Journal of Advanced Zoology

ISSN: 0253-7214
Volume 44 Issue S-8 Year 2023 Page 229 -238

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Research Paper On Artificial Intelligence And It’s Applications

N. H. Patil1*, S. H. Patel2, S.D. Lawand3
1*
Assistant Professor Department Of Information Technology, Changu Kana Thakur Arts, Commerce and
Science College, New Panvel Email: [email protected]
2
Department Of Information Technology, Changu Kana Thakur Arts, Commerce and Science College, New
Panvel Email: [email protected]
3
Department Of Information Technology ,Changu Kana Thakur Arts, Commerce and Science College, New
Panvel Email: [email protected]
*
Corresponding Author: N.H. Patil
*
Assistant Professor, Department Of Information Technology, Changu Kana Thakur Arts, Commerce and
Science College, New Panvel Email: [email protected]

Abstract

In the future, intelligent machines will replace or enhance human capabilities

in many areas. Artificial intelligence is the intelligence exhibited by
machines or software. It is the subfield of computer science. Artificial
intelligence is becoming a popular field in computer science as it has
enhanced the human life in many areas. Artificial intelligence in the last two
decades has greatly improved performance of the manufacturing, service
sector and so in the field of education. Study in the field of artificial
intelligence has given rise to the rapidly growing technology known as expert
system. Application areas of artificial intelligence is heaving a huge impact
on various fields of life as expert system is widely used in these days to solve
the complex problems in various areas as education, engineering, business,
medicine, weather forecasting etc. The areas employing the technology of
artificial intelligence have seen an increase in the quality and efficiency. This
paper gives an overview of this technology and the scope of artificial
intelligence in different areas with special reference to the use of this
technology in the field of education along with its meaning, searching
CC License techniques, inventions and future.
CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0

INTRODUCTION

It is claimed that artificial intelligence is playing an increasing role in the research of educational technology,
management sciences and operational research areas. Intelligence is commonly considered as the ability to
collect knowledge to solve complex problems. In the near future intelligent machines will replace human
capabilities in many areas. Artificial intelligence is the study of intelligent machines and software that can
reason, learn, gather knowledge, communicate, manipulate and perceive the objects. John McCarthy coined
the term in 1956 as branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. It is
the study of the computation that makes it possible to perceive reason and act. Artificial intelligence is different
from Psychology because it emphasis on computation and is different from computer science because of its
emphasis on perception, reasoning and action. It makes machines smarter and more useful. It works with the
help of artificial neurons (artificial neural network) and scientific theorems (if then statements and logics). AI
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technologies have matured to the point in offering real practical benefits in many of their applications. Major
artificial intelligence areas are Expert systems, Intelligent computer aided instructions, Natural language
processing, Speech understanding, Robotics and sensory systems, Computer vision and scene recognition,
Neural computing. From these expert system is a rapidly growing technology which is heaving a huge impact
on various field of life. The various techniques applied in artificial intelligence are Neural network, Fuzzy
logic, Evolutionary computing, Computer aided instructions and Hybrid artificial intelligence.
It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It
is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to
confine itself to methods that are biologically observable. While no consensual definition of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) exists, AI is broadly characterized as the study of computations that allow for perception,
reason and action. Today, the amount of data that is generated, by both humans and machines, far outpaces
humans’ ability to absorb, interpret, and make complex decisions based on that data. Artificial intelligence
forms the basis for all computer learning and is the future of all complex decision making. This paper examines
features of artificial Intelligence, introduction, definitions of AI, history, applications, growth and
achievements.

