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Yankees Century Glenn Stout Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Glenn Stout
ISBN(s): 9780618414666, 0618414665
Edition: Illustrated
File Details: PDF, 2.49 MB
Year: 2002
Language: english
YANKEES CENTURY:
100 YEARS OF NEW
YORK YANKEES
BASEBALL
GLENN STOUT
RICHARD A. JOHNSON
Houghton Mifflin Company

YANKEES
CENTURY
ALSO BY THE AUTHORS
Red Sox Century: One Hundred Years of Red Sox Baseball
Ted Williams: A Portrait in Words and Pictures
DiMaggio: An Illustrated Life
Jackie Robinson: Between the Baselines
EDITED BY GLENN STOUT

Best American Sports Writing 1991–present (series editor for annual volumes)
Best American Sports Writing of the Century (with David Halberstam)
Chasing Tiger: The Tiger Woods Reader
B Y R I C H A R D A. J O H N S O N
A Century of Boston Sports: Photographs and Memories
The Boston Braves
The American Game (co-editor with Lawrence Baldassaro)
Images Not
Available
Images Not
Available
YANKEES
CENTURY
100 YEARS OF NEW YORK YANKEES BASEBALL
TEXT BY GLENN STOUT

PHOTOGRAPHS SELECTED AND EDITED BY
RICHARD A.JOHNSON
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
BOSTON NEW YORK
2002
Copyright © 2002 by Glenn Stout and Richard A. Johnson
All rights reserved
For information about permission to reproduce selections from

this book, write to Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company,
215 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10003.
Visit our Web site: www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN 0-618-08527-0
Book design by Julia Sedykh
Printed in the United States of America
K P T 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Illustration Credits
Michael Andersen: 156–157, 322, 323, 328, 352, 353 left, 353 right. AP/ Wide
World Photos: 197, 302, 320, 388, 391, 392–393, 397, 402, 406–407, 408, 410, 412,
418, 419, 421, 425, 430, 435, 436–437, 439 right bottom, 440, 443, 444, 449, 450, 453,
454. Bettmann-Corbis: 208, 228. Boston Herald: 71, 146, 186, 190, 198, 201, 202,
207, 266, 270, 290, 299, 316–317. Courtesy of the Bronx Historical Society:
10–11, 14–15, 80–81, 105, 110–111, 164, 192, 214–215, 237. Brown Brothers: 2, 9,
10, 12–13. The Maxwell Collection: 204. National Baseball Hall of Fame
Library, Cooperstown, N.Y.: 14, 15 right, 16–17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 33, 36, 38, 42–43,
45, 49, 50–51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 59, 64, 66, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 89, 93, 94–95, 102, 109, 117,
118, 119, 120, 123, 127, 128, 130, 131, 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 149,
150–151, 153, 163, 165, 167, 174–175, 193, 212, 221, 225, 240–241, 243, 247, 253, 254,
257, 268–269, 273–274, 286, 289, 315, 333, 405. Newsweek: 439 top right. Collec-
tion of the New-York Historical Society: 6–7, 60, 69, 112. New York Post: 438
top left, 438 top right, 439 top left. Bob Olen: 222. Louis Requena: 262, 273, 279,
280, 282–283, 291, 300–301, 304, 307, 308, 310, 312–313, 318, 321, 325, 331, 334,
337, 338, 346–347, 349, 350–351, 354, 358, 363, 364, 366–367, 374, 376–377, 378, 381,
383, 384, 415, 416–417, 426–427. Louis Requena, Bettmann-Corbis: 265. Barton
Silverman / New York Times: 432; Sporting News: 160. The Sports Museum of
New England, Boston: 234, 238, 356, 398, 446. Transcendental Graphics: 15
left, 20, 34–35, 41, 46, 82, 84, 98–99, 106–107, 114, 132–133, 145, 170–171, 173, 178,
181, 182–183, 184, 194–195, 216, 229, 230–231, 248, 258, 259, 260, 293, 296, 311, 361.
“It’s Only a Game. It’s More Than a Game” by Molly O’Neill. First published October
12, 1997, in the New York Times. Copyright © 1997 by the New York Times. Reprinted by
kind permission of the New York Times.
To my New York girl, Siobhan, and Saorla — who make
these words worthwhile.
— G. S.
To the memory of my father, Dr. Robert Andrew John-

son, who served his nation in World War II as a deco-
rated veteran of the Eighth Air Force and came to love
New York while working as an intern at Bellevue Hospi-
tal and surgical resident at New York Hospital. He told
me that watching DiMaggio at Yankee Stadium was like
hearing “Heifetz at Carnegie Hall.”
With love, gratitude, and high-fives to my unbeatable
and courageous home team of Mary, Lizzy, Bobby, Minna,
Amy, and Robert.
— R. A. J.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction xix
1902–1903 Invasion of the Immigrant 3
1904 The Pitch 23
1905–1914 A Fine Mess 39
1915–1919 Two Colonels and One Boss 65
1920–1925 Murderers’ Row 85
1926–1928 The Greatest Team 115

Lardner Has Bright Idea to Help Pittsburgh Team by R i n g L a r d n e r
1929–1934 The Pride of the Yankees 137

Charles Devens, Yankee by C h a r l e s D e v e n s
1935–1941 The Clipper 161
1942–1946 A War on All Fronts 187
1947–1950 The Boston Stranglers 205

