and multitasking OS
 32- or 64-bit
 File and print sharing
 Users access the same files
 Hundreds of users use a printer
 Different OS can interact
 Windows Server 2000, 2003, 2008, Unix,
Linux, Solaris, Novell Netware
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 NOS Features
 Data integrity
 Backups copies data onto tape
 RAID copies data onto other drives
 Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
 Relies on two or more hard drives
 May speed access to data
 Data security
 Access to data can be restricted
 Access to server resources is controlled
 Audits can be kept

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 Networking OS – NT Server
 Same core as NT Workstation
 Security features for grouping and authenticating
users and controlling their access to network
resources
 Multi user capability added
 supports the use of many hard disks, working
together to store huge amounts of data
 RAID support included
 can be configured to provide redundancy of data, writing
the same data to multiple disks, so it is preserved in
case one disk fails.
 All these features make it possible for Windows NT
Server to ensure disk and data security even in the
event of a catastrophic failure of a hard disk
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 Windows 2000 Server
 Same technology as 2000 workstation
 Active Directory (AD)
 Central database of server resources
 Simplifies network management
 Distributed programs supported
 Server Standard Edition
 Advanced Server Edition
 Data Center Edition
 It includes the Advanced Server features, plus
support for SMP with up to 32 processors.
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 Windows 2003 Server
 Designed to compete with UNIX
 XP like interface
 Better support for XP computers
 MS .NET framework supported
 Distributed programs are supported
 Designed to support Web-based applications, large
databases, ecommerce servers, and distributed
applications, which are applications with parts that
run on different computers, distributing the work and
data across the network
 Server Standard Edition
 Data Center Edition
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 Windows 2008 Server
 server operating system is based on the kernel (i.e.
the core) of Windows Vista
 offers increased reliability and flexibility in the server
environment
 Main features of Windows Server 2008
 PowerShell new command line
 User Interface like Windows Server 2003
 “Bitlocker” for the complete encoding of the hard disk
 Windows SharePoint services 3.0
 Network Access Protection (NAP) to isolate unsafe
clients
 Windows Deployment Services (WDS)
 Windows System Resource Manager (WSRM)
 Windows Server Backup
 Include Hyper-V, a virtualization technology
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 Windows 2008 Server
 Windows Server 2008 Standard
 capability of supporting up to a maximum of 4 GB RAM in its 32 bit version and
32 GB RAM in its 64 bit version.
 supports up to 4 processors and a maximum of 12 server roles.
 Windows Server 2008 Enterprise
 capability of supporting up to a maximum of 64 GB RAM in its 32 bit version and
2 TB RAM in its 64 bit version.
 Supports up to 8 processors and a maximum of 17 server roles.
 Windows Server 2008 DataCenter
 capability of supporting up to a maximum of 64 GB RAM in its 32 bit version and
2 TB RAM in its 64 bit version.
 Depending upon hardware, it is capable of supporting up to 64 processors and
a maximum of 17 server roles. It is used in computer Centers and Clusters.
 Windows Web Server 2008
 Capability of supporting up to a maximum of 4 GB RAM in its 32 bit version and
32 GB RAM in its 64 bit version.
 Support only the Web Server role.
 Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems for computers with
64-bit processors that function as a Web server
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 Unix for Servers
 Oldest NOS in widespread use
 Stable secure and fast
 Main OS for Internet and Web
 Large organizations depend on UNIX for
managing large databases shared by hundreds or
thousands of users
 capable of handling a high volume of transactions
in a multiuser environment and working with
multiple processors using multiprocessing
 Many Web servers use UNIX as their operating
system
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 Linux for Servers
 Popular in small businesses
 Cost-effective alternative to other operating
systems for sharing files, applications, printers,
modems, and Internet services
 Stable, fast and inexpensive
 large number of Linux servers hosting Web
sites and performing other roles on the Internet
 Some network servers use Linux as their
operating system
 Clients on the network can run Linux, UNIX, or
Windows
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 Solaris
 a version of UNIX developed by Sun
Microsystems, is a server OS designed
specifically for e-commerce applications.
 Manages high-traffic accounts and incorporates
security necessary for Web transactions
 Client computers often use a desktop program,
such as GNOME desktop, that communicates
with the Solaris OS

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Solaris

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 Novell NetWare
 Server OS designed for client/server networks.
 Server portion that resides on the network server and
 Client portion that resides on each client computer
connected to the network
 Supports open source software and runs on all
types of computers from mainframes to personal
computers.
 Client computers also can have their own stand-
alone OS such as a Windows, Mac OS, or Linux
 Benefit is the long-term reliability of the product
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Novell Netware Desktop

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Summary I
 Operating System Evolution
 Types of Operating Systems
 Stand alone Operating Systems
 DOS
 Windows NT
 Windows 9x (Windows 95, 98 ME)
 Windows 2000
 Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7
 Mac OS X
 Unix
 Linux
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Summary II
 Network Operating Systems
 Features
 Windows NT Server
 Windows 2000 Server
 Windows 2003 Server
 Windows 2008 Server
 Unix for Servers
 Linux for Servers
 Solaris
 Novell Netware

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 Recommended Websites
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetWare
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system

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