Evolution of AI definition
AI has a history much longer than is commonly understood, in fields from science and philosophy ranging all
the way back to ancient Greece but its modern iteration owes much to Alan Turing and conference in Dartmouth
College in 1956 where the term “Artificial Intelligence” was officially coined and defined by John McCarthy
at the time as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines”. Russel and Norvig (2020) referred
to it as the “the birth of artificial intelligence.” One of the initial paradigms of AI was that it revolved around
high-level cognition. Not the ability to recognise concepts, perceive objects, or execute complex motor skills
shared by most animals, but the potential to engage in multi-step reasoning, to understand the meaning of
natural language, to design innovative artefacts, to generate novel plans that achieve goals, and even to reason
about their own reasoning. This general human like intelligence was referred to as strong AI For strong AI, the
primary approach has centred on symbolic reasoning, that computers are not simply numeric calculators but
rather general symbol manipulators. As noted by Newell and Simon (1976) in their physical symbol system
hypothesis, intelligent behaviour appears to require the ability to interpret and manipulate symbolic structures.
While this approach showed promise initially (Newell & Simon, 1963), many branches of AI have retreated
from this approach due its difficulty and the lack of progress coming in to the 21 st century. It remains yet
uncertain on when and if strong AI will be made a reality.
The distinction between weak AI and strong AI is also concerned with rule adherence, i.e., the way machines
interact with rules distinguishes rule-based decision making in which machines strictly respect the rules set by
developers from rule following decision making which machines follow rules that have not been strictly
specified to them. Rule-based decision-making matches weak AI, while rule-following decision making is an
attempt that tends towards strong AI. An example of rule-following decision making is neural networks (NN),
which allow algorithms to learn from themselves. Strong AI would be machines making their own rules and
then follow them, which is not possible at the stage of right now
AI has gone through many peaks and troughs since its early inception in the 1950s, usually referred to as AI
“summers and winters. Since 2010, however, AI can be said to have once again entered a summer period,
mainly due to considerable improvements in the computing power of computers and the access to massive
amounts of data .This resurgence in AI research is the result of three breakthroughs: (1) the introduction of a
much more sophisticated class of algorithms; (2) the arrival on the market of low-cost graphics processors
capable of performing large amounts of calculations in a few milliseconds; and (3) the availability of very
large, correctly annotated databases allowing for more sophisticated learning of intelligent systems (Jain et al.,
2004, Khashman, 2009, PWC, 2019).
Despite the length of time the field has existed, there is still no commonly accepted definition (Allen,
1998, Bhatnagar et al., 2018, Brachman, 2006, Hearst and Hirsh, 2000, Nilsson, 2009). This is not considered
a problem yet, as many scientific concepts only get true definitions after they have matured enough, rather than
at their conception, and given the complexity and breadth of AI, it may not be feasible to expect AI to have a
set definition yet. Still, this doesn’t mean that the topic should be ignored, especially with the recent
advancements and advancements relating to the field.However, without a clear definition of the term, “it is
difficult for policymakers to assess what AI systems will be able to do in the near future, and how the field may
get there. There is no common framework to determine which kinds of AI systems are even desirable”
(Bhatnagar et al., 2018). A similar concern has been echoed by Monett and Lewis (2018), that “theories of

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intelligence and the goal of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) have been the source of much confusion both within
the field and among the general public”.
In the years immediately preceding and after the 1956 Dartmouth conference where the term was coined, when
the concept for AI was first brewing in academic consciousness, many researchers (would later become famous
for their contributions to AI) formulated many theories and proposals that focused on the common features of
mind and (McCulloch and Pitts, 1943, Turing, 1950, von Neumann, 1958, Wiener, 1948). While these thought
leaders were influential, the field of AI as we know it owes more to McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, and Simon.
While this is partly due to their own attendance of the famous 1951 Dartmouth conference, it is likely more
since they went on to establish three leading research centres which shaped the stream of though regarding AI
for years. Their own opinion on AI was as follows;“By ‘general intelligent action’ we wish to indicate the
same scope of intelligence as we see in human action: that in any real situation behaviour appropriate to the
ends of the system and adaptive to the demands of the environment can occur, within some limits of speed and
complexity” (Newell & Simon, Computer science as empirical enquiry: Symbols and search, 1976).
Intelligence usually means “the ability to solve hard problems” (Minsky, 1958).
“AI is concerned with methods of achieving goals in situations in which the information available has a certain
complex character. The methods that have to be used are related to the problem presented by the situation and
are similar whether the problem solver is human, a Martian, or a computer program” (McCarthy, 1988). With
the variety of separate opinions on what AI is, lacking agreement on a standard evaluation (i.e., criteria,
benchmark tests, milestones) makes it extremely challenging for the field to maintain healthy growth
(Hern´andez-Orallo, 2017).

A systematic guide to literature review development

Okoli (2015) propose a systematic review process that consists of 8 steps, namely planning (2 steps), selection
(2 steps), extraction (2 steps) and execution (2 steps) that are completed across 4 phases (see Fig. 1.). Each of
these four phases and eight steps are discussed in detail in the remainder of the section.