George Weiss: Architect of an Era by Dav i d H a l b e r s ta m
1951–1956 The Battle of the Boroughs 235
On Casey Stengel by I ra B e r k o w
1957–1961 57 . . . 58 . . . 59 . . . 60 . . . 61* 263
1962–1964 A Series of Swan Songs 287
1965–1974 After the Fall 305
1975–1978 Start Spreading the News 329
Rivals by R i c h a r d A . J o h n s o n
1979–1995 Darkness at the Edge of Town 359
Dave Winfield’s Empty Afternoon by H o wa r d B r ya n t
1996–1997 Top of the Heap 389
It’s Only a Game. It’s More Than a Game by M o l l y O ’ N e i l l
1998–1999 Team of the Century 411
2000–2002 New York Stories 433
Appendix A: Yankees Century Teams 456
Appendix B: The Yankee Record 460
Index 464
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to our editor Susan Canavan, Jaquelin Pelzer, us over the years, and to Max Frazee, Harry H. Frazee III,
Eamon Dolan, Gracie Doyle, Suzanne Cope, David Eber, Gordon Brumm, John Dorsey, Bill Chapman, David Hal-
Liz Duvall, Larry Cooper, and everyone else at Houghton berstam, Luke Salisbury, Ira Berkow, Molly O’Neill, Bill Lit-
Mifflin who has believed in our projects. Thanks also tlefield, Mike Rutstein, Scott McElreath, Bob Leone, Philip
to Michele Lee Amundsen for creative suggestions and Castinetti, John Taylor Williams of Hill & Barlow, Lisa
invaluable research assistance, Julia Sedykh, Michael Stout-Dean, Gary Stout, Joanie Stout, Marnie Cochran,
Andersen, Cindy Buck, Jeff Idelson, Pat Kelley, Bill Burdick, Stephanie Peters, Kevin Hanover, Charles Devens, Sr.,
Tim Wiles, Eric Enders, Jim Gates and the staff of the Charles Devens, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. William Iler, Bill Galatis,
National Baseball Hall of Fame Library, the A. Bartlett Gia- Richard Krezwick, Jim Bednarek, John Wentzel, Peter Web-
matti Research Center, the Bronx County Historical Society ber, Tina Anderson, Brian Codagnone, Michelle Gormley,
(Kathleen A. McAuley, curator), Robert Flynn Johnson, the Honorable Mal Graham, and the staffs of the Fleet
Linda Ritter, Brown Brothers, Nicole Wells, New-York His- Center and the Sports Museum of New England.
torical Society, Bill Mazieka, John Cronin, Al Lebeau and Special thanks to Louis Requena for his wonderful pho-
the library staff of the Boston Herald, Dan Friedell, Carolyn tographs, wealth of information, and overall support of
McMahon, Associated Press, Howard Bryant, Mark Rucker the project, and to all the writers who have either written
of Transcendental Graphics, Richard and Mary Thaler, books about the Yankees or chronicled the club over the
Henry Scannell and the staff of the microtext department years, from the following newspapers: the New York Evening
of the Boston Public Library, the staffs of the Uxbridge Journal, the New York Times, the New York Post, the New York
Free Public Library, the University of Massachusetts Herald Tribune, the Boston Herald, the Boston Globe, the Boston
Library, the Lamont Library of Harvard University, and the Post, the New York Daily News, Newsday, the Bergen Record, the
New York Public Library. New York Sun, the New York World, and others.
Thank you to Phil Rizzuto, Brian Doyle, the late Vic To each and all, our gratitude.
Raschi, and the many other players who have spoken with
INTRODUCTION
The Yankees are different. From the moment they first took the world the interlocking “NY” symbolizes not just a
the field, they have never been just another team. team but also a culture.
The New York Yankees have won more than any other How that happened is nothing short of an epic drama.
team in the game of baseball, and they have the champi- Within two decades of their birth the Yankees became
onship banners to prove it — Yankee fans have had it easy. baseball’s ruling dynasty, a standard they have labored
But it wasn’t always this way; the dynasty didn’t emerge mightily to maintain. Their struggle tells the story of the
fully formed. And neither has its continued success been game of baseball, for over time the Yankees have grappled
as effortless as one might think. with every great issue in the game. When they have reacted
When the American League’s founder and first presi- swiftly and with wisdom, they have succeeded. When they
dent, Ban Johnson, created the Yankees, he wasn’t just cre- have failed to do so, they have faltered and demonstrated
ating a new franchise; he was creating a franchise for New that success is not a birthright, but a product of constant
York, and that made all the difference. While the other change and adaptation.
teams in the fledgling American League were more or less Anyone writing about the Yankees is greatly tempted to
allowed to succeed or fail on their own, New York’s team write only about the team’s greatest stars, greatest sea-
was held to a higher standard. The city demanded it. sons, and greatest games. Ruth, Gehrig, DiMaggio, and a
Across a century the Yankees and New York have helped host of others are among the greatest and most com-
tell each other’s story. New York took the Yankees in and pelling players in baseball history. But to focus only on the
over time made the club in its own image, giving the team great and the well known is to miss the larger story and to
its personality and character. And the Yankees, through lose perspective. One player doesn’t make a team, and one
their many successes and occasional failures, have come game doesn’t make a season. History is not told through
to symbolize New York’s vast potential and unparalleled championships alone.
energy. They have helped the city celebrate when it has More books are written about the Yankees than about
needed to celebrate and mourn when it has needed to any other team in American sports, and that vast library
mourn. The Yankees have enacted the aspirations of New grows each year. Yet of the hundreds and hundreds of vol-
York; they have made it here and, by extension, everywhere. umes the Yankees have inspired, most focus on the same
And for a century they have made us want to be a part of it. few figures — Ruth, DiMaggio, and Mantle — and their
One hundred years ago the Yankees came to New York accompanying eras, telling many of the same stories over
in virtual anonymity, an unknown immigrant. And now, a and over again. Other figures and other periods in Yankee
century later, the Yankees, perhaps more than any other history have been overlooked completely, and in some
institution, are synonymous with New York. Throughout instances hero-worship and myth have nearly obliterated
the facts. We know Ruth far better than his slugging pred- Later, as a writer, I first studied and wrote about the Yan-
ecessor Birdie Cree, Gehrig more than his moral opposite kees’ alter ego, the Red Sox, learning another side of Yan-
Hal Chase, DiMaggio more than the equally dignified Roy kee history. That experience taught me that there is
White. But each has a place in the story, and what comes always more to the story, and while working on a book
before always influences what comes next. Ruth, for about Joe DiMaggio, I learned that this was also true in
instance, would never have come to New York had it not regard to the vaunted Yankees. I would have to write the
been for a unique set of circumstances that had nothing to book I wanted to read about them.
do with a curse and everything to do with politics. The research and conversations that supported this
The full narrative history is more than just a chronol- project were conducted over the last decade. In consulta-
ogy of victories, although plenty of victories are recounted tion with my partner Richard Johnson, I tried to avoid
in this book. But how the Yankees became the Yankees is simply repeating what the reader already knows by creat-
the larger story. That is what attracted me to this project ing this narrative principally from primary historical
nearly a decade ago. My earliest baseball memories all resources —old newspapers and microfilm — to put aside
include the Yankees. As I was growing up in the Midwest, the legend of the Yankees and allow the facts to speak. My
in the dark ages before cable television and the Internet goal has been to reconstruct the events of history, for the
made it possible to follow any team anywhere, the Yankees best story is always the story of what actually happened.
were major league baseball. At the age of three, I had a T- The protracted birth of the Yankees immediately sug-
shirt that featured Mantle and Maris. My mother ironed a gested to me that it is impossible to write about the team
“9” patch onto my first baseball uniform. I was thrilled to without writing about New York — the Yankees are as
learn from the back of a baseball card that Whitey Ford much a part of the city as the cop on the beat. The events
and my father were born in the same year. I read the box of the autumn of 2001 underscored the real and enduring
scores religiously and prayed that Jake Gibbs would learn role the Yankees play in the life of the city — the Yankees
to hit. Every year I hoped my T-ball or Little League team matter to New York, and New York won’t allow the ball-
would be called “the Yankees.” I mimicked Roy White’s club to shirk that responsibility and slip into mediocrity.
batting stance in the back yard. I had a Bobby Murcer glove. That’s simply part of the deal. The advantages of New
I was scouted by a Yankee bird dog. I went to college upstate. York — financial and otherwise — also come with a bur-
I spent a summer in the hottest apartment in the world den of expectations that few other teams face.
stealing cable television to watch the broadcasts of Bill My close friend Richard Johnson gladly took up the task
White and Phil Rizzuto. After Reggie Jackson hit his sec- of selecting and captioning the remarkable photographs
ond home run during game six of the 1977 World Series, I that accompany this book. His careful selections from a
abandoned a midterm and walked a couple of miles to a multitude of sources do not illustrate this book as much
bar just in time to see home run number three, thus earn- as they illuminate it. Together, we also called on friends,
ing my only collegiate C (and I was better for it). After col- colleagues, and writers we admire to add their voices and
lege, during the strike year, I sold tickets over the phone perspectives.
for the triple-A Columbus Clippers. I didn’t make any Yankees Century covers one hundred seasons of the team
money, but I got to hang out at the ballpark, stand ten feet and its city, its players, and its people. I feel fortunate to
away while Dave Righetti warmed up, and sit in box seats have had the opportunity to tell that story — the Yankees
behind home plate for free with the scouts and parents of are like no other team, and New York is like no other place.
players. I took the bus across the Bronx to see Don Mat- I hope you find this journey through time as compelling
tingly. I danced to the Ramones and married a girl from as I have, and that it adds to your understanding of the Yan-
14th Street whose mother once met Babe Ruth. kees and their relationship with the city they represent.
— GLENN STOUT
June 2002
xviii
YANKEES
CENTURY
The New York Yankees were born in 1903
in the prestigious Flatiron Building. It was
here that American League President Ban
Johnson relocated the league’s offices
from Chicago.
1951 [ 2 ] YANKEES CENTURY

Water, water, everywhere,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, everywhere,
Nor any drop to drink.
— S a m u e l Tay l o r C o l e r i d g e ,
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
1902–1903
INVASION OF THE IMMIGRANT
As he sat in his office in the Flatiron Building in January 1903, Ban Johnson, the founder
of the American League and its first president, may well have pondered these words. From
his perch in what was then the world’s tallest building, the island of Manhattan, a place of
unbounded promise, splayed out before him.
At the time Manhattan comprised 22.6 square miles, 12 major avenues, 220 consecu-
tively numbered streets, some 2,200 city blocks, and nearly 2.2 million inhabitants. It was
easily the most valuable and densely populated piece of real estate in the United States. Yet
Manhattan supported only one professional baseball team — the New York Giants of the
National League — and one ballpark — the Polo Grounds. And thus far, despite Johnson’s
best efforts, it appeared as if it were going to stay that way. The crack of bat against ball
was a long way off, for the American League could find no place to play in Manhattan. Like
a new boy in the neighborhood, Johnson sat on the other side of the fence, bat and ball in
hand, hoping he’d one day be allowed into the game.
Two years earlier his American League had mounted a if the Orioles couldn’t complete the schedule, each team
challenge to the long-established National League, becom- in the league would be left with a spate of open dates, and
ing a second “major” league and going to war against the league standings would be so artificial as to be meaning-
senior circuit. Since then Johnson had counted many suc- less. They hoped that fans would rapidly lose interest and
cesses. The AL had raided the NL of many of its best play- turn their affections back to the National League.
ers and placed teams in direct competition with the NL But Johnson was nothing if not resilient. The American
in Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Boston, supple- League was an extension of his own personality — brash,
mented by new teams in cities that the National League bold, and tenacious. And it was his. The NL was governed
had ignored — Detroit, Washington, Cleveland, and Balti- by an unruly mob of owners who spent most of their time
more. bickering and stabbing each other in the back. Johnson
The new league was profitable from the beginning as was the American League, and his rule was law.
fans flocked to its ballparks, where general admission cost The National League always underestimated Johnson’s
only 25 cents, half the going rate in the NL, and players commitment and creativity. When the Orioles were left
avoided the rough play that marred the NL. The NL took with too few players to field a team, Johnson invoked a
notice and tried — too late — to stop Johnson. In 1901 clause in the team’s charter that allowed him to take back
Giants owner Andrew Freedman even tried to create a a 51 percent stake in the franchise. He then forced the
trust in which all NL teams would be owned collectively. other AL owners to restock the franchise with their spare
The plan failed, but that didn’t stop Freedman. He had to parts. The Orioles survived and managed to finish the 1902
protect his investment. season as a bad yet still competitive team. The American
In July of the 1902 season, Freedman made a last-ditch League remained intact.
attempt to thwart Johnson by trying to enact an unfriendly But Johnson wasn’t through. One crony once described
takeover by the American League’s Baltimore Orioles fran- him as “a man who always remembers a friend but never
chise. His partner in the scheme was the pugnacious forgets an enemy.” He planned to turn the Baltimore situ-
player-manager and part-owner of the Orioles, John McGraw. ation to his advantage and take action on his long-stand-
Once Johnson’s ally, McGraw had had a falling-out with ing desire to move the Orioles to New York. As he later
the league founder over his own belligerent on-field told the New York Times, in early August 1902 “we took our
behavior and a string of broken promises. Most notably, first official action toward invading New York City.” That
Johnson had promised McGraw a piece of a proposed New was precisely what Johnson had in mind — an “invasion.”
York franchise and was now backing off. McGraw contemp- The National League, which had already repelled several
tuously referred to him as “Czar Johnson.” He demanded earlier sorties, prepared to do so again.
his release from the Orioles in exchange for forgoing a For two years Johnson had led an unsuccessful assault
debt, and then sought revenge. He signed a contract to against the National League’s New York fortress, banging
manage and play with the NL New York Giants, and in a at the gates, alternately pleading and scheming to be
complicated transaction, he facilitated a surreptitious sale allowed in. He knew that a franchise in the lucrative New
of Baltimore to NL interests backed by Freedman. York market was the greatest prize of all and the final
With the Orioles now in their hostile possession, proof he needed to convince both fans and players that
McGraw and Freedman pillaged the franchise. They released the American League was indeed the equal of the National
its best players and immediately signed them to National League. He had even moved the American League offices
League contracts, sending stars like outfielder Joe Kelley from Chicago to New York, making his intentions clear by
to Cincinnati and pitcher “Iron Man” Joe McGinnity to the acquiring office space in the brand-new Flatiron Building,
Giants. The Orioles became a major league franchise in New York’s most prestigious business address. But thus far
name only. the political machinery of Manhattan had conspired to
Freedman and McGraw hoped their unfriendly takeover keep him offshore like an unwelcome immigrant.
would weaken Johnson’s league and cause its demise. For At the turn of the century New York was a city of extremes.

Even as the first skyscrapers broke through the horizon mation and secure business connections unavailable to
and the subway system took shape underground, working any but those who were in the know. The concept made
farms still dotted the upper reaches of Manhattan and Croker and dozens of his cronies fabulously wealthy. The
horses that died in the street were left to rot in the gutter. line between the criminal and the civic was so blurred as
Great mansions lined Fifth Avenue, home to the scions of to be nearly invisible.
families named Astor and Vanderbilt, while the nameless Tammany ran New York City regardless of who actually
and homeless and faceless had already found their way held political office. The machine’s power came from the
into the rat traps and backrooms of the Bowery. Men who streets. Tammany helped out the little guy, distributing
made fortunes on Wall Street by day lost them in the gam- jobs, coal, cash, and other favors to New York’s underclass
bling dens and bordellos of the Tenderloin by night, then and teeming pool of immigrants. In return, it extracted
were rolled and left bleeding in the alleys. Common crim- votes and kickbacks. Public policy was forged in the smoke-
inals with the right political connections could become filled backrooms of Tammany Hall, where the public good
the most powerful men in the city. Anything in New York created private fortunes for its members. But the good was
was available anytime at any price, from the finest silk, always a secondary consideration, for Tammany also con-
the best champagne, and the biggest steak to the youngest trolled the city’s teeming vice trade — primarily prostitu-
boys, cheapest girls, and biggest hangover. The Big Apple tion and gambling — and the lucrative liquor business and
was at once rotten to the core and gilded in gold leaf. licensing of taverns and hotels.
Ban Johnson wanted to be a part of it. But he found Tammany followed the money and tabbed baseball as
Manhattan far more difficult to colonize than Boston, another source of income. And there was indeed money to
Chicago, or Philadelphia. Andrew Freedman stood guard be made off the game, not only through ticket sales and
at the gates. concessions but also from gambling, ballpark leases, and
The tactics of the Giants owner were pure New York — other ancillary activities. The New York Mutuals, an “ama-
inspired, ingenious, underhanded, and incredibly effec- teur” club that operated from 1871 to 1875 and was the
tive. Legally, there was little he could do to keep Johnson forerunner of New York’s original entry in the National
from placing a team in Manhattan. Practically, however, League, had itself been a product of Tammany Hall—all its
there was little he could not do. players were on the city payroll.
Freedman, a man of considerable political influence, was Freedman had been a member of Tammany since leav-
a member of Tammany Hall. After its inception as a colo- ing City College, where he studied law before going into
nial-era anti-British secret society, Tammany had evolved real estate. He made the acquaintance of Croker in the
into the most powerful political organization in New York early 1880s, and the two became fast friends. True to Tam-
State and one of the most powerful such organizations in many form, the relationship soon made Freedman rich.
the country. In the 1850s, under William M. “Boss” Tweed, Armed with the knowledge that a certain parcel had been
Tammany became a political machine whose power was selected for development, he became adept at picking it
matched only by its corruption; one observer later likened up on the cheap, reselling it for top dollar, then winning
it to “the municipal equivalent of a floating crap game.” the construction contract for one of the companies that
Tweed himself helped fleece the public for almost $200 wisely paid him to serve on its board.
million before finally being brought down. Although he never held elective office, Freedman was
After Tweed’s downfall, a wiser and more efficient Tam- soon one of the wealthiest and most powerful men in New
many machine emerged. The current boss, Richard Cro- York City. He served on both Tammany’s powerful policy
ker, had dodged a murder charge and developed a more board and its finance committee and in 1897 parlayed that
sophisticated strategy for growing rich at the expense of experience into the lucrative position of treasurer of the
the public. His genius was the application of so-called hon- national Democratic Party. He was also a member of the
est graft: shaking down all varieties of vice and making board of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, the con-
use of political power to take advantage of inside infor- struction firm that was building the New York subway sys-
Invasion of the Immigrant [ 5 ] 1903