Discussion

This section summarises the findings of the SLR and highlights some areas that research to date has focused
and the key findings from these studies. It is then followed by a discussion on the theoretical contributions and
implications for practice. The overall goal is to uncover themes that are relevant for research and practice and
identify areas which warrant further research. This section will discuss relevant insights we found from the
literature, starting with the lack of cohesion around the definition of AI, the resurgence of AI interest and
research in recent years, the specific contribution types of AI literature, and the disproportionate focus on
machine learning and process automation.

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In this study we conducted a SLR that provides a comprehensive overview on AI in IS related studies. By using
a systematic literature review, we identified, classified, and analysed 1877 studies on AI and ML in IS that
were published between 2005 and 2020. Of these, 98 were identified as primary studies, after a rigorous
filtering process. To understand the fundamentals of AI in IS we examined and studied the articles based on
studies by year, publication channel, research methods used, and their contribution to IS contributions research.
Prior to commencing this task however, we had to consider the problem that the definitions of artificial
intelligence were largely varied and ambiguous.

Following are the sample Questions?

1) Are you aware of Artificial intelligence?
2) Should AI be allowed to replace human workers in certain job?
3) Do you agree that artificial intelligence has useful applications in the medical field and education sector?
4) How will the advancements of artificial intelligence and robotics impact your decision of being involved
in a specialty?
5) Do you believe that artificial intelligence will significantly impact the future of technology and society?"
6) Artificial intelligence has the potential to revolutionize healthcare and improve patient outcomes?
7) Ethical considerations aside, I am comfortable with the use of AI-powered virtual assistants in my daily life?
8) I believe that governments should establish clear regulations for the ethical use of AI technology?
9) I believe that AI should be used to address global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and healthcare
disparities?
10) AI has the potential to enhance efficiency and productivity in various industries?

DATA ANALYSIS:

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE METHODS:

1. Machine Learning
It is one of the applications of AI where machines are not explicitly programmed to perform certain tasks;
rather, they learn and improve from experience automatically. Deep Learning is a subset of machine learning
based on artificial neural networks for predictive analysis. There are various machine learning algorithms, such
as Unsupervised Learning, Supervised Learning, and Reinforcement Learning. In Unsupervised Learning, the
algorithm does not use classified information to act on it without any guidance. In Supervised Learning, it
deduces a function from the training data, which consists of a set of an input object and the desired output.
Reinforcement learning is used by machines to take suitable actions to increase the reward to find the best
possibility which should be taken in to account.

2. Natural Language Processing(NLP)

It is the interactions between computers and human language where the computers are programmed to process
natural languages. Machine Learning is a reliable technology for Natural Language Processing to obtain
meaning from human languages. In NLP, the audio of a human talk is captured by the machine. Then the audio
to text conversation occurs, and then the text is processed where the data is converted into audio. Then the
machine uses the audio to respond to humans. Applications of Natural Language Processing can be found in
IVR (Interactive Voice Response) applications used in call centres, language translation applications like
Google Translate and word processors such as Microsoft Word to check the accuracy of grammar in text.
However, the nature of human languages makes the Natural Language Processing difficult because of the rules
which are involved in the passing of information using natural language, and they are not easy for the computers
to understand. So NLP uses algorithms to recognize and abstract the rules of the natural languages where the
unstructured data from the human languages can be converted to a format that is understood by the computer.

Automation & Robotics

The purpose of Automation is to get the monotonous and repetitive tasks done by machines which also improve
productivity and in receiving cost-effective and more efficient results. Many organizations use machine
learning, neural networks, and graphs in automation. Such automation can prevent fraud issues while financial
transactions online by using CAPTCHA technology. Robotic process automation is programmed to perform
high volume repetitive tasks which can adapt to the change in different circumstances.

3. Machine Vision
Machines can capture visual information and then analyze it. Here cameras are used to capture the visual
information, the analogue to digital conversion is used to convert the image to digital data, and digital signal
processing is employed to process the data. Then the resulting data is fed to a computer. In machine vision,
two vital aspects are sensitivity, which is the ability of the machine to perceive impulses that are weak and
resolution, the range to which the machine can distinguish the objects. The usage of machine vision can be
found in signature identification, pattern recognition, and medical image analysis, etc.

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4. Knowledge-Based Systems(KBS):
A KBS can be defined as a computer system capable of giving advice in a particular domain, utilizing
knowledge provided by a human expert. A distinguishing feature of KBS lies in the separation behind the
knowledge, which can be represented in a number of ways such as rules, frames, or cases, and the inference
engine or algorithm which uses the knowledge base to arrive at a conclusion.