tem. He was thereby able to influence the placement of
subway lines and stations, a power he used to his advan-
tage time and time again to enhance the value of both his
own properties and those of his friends.
In 1894 Freedman bought a small stake in the National
League Giants. A year later he’d parlayed his small block
into a majority interest and bullied other investors out of
the picture. He then ran the club and, by association, all
National League interests in New York as if they were just
another offshoot of Tammany. Freedman was a strong sup-
porter of baseball’s own version of honest graft, the syn-
dicate system, which allowed NL owners to retain a finan-
cial stake in several different clubs at the same time. It
was bad for the game because it allowed one club to serve
the interests of another and undercut the public’s
confidence in the league. But it was good for business,
helping the league maintain a monopoly and keep player
salaries down.
The Giants lost more games than they won, but Freed-
man didn’t really give a damn whether they fielded a win-
ning team. Profit was all that mattered. He fought and
bickered and bullied other owners constantly, encouraged
rowdy play, browbeat umpires, changed managers as
often as he did shirts, berated players, and interfered with
his team at every level. He was easily the most disliked
owner in the National League, a perception not helped by
the fact that he was Jewish and the object of anti-Semitism
outside of New York. The Sporting News described him as a
man of “arbitrary disposition, a violent temper, and an
ungovernable tongue.”
Freedman knew how best to stop Johnson. As a real
estate man, he realized that the first requirement of any
new team in New York would be a place to play. The Giants
had no interest in sharing their park, the Polo Grounds on
155th Street, with anyone. Neither was adjacent Manhat-
tan Field available. The National League leased the prop-
erty for $15,000 a year just to prevent any other team from
using it.
The first home of the Yankees was constructed on a rocky,

barely construction-worthy plot in Washington Heights,
between 165th and 168th Streets. American League Park, soon
to be called Hilltop Park by fans, was built in less than two
months at a then mind-boggling cost of $75,000, plus $200,000
to clear and level the site.

In theory, that still left some 22 square miles of Man- But Johnson knew that most NL teams were already in
hattan real estate available for a new park. At least, that’s deep financial trouble. In the previous decade they’d had
what Johnson thought. But he soon learned that in New to fight similar challenges from the American Association
York appearances were not always what they seemed. A and the Players’ League. But their victories had extracted
different set of rules applied. What had worked in St. Louis a heavy price. Most franchises were losing money and had
or Boston held no meaning here. become weary of the similar challenge posed by the Amer-
From the moment Johnson first announced that the ican League. Another round of escalating salaries and
American League would go major in 1901, Freedman had increasing competition from the AL promised another sea-
set up his defense of Manhattan. From the Battery north- son of red ink.
ward to 155th Street, he and his cronies surveyed every Johnson brought the National League to its knees.
property in Manhattan of sufficient size to hold a ballpark. Reluctantly, NL teams sued for peace. The Giants were the
They then leased the parcel outright, took an option on it, final holdout in the peace plan.
or used their political influence either to turn the site into In December 1902, the two leagues agreed to coexist.
a city park or to split it in half with a public thoroughfare. After some shuffling back and forth of the players whom
Thus, for two years Freedman successfully thwarted each had recently raided from the other, they came to a
Johnson, rendering the island of Manhattan absolutely formal agreement. They would respect each other’s rights
uninhabitable by another baseball team. “Water, water, to players and operate under the same rules, for both
everywhere, nor any drop to drink” indeed. wanted to hold down costs and start making some real
Johnson had run out of patience. The attempted kid- money. The success of the American League was made
napping of the Baltimore franchise was the final insult. almost certain.
Near the end of the 1902 season he decided to make New Yet Johnson, emboldened by victory and drunk with
York his battleground for a final assault on the National power, wanted more. At his insistence, the price of peace
League. He first coerced the other AL clubs temporarily to between the two leagues included the ultimate prize—his
foot the bill for a new New York franchise created from right to place an American League team in New York. Plac-
the ashes of the Orioles. Then, at the season’s end, he ing a team in the outer boroughs was not an option, for
turned the tables on the NL, stepping up his raids of NL they lacked both the cachet and the potential financial
stars, targeting the champion Pittsburgh Pirates, a team bonanza of a team in Manhattan. It was Manhattan or
he’d left alone in 1901 and 1902 in the hope that he might nothing.
entice the entire franchise to switch leagues. When it The National League grudgingly agreed, and Johnson
became clear that it would not, he attacked. giddily signed still more high-priced talent for his new
Johnson traveled to Pittsburgh, put cash on the table, club, including former Baltimore star Wee Willie Keeler.
and left town with the signatures of nearly every man on the For the good of the league, he convinced Chicago White
team on an American League contract, save for that of star Sox owner Charles Comiskey to give up star pitcher and
shortstop Honus Wagner, who remained loyal to the Pirates. manager Clark Griffith to lead the new franchise. For the
He then assigned the best of those players — pitchers Jack time being, the press simply called the team the generic
Chesbro and Jess Tannehill, infielder Wid Conroy, and “New York Americans,” to differentiate it from the National
outfielder Lefty Davis — to the team he planned to trans- League Giants.
fer to New York. From the start, this new team was preordained to be
Johnson expanded his raids to the rest of the NL. Every the most dominant club in the game. New York was dif-
day the newspapers carried word of yet another defection. ferent. The city — and the situation — demanded it. As
The strategy surprised the senior circuit. After the takeover Johnson said, “It took a great deal of money to land this
of Baltimore, the NL had thought it had Johnson by the team, which I have every reason to believe will rank high
short hairs. among the leaders in the American League race.” In Boston

he had already employed a similar strategy, creating a at the last minute the owner of the 143rd Street parcel
powerhouse American League franchise that had quickly demanded that his property be bought outright.
crushed the long-established National League team and Things got strange fast. Johnson was directed to the
turned the city into an American League stronghold. Interborough Rapid Transit Company, which had won the
Yet Johnson was still an immigrant in New York and right to both build and operate the New York City subway
naive in the ways of the big city. He thought that the system, the first line of which was now inching toward
recent accord with the NL had solved his problem of find- completion below the streets of Manhattan. He was led to
ing a home in Manhattan and expected the process to pro- believe that the IRTC would gladly buy the land and lease
ceed smoothly. He had even paid a tithe, a donation of $5,000 it back to the AL with the expectation of turning a hand-
— chump change — to the Tammany political machine, some profit once the turnstiles started spinning with fans.
believing this would grease the skids. After all, Andrew Transit companies in both Boston and Philadelphia even
Freedman was apparently out of the picture. A business- attested to the profitability of their similar arrangements
man at heart, Freedman had cut his losses in the face of with Johnson.
competition, selling the Giants to John Brush for more But Johnson had been set up. Andrew Freedman served
than $150,000 — not a bad return on his investment. on the board of directors of the IRTC, and Johnson might
In mid-December Johnson made official his plan to as well have asked the IRTC to buy him the entire island.
move the Orioles into New York and resumed his search According to the New York World, when the directors
for a ballpark site. He quickly identified two neighboring met, “the proposition was unanimously rejected on the
plots of land on 142nd and 143rd Streets at Lenox Avenue. grounds that the company was not ready to go into real
The plot was perfect — large enough, accessible to public
transportation, including the planned subway, and closer
The Yankees were born into an environment of gaming, gam-
to downtown than the Polo Grounds. The acquisition bling, and street-corner politics. Each year Farrell and Devery
seemed simple. The owners were agreeable to a lease. But helped sponsor Tammany Hall boss Big Tim Sullivan’s barbecue.
1903
His intention was obvious. He would still block John-
son — any way and any how — unless he and his cronies
from Tammany were cut in. If they could own the club,
well then, “Welcome to New York City.” If not, Johnson
would find Manhattan inhospitable. The AL “czar” had
already unwisely rejected a bid for the team from state
senator Big Tim Sullivan, a saloon king, Tammany’s num-
ber-two man, and a “master of the shakedown.” He had
also rejected Frank Farrell, known as the “Pool Room King
of New York.” Johnson didn’t like being told whom he
was going to sell the club to — that was a prerogative he
retained for himself and had enforced elsewhere. But Tam-
many didn’t like being told no. Turning down Tammany
cost Johnson the Lenox Avenue site.
Johnson was appalled. He had won the war and the
right to play in New York — it said so in section five of the
peace agreement. Being held up by Freedman and Tam-
many hadn’t been part of the deal.
But that was the price of doing business in New York.
In early February Johnson was forced to admit that “Freed-
man and Brush have been and are working tooth and nail
against us in New York. . . . If it were not for the necessity
of dealing with them we would have announced our plans
[for a ballpark] weeks ago.”
Johnson kept trying. Over the next six weeks barely a
day passed without another rumored site for a ballpark
appearing in the papers. These included less attractive
sites in the Bronx and Queens, locations that the NL
announced it would block in the courts because the
agreement between the two leagues allowed for a team in
Manhattan and nowhere else. Meanwhile, Johnson con-
tinued to sign players for the team, and a tentative league
schedule was produced with the club scheduled to play its
Yankee co-owner Frank Farrell was known throughout New first home games in early May — somewhere.
York as the Pool Room King and in 1903 controlled a politically Johnson’s search for a place to play turned into an elab-
wired gambling syndicate that raked in more than $3 million.
orate game of cat and mouse. He would find a location,
estate investments for the purpose of fostering the base- then secretly try to secure a purchase or lease. But there
ball business.” Water, water, everywhere. were few secrets from Tammany. Each time Johnson
Freedman, of course, pled ignorance of any wrongdo- found a site, interests referred to by The Sporting News as
ing, commenting innocently, “Somebody has been string- “Brush’s detectives” stayed a step ahead and were able to
ing these Western men [along,] and it is time it was block the deal. The press even began calling Manhattan
stopped. It is simply brutal.” One could almost see him “Freedman’s Island.” An ever more confident John Brush
twirling his mustache as he peeked around the corner and announced that he had bet a suit of clothes with every
leered at his enemy. other NL magnate that Johnson would be unable to find a

place to play. “When Johnson shows me he has obtained west and 11th Avenue and Broadway on the east. The site
land in the borough of Manhattan for his grounds, then was owned by the New York Institute for the Blind, but the
and not until then will I believe the American League will syndicate had a lease agreement in hand.
play ball on this island,” he said confidently. They could not have chosen a more unlikely location,
By early March, as players for the new team prepared to and that was precisely why the property was available and
travel to Atlanta, Georgia, for the beginning of spring why they chose it. The locale was described as the highest
training, time was beginning to run out. The new fran- point on Manhattan (although in fact it was not), leading
chise was like some foreign visitor refused entry and left The Sporting News to wax rhapsodically that it was “the
on Ellis Island. Even the players were running out of most picturesque and romantic spot the white man has
patience. Pitcher Jess Tannehill complained that if there ever selected for a battlefield between the baseball war-
wasn’t going to be a team in New York, “then the Ameri- riors.” To the east, one could see the Bronx, Long Island
can League should turn us adrift to make a deal with Sound, and Queens. To the south lay Manhattan and New
another team.” York Harbor, while the northern view took in farms and
Johnson grew ever more desperate. Meanwhile, Freed- meadows. The site was backed to the west by the Hudson
man waited with open arms, ready to bail out the fair River and the Palisades. Yet the journey from downtown
damsel at the right price. still took nearly an hour by surface-bound public trans-
But for once Freedman had overplayed his hand. Tam- portation. Although a subway station was scheduled to be
many wasn’t operating at quite its usual strength. In the built on 168th Street, the relatively remote location of the
last election a reform movement had temporarily taken site explained why Freedman and his cronies had felt com-
possession of City Hall. Croker had been ousted, and Tam- fortable stopping their land search at 155th Street.
many was weakened by internal battles for power. Even The location was also considered virtually unbuildable.
Freedman had lost his place at the table as chairman of Sporting Life stated that there was not “a level spot ten feet
the powerful Tammany finance committee, which had square on the whole property.” The site measured nearly
been abolished the previous spring. When he had con- 800 feet by 600 feet, and the barren, rocky outcrop was
cluded that there was no site above 155th Street suitable dotted with massive boulders and dead trees and cleaved
for a ballpark, he had made a critical error, one that oth- by deep gullies. A fetid pond ran the length of the eastern
ers in Tammany were now quick to take advantage of. side.
Johnson was the beneficiary of Freedman’s rare miscal- But what seemed unbuildable to Freedman was pre-
culation, albeit most reluctantly. In January sportswriter cisely what made the site attractive to Gordon’s men. The
Joe Vila arranged a personal meeting between Johnson site offered them a consummate opportunity to indulge in
and a competing faction of Tammany eager to do business honest graft in its purest form. Site preparation alone
and to stick it to Freedman in the process. They told John- would require the rearrangement of hundreds of tons of
son they had a site for a ballpark. As February turned into rock and soil before a single nail could be driven to erect
March and the beginning of the season approached, John- the stands. And Gordon had already used his political con-
son had no choice but to deal with Tammany. nections to acquire all the necessary permits. The project
A shadowy syndicate of buyers emerged, fronted by would have to be rushed to completion in less than two
Joseph Gordon. He operated a coal business and, until the months, and Tammany looked forward to tapping into the
recent election, had been New York’s deputy superintend- huge construction contract. To make it happen, all John-
ent of buildings. He’d also once owned a small piece of the son had to do was say yes — and hand the franchise over
Giants before losing control to Freedman. The syndicate to Tammany.
dangled a ballpark site before Johnson’s eyes. Gordon’s Tammany backers treated the new team like
They proposed to build a ballpark in Washington any other immigrant. In exchange for help in finding lodg-
Heights, far uptown, on a plot of land between 165th and ing and gainful employment, Tammany would sponsor the
168th Streets, bounded by Fort Washington Avenue on the new arrival. All Tammany wanted in return was the equiv-

alent of the immigrant’s vote — undying loyalty and a per-
centage of the paycheck.
Johnson didn’t like being held up — in essence, the offer
was an act of extortion — but he disliked losing even less,
particularly to Freedman. He had come too far to turn
back now. If he failed to place a team in New York, he
would lose face with the AL’s financial backers. Quite lit-
erally, Johnson was between a rock and a hard place. Gor-
don’s syndicate offered him his only out.
On March 11, he reluctantly awarded the syndicate the
franchise and became a partner with Tammany. The price
paid by the syndicate for the franchise — $18,000 — was a
joke and far less than the true value of the club. But the
“Invaders” had a beachhead in Manhattan. The immigrant
had arrived.
It was obvious to everyone who was paying any atten-
tion what had taken place. As the New York Tribune com-
mented, “Politicians were standing in the way. . . . [They]
not only demand that their pockets be lined, but that they
be given a portion of the stock of the club.” Johnson still
claimed victory. He released a statement that read:
We could not fail in this undertaking, for we always had an anchor

to windward, and there was never a moment when we were not
confident of success. . . . In spite of the obstacles thrown in our
way, of which we do not care to go into particulars, we have no
hard feelings against anybody. . . . [I]t has been a long tedious affair
from start to finish, but the American League has made good.
But the price Johnson and his league had been forced to
pay was as steep as the island site on which the new ball-
park would be built. On March 13, the press toured the
site and learned that Thomas McAvoy, the ex-police com-
missioner and Tammany leader of the 23rd District, which
included Washington Heights, had been awarded the con-
struction contract to build the new grounds.
The cost of the sweetheart deal was mind-boggling at
the time — $200,000 to clear and level the land, and another
$75,000 to build the ballpark. Although Johnson claimed
that no league funds would be used for the construction,
New York Police Chief Big Bill Devery, shown tossing out the
first pitch on Opening Day at Hilltop Park, arrived at his co-own-
ership of the Yankees by a curious route: he joined with gam-
bling syndicate partner Frank Farrell to operate the new team.