5. Neural Networks:
NNs are biologically inspired systems consisting of a massively connected network of computational
“neurons,” organized in layers. By adjusting the weights of the network, NNs can be “trained” to approximate
virtually any nonlinear function to a required degree of accuracy. NNs typically are provided with a set of input
and output exemplars. A learning algorithm (such as back propagation) would then be used to adjust the weights
in the network so that the network would give the desired output, in a type of learning commonly called
supervised learning.

Applications of AI

1. AI in Astronomy
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can be helpful
for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.
2. AI in Healthcare
In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and going to have a
significant impact on this industry. o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis
than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical
help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming
AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine
needs to think of a large number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance
AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is implementing automation,
Chabot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital
world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,
are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.
6. AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snap chat contain billions of user profiles, which need to be
stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can
analyse lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
6. AI in Travel & Transport

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AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel related works such
as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel
industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and
fast response.
7. AI in Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better performance. Such
as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant. o Various Industries are currently working for
developing self-driven cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.
8. AI in Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed such that
they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can
perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed. o Humanoid Robots are best examples for
AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which
can talk and behave like humans.
9. AI in Agriculture
Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result. Now a day's
agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture
robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
10. AI in E-commerce
AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more demanding in the e-
commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or
even brand.
11. AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can communicate with
students as a teaching assistant. o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which
will be accessible easily at any time and any place.

SOME OTHER APPLICATIONS:

1. Fraud detection.
The financial services industry uses artificial intelligence in two ways. Initial scoring of applications for credit
uses AI to understand creditworthiness. More advanced AI engines are employed to monitor and detect
fraudulent payment card transactions in real time.
2. Virtual customer assistance (VCA).
Call centres use VCA to predict and respond to customer inquiries outside of human interaction. Voice
recognition, coupled with simulated human dialog, is the first point of interaction in a customer service inquiry.
Higher-level inquiries are redirected to a human.
3. Medicine:
A medical clinic can use AI systems to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and provide medical
information. AI has also application in fields of cardiology (CRG), neurology (MRI), embryology
(solography), complex operations of internal organs etc.
4. Heavy Industries :
Huge machines involve risk in their manual maintenance and working. So in becomes necessary part to have
an efficient and safe operation agent in their operation.
5. Telecommunications:
Many telecommunications companies make use of heuristic search in the management of their workforces for
example BT Group has deployed heuristic search in a scheduling application that provides the work schedules
of 20000 engineers.
6. Music:
Scientists are trying to make the computer emulate the activities of the skillful musician. Composition,
performance, music theory, sound processing are some of the major areas on which research in Music and
Artificial Intelligence are focusing on. Eg:chucks, Orchextra, smartmusic etc.
7. Antivirus:
Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have played increasingly important role in antivirus detection. At
present, some principal artificial intelligence techniques applied in antivirus detection It improves the
performance of antivirus detection systems, and promotes the production of new artificial intelligence
algorithm and the application in antivirus detection to integrate antivirus detection with artificial intelligence.
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Conclusion

This systematic literature review study provides a structured understanding of the state-of-the-art of AI research
in IS. This was achieved by identifying 98 primary studies out of 1877 related AI articles over a fifteen-year
period (2005 – 2020) and analysed them with respect to (i) definitions of AI, (ii) frequency of publication by
year, (iii) publication channels, (iv) research method and data collection type, (v) contribution type, (vi) type
of AI and (vii) business value.
A clear finding emerging from this systematic literature review is the need to (i) increase the number of rigorous
academic studies on AI, especially regarding tools and models, (ii) be more detailed on the definition of AI
used in studies, even when it is not the focus, and (iii) build on cumulative knowledge. Research on AI in IS is
still largely unexplored. While there is a relatively sizable amount of literature concerning AI in some way, a
comprehensive review of what is known about AI in IS is lacking. This is especially true for the way AI is
defined in IS, which is still disparate. This study examines the body of knowledge about AI in IS. This work
has developed one of the very few SLRs on AI in IS and has provided a structured analysis of trends and gaps
in the field. The study provides new insights to the field of IS through the utilisation of conceptions of AI
definition, mapping activities to AI, and value relating to AI. We identified gaps in knowledge in the context
of AI research and IS, which provides a starting point for IS researchers and IS practitioners to advance the
socio-technical knowledge surrounding AI. Thus, we make a call for future IS studies to examine AI,
specifically to how AI is defined in contemporary IS research.

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