generally made such payments in cash with $1,000 bills.
Not bad for a cop.
Such stories were neither shocking nor even surpris-
ing. New York was corrupt to the core, and everyone knew
it. Both Farrell and Devery were familiar names to anyone
who knew anything about Tammany Hall. And as the pub-
lic would soon learn, Farrell and Devery were actually the
owners of the new American League baseball team.
A more sordid pair can hardly be imagined. Each had
made a fortune fleecing the public with absolute impunity.
Buying a ballclub carried the promise of more of the same.
On March 18, with the first explosions rocking Wash-
ington Heights as construction crews used dynamite to
turn 12,000 cubic yards of rock and stone into rubble, the
team was officially incorporated. Farrell’s status as a prin-
cipal shareholder in the club was revealed to the public
for the first time, although Johnson had known of his role
for weeks. The announcement passed with little comment,
although the World noted that Farrell’s prominence in
Tammany was thought to be enough to “overcome any
influence the New York National League club may have in
Tammany circles.” In other words, it was business as usual
The Yankees’ first manager, Clark Griffith, was a pitcher of note in old New York.
in the National League, where he was affectionately known as Farrell had started out in the liquor business, pouring
the Old Fox. He arrived from the fledgling Chicago franchise,
drinks while making friends and connections in Tammany
which he had led to the first American League pennant in 1901.
Hall from behind the bar. He soon branched out, opening
it appears likely that the league was at least partially a poolroom and eventually becoming a partner in a gam-
responsible for the costs, as it had been in Philadelphia bling syndicate controlled by Tim Sullivan, Devery, and
and Boston. Before a single pitch was thrown, the fran- Richard Canfield. Together they operated hundreds of gam-
chise was already a license for Tammany to print money. bling enterprises ranging from poolrooms and crap games
Five days later the front page of the New York World car- to the infamous “House with the Bronze Door.” The opu-
ried a story detailing a civil suit filed by Rogers L. Barstow lent, elegantly decorated townhouse on West 33rd Street
Jr. against one Frank J. Farrell, the aforementioned “Pool had been remodeled by the famous architect Stanford
Room King.” In the suit, Barstow claimed that he had been White and catered to the crème de la crème of New York
swindled out of $11,000 in one of Farrell’s gambling dens. gamblers. In 1900 the New York Times estimated that the
With some measure of delight, the paper recounted Far- syndicate’s annual take was in excess of $3 million.
rell’s testimony. He professed never to have seen a roulette That made Farrell both very rich and very powerful,
wheel and to be ignorant of the details of gambling in all even though gambling, even then, was (technically any-
its myriad forms. Right. That Farrell’s lies were so blatant way) very illegal. That’s where William “Big Bill” Devery
made them all the more entertaining. got his cut.
On the same page a much smaller story nonchalantly Like Farrell, Devery also started out behind the bar. But
reported that former NYC Police Chief William S. Devery in 1878 he paid Tammany $200 and changed professions
had successfully petitioned the Tax Commission to reduce — he became a member of the police force. Devery wasn’t
his personal tax assessment of $30,000 and noted that he drawn to law enforcement by any feelings of civic respon-

sibility. Rather, being a police officer offered a young man beneficial friendship was formed. Over time Devery pro-
in a hurry an inexhaustible opportunity to collect graft. vided protection for the syndicate throughout the city.
Devery wasn’t shy. He was soon soliciting money from Even among the thieves of Tammany, Big Bill Devery’s
every gambling den and whorehouse on his beat. As soon audacity stood out. But he always squirmed free — bribing
as he could afford to, Devery bought promotions, first to juries bothered him not in the least. Devery’s career in law
sergeant, for $1,400, and then to captain for $14,000. By enforcement flourished. In 1898 he made inspector and
1887 he was working the Tenderloin, a red-light district within six months found himself promoted once again,
that ran between Fifth and Seventh Avenues from 24th this time to the position of chief of police. His predecessor
Street to 42nd Street. The many nightclubs, saloons, broth- had made the mistake of interfering with one of Farrell’s
els, clip joints, and dance halls in the area offered unmatched poolrooms. There’d be no similar trouble with Devery at
opportunities for financial advancement. the helm. Of his reign, muckraker Lincoln Steffens pro-
No one was better equipped to take advantage. Devery nounced, “He was no more fit to be chief of police than
knew full well what he was getting into, announcing to the fish man was to be director of the Aquarium, but as a
his men upon his appointment: “They tell me there’s been character, as a work of art, he was a masterpiece.”
a lot of graftin’ going on. . . . Now that’s going to stop. If By 1901, however, Devery’s brazenness had finally cost
there’s to be any graftin’ to be done, I’ll do it. Leave it to him. Although he enjoyed the full support of Mayor
me!” He followed his motto —“Hear, see, and say nothin’, Robert Van Wyck — who called him “the best chief of police
eat, drink, and pay nothin’”— to the letter. New York ever had”—in mid-February the legislature, des-
Devery soon became friendly with Farrell, for whose perate to be rid of his embarrassing presence, abolished
poolroom he provided protection, and a lifelong, mutually his position. He “retired” with real estate holdings of nearly
The first Yankee star was former Baltimore Oriole standout Standing only five-foot-four, Willie Keeler was a master of the
Wee Willie Keeler. In nine major league seasons, first with bunt, hit-and-run, and sacrifice. He once told a reporter that
Baltimore and then with Brooklyn, the diminutive outfielder the secret of his success was to “keep the eye clear, and hit ’em
had never hit below .333, with a high of .424 in 1897. where they ain’t.”
1903
$1 million, made plans to run for mayor, and embarked on
a long, eventually successful effort to secure a city pension.
When Tammany lost in the 1901 election, Farrell had
also “retired,” cashing in and moving his money into more
socially acceptable investments, like running a baseball
team.
Meanwhile, far away from the mean streets of Manhat-
tan, the New York Americans gathered in Atlanta for
spring training. Manager Clark Griffith held the club’s
first practice at Piedmont Park on the afternoon of March
18. “I will give my men four hours of work every day,” he
announced. “While I am not strong on prophecy, you can
say for me that we expect to be in the chase from the jump
and can be counted on to finish in the first division.”
He was being kind because, with the backing of Ban
Johnson, the new ballclub was expected not just to con-
tend but to win right away. Indeed, on paper, the club was
a powerhouse. Nearly half the roster had played a key role
on a team that had won a pennant in the previous two sea-
sons.
It all started at the top, with “the Old Fox,” player-man-
ager Clark Griffith, who had already won 205 games in the
major leagues, most of them with National League Chicago.
He’d spent the last two seasons as player-manager of the
American League White Sox, leading them to the first AL
pennant in 1901. From Pittsburgh came infielder Wid
Conroy, star pitcher Jess Tannehill, and spitball artist Jack
Chesbro. Both pitchers had won 20 games while helping
the Pirates capture the 1902 NL pennant by an astonishing
271⁄2 games. They were joined by two of their former team-
mates, outfielder Lefty Davis and catcher Jack O’Connor.
Second baseman Jimmy Williams, pitcher Harry Howell,
and outfielder Herm McFarland remained from the 1902
Baltimore team.
Around this nucleus Griffith added former National
League outfielder John Ganzel, aging former Boston star
shortstop Herman Long, and outfielder Dave Fultz, who’d
hit .302 and led the league in runs for the 1902 AL cham-
pion, the Philadelphia A’s. But the acknowledged star
The center of American League (aka Hilltop) Park was a spartan

grandstand built of spruce and pine on a stone foundation
that seated 4,186 at a dollar a ticket. Bleachers down each line
accommodated another 8,000 at fifty cents a ticket, and 2,500
outfield seats sold for a quarter.

of the team was diminutive outfielder Wee Willie Keeler. 8,000 fans at 50 cents apiece, and 2,500 25-cent seats would
In nine full seasons, first with Baltimore and then with be available in the outfield. The outfield dimensions would
Brooklyn, he had never hit below .333, with a high of .424 be an imposing 365 feet in left field, 542 in center, and 400
in 1897. feet in right. One observer commented that, although it
Keeler, who stood barely five feet four inches tall, was would take “a mighty batsman to knock one over the
the perfect player for the Dead Ball Era, which rewarded fence, there is plenty of room inside the field for home
hitters for their ability to make contact and do the little runs.” (Indeed, at the time most home runs were still of
things that move runners around the base paths. Bunts, the inside-the-park variety.) The entrance would be on the
sacrifices, and hit-and-run plays epitomized the style of corner of 165th and Broadway.
play of so-called scientific or inside baseball. Keeler summed While hundreds of workers rushed to complete the
up his batting approach when he once told a reporter the park, which included filling a gigantic hole in what was
secret of his success: “Keep the eye clear, and hit ’em where supposed to be right field, the club broke camp in early
they ain’t.” A supreme place hitter, Keeler rarely struck out, April. They barnstormed through the South before head-
was an adept bunter and base stealer, a fleet outfielder, ing to Washington to open the regular season on April 22.
and recognized as one of the most savvy players in the On the cold, gray afternoon, the two clubs paraded into
game. In New York he was expected to be the new team’s the Washington ballpark, according to tradition. They were
first big star, the drawing card it needed to win a box- greeted by a record crowd of 11,500 who were anxious to
office battle with the Giants. see the new team for the first time. Washington manager
Griffith’s job was to roll the ball out onto the field and Tom Loftus opted to have his club bat first to take advan-
get the disparate parts of his new club to work together. tage of the brand-new baseball, which wouldn’t be replaced
That didn’t seem to be much of a challenge. The club shut until absolutely necessary. New York took the field as Open-
out Southern League Atlanta in its first three exhibition ing Day pitcher Jack Chesbro warmed up.
contests as Howell, Griffith, and Tannehill all pitched spot- The contemporary fan wouldn’t recognize the team as
less ball and Ganzel led the club on offense. the Yankees, for they had adopted neither that familiar
But while the players marched unimpeded through nickname nor their distinctive pinstriped attire. They
Georgia, Farrell, Devery, and Ban Johnson still found the wore black uniforms with a large, white “NY” in block let-
going rough in Manhattan. Even as 500 men worked from ters across the chest, black hats with white piping, white
dawn to dusk to turn Washington Heights into a ballpark, socks, and white belts. And they were called, well, “New
the immigrant invaders found their neighbors less than York.” As yet, the club had no other name.
welcoming. This proved quite a quandary for the New York press,
Freedman and his corner of Tammany felt betrayed by which somehow had to distinguish the American League
Farrell and made several last-ditch efforts to try to stop club from the New York Giants. For a time they tried to get
him and his associates. He rallied neighbors to sign a peti- by with simply calling the team “the New Yorks,” but
tion asking for a new street and sparked a strike among Giants fans were accustomed to referring to their club at
the workers clearing the ballpark site, but these efforts times by that name. Sportswriters created their own nick-
came too late. American League baseball finally had its names and soon started referring to the club as either the
beachhead in New York. “Hilltoppers,” in reference to the site of their ballpark, or
As work on the site continued, President Gordon held a the Highlanders, a name that also played on the Scottish
contest to name the new park, offering a season pass for heritage of team president Joseph Gordon. The “Ameri-
the winning entry. On April 5, he unveiled the plans for cans,” “Greater New Yorks,” “Invaders,” “Kilties,” and a half-
the park itself. It would be nothing more than a spare, dozen other names were also occasionally used. But none
wooden grandstand, 20 rows deep, built of spruce and pine really took, and most proved troublesome for the headline
on a stone foundation, seating 4,186 at a dollar a head. writers and typesetters. But within only a few months, the
Bleachers down each line would accommodate another press began occasionally referring to the team as “the Yan-

kees,” probably in reference to the fact that they played He tried to deny it, rhetorically telling the New York Herald
north of the Giants. This name delighted typesetters, who Tribune, “Me, a backer? I only wished I did own stock in a
shortened it to the even more manageable “Yanks.” By baseball club. I am a poor man and don’t own stock in any-
1904 “Yankees” was widely used, particularly by the New thing.” No one was fooled, and the Herald Tribune went on
York Evening Journal, and had become the name of choice to detail Devery’s recent real estate deals that had netted
among fans. him more than half a million dollars. Politically savvy
Chesbro struggled with his control, walking the first Washington fans taunted the team by calling them “New
three Washington hitters before escaping the inning by York’s Finest.”
fielding a sharp ground ball himself and starting a home- By the time the club arrived in New York for the home
to-first double play. In the bottom of the inning Lefty Davis opener on April 30, it sported a disappointing 3–4 record.
stepped to the plate and became the first Yankee batsman As Sam Crane wrote that morning, “It was a perfect day
in history. for the sport. The sun was strong and a gentle breeze blew
He grounded one of pitcher Al Orth’s serves to second across the stand just strong enough to make it comfort-
for an out, but then Willie Keeler worked his magic and able.” The good weather and curiosity about the new team
walked. With Keeler taking off on a hit-and-run play, Dave combined to bring out a capacity crowd of around 16,243
Fultz singled to left. Keeler slid around the tag at third fans to “American League Park,” the winning entry of the
with a beautiful fadeaway. Jimmy Williams followed with young boy who won President Gordon’s contest.
a ground ball to second, and Keeler dashed home to score This was no palace of baseball. Only the bare wooden
the club’s first run. It was inside baseball at its best. grandstand, filled with 5,000 folding chairs, and the bleach-
And it was also the highlight of the day for the New ers were nearly finished. The roof existed only on blue-
Yorkers. After Washington scored a single run to tie the prints. But bunting hung from the front of the stands, and
game in the fourth, an error by 37-year-old Herman Long every fan was given a miniature American flag, lending an
at short helped Washington score two runs. The Senators
held on to win 3–1. The playing field at Hilltop Park was a disaster: it contained
The Yankees won for the first time the following day as rocks, bare baked earth, and numerous places where the
ground had settled since excavation. A feature of right field
Harry Howell went the distance in an easy 7–2 win, but
was a depressed area once occupied by a pond and soon
the big news of the day was the public revelation that Big known as Keeler’s Hollow because of the number of balls that
Bill Devery, along with Farrell, was the team’s major backer. disappeared behind the right fielder.

Before long the Yankees tried covering the right field depres- ing out in force. The most conspicuous were Devery and
sion of Keeler’s Hollow with planks and sometimes roped off Farrell, in the company of Ban Johnson. The acerbic Crane
the field and sold tickets directly behind their Hall of Fame
commented wryly, “There were enough diamonds in the
right fielder (note crowd and automobile at left).
shirt fronts of the politicians to start a fair sized jewelry
appropriately festive air to the proceedings. Fans who pur- store. There are three kinds of diamonds, it is said, which
chased 25-cent seats were herded behind ropes down the most politicians know much about — the diamond that
line and in the outfield and forced to stand. glitters, the ace of diamonds, and the baseball diamond.”
The condition of the field was appalling. A slack rope This team was New York to the core.
sufficed for an outfield fence. Only the infield had been A band escorted the uniformed members of both clubs
sodded, and fans complained about the glare from the from a nearby hotel, for a clubhouse had yet to be built.
baked earth of the outfield and foul territory, most of Ban Johnson threw out the first pitch, the home team
which was still littered with stones and showed signs of chose to bat first, and just after 3:30 p.m. the immigrants
recent settling. But the park’s most distinctive, albeit un- staked their claim to the city when Lefty Davis stepped in
intentional, feature was in right field. to face Washington pitcher Jack Townsend.
The pond that once covered the area had proven a chal- He grounded out to short, but Keeler singled to left,
lenge to fill. Tons of rock and dirt had only sunk in the then charged into second when outfielder Ed Delahanty
mud. Crane described it as covering “about a sixteenth of bobbled the ball, turning the crowd apoplectic. He scored
the field.” On this day, and on many others in the inaugu- moments later on Jimmy Williams’s double to put the
ral season, the gulch was roped off. Any ball hit into the Yankees in the lead.
void was a ground-rule double. Sportswriters soon referred On the mound for New York, Chesbro was all he had
to it as “Keeler’s Hollow,” for the number of balls that dis- been advertised to be as he kept the Senators off balance.
appeared behind the New York right fielder. The Yankees emerged with a nifty 6–2 win to even their
Owing to the influence of Freedman and his cronies, record at 4–4.
the sale of alcohol was banned, but as Crane noted, fans At the end of the short six-game home stand, the team,
looked at the lemonade vendors “with disgust.” That in the parlance of the day, looked to be a “world beater” as
response didn’t stop the politicians, however, from turn- they took two of three from both the dismal Senators and

the defending champion Athletics. Attendance was good, quished their claim. Elberfeld then got off to a fine start
the team was in the race, and all looked right on the island with the Tigers, hitting .341 for the first two months of the
of Manhattan. season.
But the protracted struggle to find a home was still hav- But Elberfeld wasn’t happy returning to Detroit and
ing an effect. To accommodate the completion of the ball- spent much of the season feuding with Tiger manager Ed
park, the schedule makers sent the Yanks on the longest Barrow and owner Sam Angus. Like the Yankees, the
road trip in club history, a grueling 24-day sojourn that Tigers weren’t playing very well, or drawing many fans
took them to every city in the league save Washington and either. But unlike the Yankees, they didn’t have the Giants
even included a game against Cleveland played in Colum- playing down the street. Johnson didn’t give a damn about
bus, Ohio. The Yankees fell apart on the road and returned the Tigers. If they failed in Detroit, other cities like Buffalo
to New York a beaten team, an also-ran with a record of were waiting in the wings. So Johnson rang up Sam Angus
15–18, buried in seventh place. The rejuvenated Giants, and worked out a deal.
who were battling the Cubs for the National League lead, The Yankees weren’t just another team, and soon the
remained the unchallenged kings of New York. whole league knew it. Johnson arranged for New York to
Herman Long, 37 going on 57, was injured, and ground get something for nothing, sending Long, two others, and
balls rolled through the left side unimpeded. Dave Fultz some cash to the Tigers for Elberfeld and outfielder John
was also hurt. Clark Griffith couldn’t pitch as often as he Deering. Elberfeld would be a star in New York for much
once had, and Tannehill was maddeningly inconsistent. of the next decade.
The ballpark was looking somewhat better, for during the Giants owner John Brush was livid. To see the Kid in a
road trip the grandstand roof and left-field scoreboard and Yankee uniform now was more than he could bear, and he
outfield fence had gone up and been painted green. sought a court injunction to ban Elberfeld from playing
Keeler’s Hollow was more or less covered by planks and with the Yankees. For several weeks the dispute threat-
dirt, and grass finally began to sprout in the outfield. But ened to disrupt the peace between the two leagues, but Ban
field conditions remained poor, the park hard to get to, Johnson got his way. Elberfeld stayed with the Yankees.
and the ballclub unfinished. When Boston dumped the The Kid made the Yankees one of the best teams in the
immigrants three straight by a combined score of 26–5, league as they won 16 of their next 24. But Boston surged
the season was all but over. If they could have, fans would into first place at the end of June and kept going, while
have started deportation hearings. After a loss to Cleve- New York ran out of steam and struggled to stay above
land on June 4, manager Griffith left the club, reportedly .500. A hot finish, which saw them go 19–10 in September,
“out to look for players.” was enough to secure the club fourth place with a 72–62
There was some desperation to his quest. But Ban John- record, but that was 17 long games behind pennant-win-
son wasn’t about to allow the new club to fail. It was his ning Boston.
league, and he ran it as he saw fit. New York had to suc- Meanwhile, the Giants won the battle of Manhattan in
ceed — he had invested too much to allow the team to fail. a cakewalk. Although they finished second to Pittsburgh
During the previous off-season, Detroit shortstop Nor- in the National League, New York fans found the NL team
man “Kid” Elberfeld had signed two contracts: one with much more to their liking. The Yankees drew barely
American League Detroit, then another with the National 200,000 spectators, seventh best in the league, while the
League Giants. A fiery competitor known as “the Tabasco Giants paced the NL with nearly three times that amount.
Kid,” Elberfeld was a fine player, another student of inside Of all the vaunted Yankee stars, only Keeler, who hit .318,
baseball, and a particularly good glove man. Elberfeld, who hit .287, and Chesbro, who went 21–15,
The Giants had wanted him badly — he was John Mc- performed to their expected standard. Victories had proven
Graw’s kind of player — but as part of the peace agree- as hard to come by as a site for the new ballpark.
ment between the two leagues, they had reluctantly relin- Somewhere, Andrew Freedman was smiling.

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And we had begun the atomic destruction of their planet. We had
begun it. We could not stop it. The corrosion keeps growing,
spreading.
I saw them die. Somehow I felt their pain.
But I did not die of it.
I carry it with me. I shall always carry it with me.
That's all there is.

In years to come people on Earth, people who did not see what we
saw, did not feel the pain and guilt we felt, will wonder at our behavior
following that.
Oh there is much to wonder. If there is a civilization, where does their
food come from? If they are able to convert rock to food, why are they
not able to stop the atomic destruction of their planet we have
started? If they are able to so fill us with their own grief for what we
have done that we can think of nothing but to slink away, like whipped
curs caught in vandalism; why didn't they do this before we started
the fire we cannot stop?
Oh, there is so much unanswered. People will wonder that we simply
abandoned most of our equipment, the very project itself; that for a
sick hour we watched, then, with one accord, without anybody
making the decision, we began to withdraw and start for home.
Like small boys, thinking only to vandalize a schoolhouse in their
savage glee, discovering it is a shrine.
Or, perhaps in time, we can rationalize it all away. Perhaps so soon
as during that long journey back.
It wasn't our fault, we shall begin to say. They were as much to blame
as we. Sure they were!
More to blame! They were more to blame than we!
Why didn't they come out of their holes and fight us? With their fists if
they didn't have any guns? Any red-bloodied—er, red-blooded—
Amuri—well, whatever they are—ought to have enough guts to come
out and fight, to defend home, flag and mother!
We'll probably get around to that. It's the normal attitude to take after
vandalism. It's the human way.
But as of now, our only thought is to slink away.
On our abandoned Martian landing field there hangs a man's

discarded spacesuit, suspended from the desensitized prongs of a
Come-to-me tower. It is stuffed with straw filched, no doubt, from
packing cases which brought out so many more delicate, sensitive,
precision instruments than we take back.
Although we have not been entirely irresponsible in our head-long
flight back home.
We do bring back some of what we took out; the more valuable of the
instruments. We have been most selective in this.
The only coarse, insensitive, unfinished instrument we bring back—is
man.
THE END
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1902–1903 Invasion of the Immigrant 3

1904 The Pitch 23

1905–1914 A Fine Mess 39

1915–1919 Two Colonels and One Boss 65

1920–1925 Murderers’ Row 85

1926–1928 The Greatest Team 115

1929–1934 The Pride of the Yankees 137

1935–1941 The Clipper 161

1942–1946 A War on All Fronts 187

1947–1950 The Boston Stranglers 205

1957–1961 57 . . . 58 . . . 59 . . . 60 . . . 61* 263

1962–1964 A Series of Swan Songs 287

1965–1974 After the Fall 305

1975–1978 Start Spreading the News 329

1979–1995 Darkness at the Edge of Town 359

Dave Winﬁeld’s Empty Afternoon by H o wa r d B r ya n t

1996–1997 Top of the Heap 389

It’s Only a Game. It’s More Than a Game by M o l l y O ’ N e i l l

1998–1999 Team of the Century 411

2000–2002 New York Stories 433

Appendix A: Yankees Century Teams 456

Appendix B: The Yankee Record 460

1951 [ 2 ] YANKEES CENTURY

1902 [ 4 ] YANKEES CENTURY

Invasion of the Immigrant [ 5 ] 1903

The first home of the Yankees was constructed on a rocky,

Invasion of the Immigrant [ 7 ] 1903

1902 [ 8 ] YANKEES CENTURY

1902 [ 10 ] YANKEES CENTURY

Invasion of the Immigrant [ 11 ] 1903

We could not fail in this undertaking, for we always had an anchor

Invasion of the Immigrant [ 13 ] 1903

1902 [ 14 ] YANKEES CENTURY

The center of American League (aka Hilltop) Park was a spartan

1902 [ 16 ] YANKEES CENTURY

1902 [ 18 ] YANKEES CENTURY

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