Introduction

Disaster, as defined by the United Nations, is a serious disruption

of the functioning of a community or society, which involve
widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts
that exceed the ability of the affected community or society to
cope using its own resources. Disaster management is how we
deal with the human, material, economic or environmental
impacts of said disaster, it is the process of how we “prepare for,
respond to and learn from the effects of major failures” . Though
often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins.
According to the International Federation of Red Cross & Red
Crescent Societies a disaster occurs when a hazard impacts on
vulnerable people. The combination of hazards, vulnerability and
inability to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk
results in disaster.

Disaster Management

Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and

management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all
humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular,
preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the
impact of disasters. The direct or indirect impact of the disasters
has always been deadly, destructive and damaging. They cause
loss of life to the humans as well as livestock. A disaster is any
event, natural or man-caused, which creates an intense negative
impact on people, goods and services, and/or the environment,
and exceeds the affected community’s internal capability to
respond, prompting the need to seek outside assistance.

Disaster management may not completely avert or eliminate the

threats; it involves a range of activities including risk assessment,
emergency planning, evacuation, search and rescue, medical
care, and rehabilitation. It involves strategically organizing
resources to lessen the harm that disasters cause. This is
achieved through a coordinated and integrated approach that
involves government agencies, non-governmental organizations,
and communities working together to prevent and mitigate the
effects of disasters.
Need and Importance of Disaster Management

Disaster is a sudden, calamitous and unfortunate event that

brings with it great damage, loss, destruction and devastation to
human life as well as property and also hampers the ongoing
developmental projects in a particular area being affected by the
disaster. Disaster management is very important to survive in the
case of a natural or a major man-made disaster. The damage
caused by disasters is immeasurable and varies with the
geographical location, climate and the type of the earth surface/
degree of vulnerability. At times there can be disasters where
there is no loss of human life and at times these can also cause a
huge loss of life and property. This influences the mental, socio-
economic, political and cultural state of the affected area.
Disasters are events that are unpredictable most of the time. It is
important for any government, state or community to manage
disasters by being prepared for it in advance. The government
provides legislation, allocates resources and does rational
planning and sustainable development. Disaster management
and planning is a key part of government work and an issue to be
taken up seriously by the concerned authorities.

Disaster management activities are aimed to minimize loss of life

and damage in the event of disaster. Disaster management
measures can help removing people and property from a
threatened location by facilitating timely and effective rescue,
relief and rehabilitation at the place of disaster thereby reducing
loss of property, protecting people and reducing trauma among
people. Preparedness is the only way of reducing the impact of
disasters as most of the disasters are unpredictable and even if
predicted, there is not much time to act.
Reasons of Disasters

Disasters can be caused by natural, man-made and

technological hazards, as well as various factors that influence
the exposure and vulnerability of a community. Based on the
devastation caused and intensity, it may be major/ minor
disasters. Natural disasters are generally unpredictable and the
destruction caused by these depends upon the intensity of
disasters. These disasters include floods, hurricanes, earthquakes,
and volcanic eruptions that can have immediate impacts on
human health as well as secondary impacts causing further death
and suffering from floods causing landslides, earthquakes
resulting in fires, tsunami causing widespread flooding and
typhoons sinking ferries. Majorly the cause of these disasters is
the change in climate as well as the movement inside the earth
like moving tectonic plates or lava. The events of the high-
intensity earthquake, floods, cyclone, flash floods, some major
landslides and event of drought are said to be major natural
disasters. These disasters generally cause a high loss of life and
property and also lead to displacement of a lot of people from
their shelters. On the other hand, cold waves, heavy rains causing
disruption in normal life, heat waves, thunderstorms, mudslides,
some minor landslides and low intensity earthquakes can be a
few cases of minor natural disasters.
Disasters taking place due to human activities and human
negligence and can lead to a lot of destruction in terms of life and
properties are man-made disasters. Events of forest fires, wars,
nuclear attack, major fires, industrial accidents as well as the
event of building collapsing or accidents at construction sites
causing a lot of loss and damage are the major man-made
disasters. Events of train or road accidents, minor household fire,
food poisoning, minor industrial accidents, looting, terrorist
attacks or of a fire at shops etc. resulting mostly out of personal
negligence are termed as minor man-made accidents/ disasters.
These do not lead to a high loss of life though the loss of property
may be evident in such cases.

Natural Disasters

Natural Disasters are catastrophic events that result from any of

the Earth’s natural phenomena that causes widespread
destruction to the environment and loss of life. These events
occur unexpectedly. Natural disasters can range from floods and
hurricanes to tsunamis and earthquakes.

Some natural hazards can also be provoked or affected by

anthropogenic factors. For instance, landslides can be triggered
by deforestation, mining and agricultural activities.

Natural disasters often cause destruction on a massive scale.

Certain natural disasters such as wildfires cause destruction of
animal habitat as well as damage to property and loss of life.

The Earth, over its 4.54 billion-year history, has seen many
natural disasters. Some of these disasters have led to several
mass extinctions and drastic repercussions for various surviving
species.

Earthquakes

An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting

from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that
creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from
those that are so weak that they cannot be felt, to those violent
enough to propel objects and people into the air, damage critical
infrastructure, and wreak destruction across entire cities.
Earthquakes are triggered by tectonic shifts in the Earth's crust
that occur suddenly.

Flood

A flood happens when water overflows or soaks land that is

normally dry. Generally, floods take hours or even days to
develop, giving residents time to prepare or evacuate.
Sometimes, floods develop quickly and with little warning.

A flood can develop in a many ways. The most common is

when rivers or streams overflow their banks. These floods are
called riverine floods. Heavy rain, a
broken dam or levee, rapid ice melt in the mountains, or even a
beaver dam in a vulnerable spot can overwhelm a river and send
it spreading over nearby land. The land surrounding a river is
called a flood plain.

Coastal flooding, also called estuarine flooding, happens when a

large storm or tsunami causes the sea to rush inland. Floods are
the second-most widespread natural disaster on Earth,
after wildfires.

Tornadoes

Tornado is a violently rotating column of air touching the ground,

usually attached to the base of a thunderstorm. Tornadoes are
nature’s most violent storms. Spawned from powerful
thunderstorms, tornadoes can cause fatalities and devastate a
neighborhood in seconds. Winds of a tornado may reach 300
miles per hour. Damage paths can be in excess of one mile wide
and 50 miles long.
A tornado forms from a large thunderstorm. Inside thunderclouds,
warm, humid air rises, while cool air falls--along with rain or hail.
These conditions can cause spinning air currents inside the cloud.
Although the spinning currents start out horizontal, they can turn
vertical and drop down from the cloud--becoming a tornado.

Tsunami

A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the

displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or
a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and
other underwater explosions (including detonations,
landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other
disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to
generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are
generated by wind, or tides, which are in turn generated by the
gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated
by the displacement of water from a large event.

Drought

A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions. A drought

can last for days, months or years. Drought often has large
impacts on the ecosystems and agriculture of affected regions,
and causes harm to the local economy.

When little or no rain falls, soils can dry out and plants can die.
When rainfall is less than normal for a period of weeks to years,
stream flows decline, water levels in lakes and reservoirs fall, and
the depth to water in wells increases. If dry weather persists and
water-supply problems develop, the dry period can become a
drought.

Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the

world, becoming more extreme and less predictable due
to climate change.

Landslide
A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or debris down
a sloped section of land. Landslides are caused
by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make
the slope unstable. Geologists, scientists who study the physical
formations of the Earth, sometimes describe landslides as one
type of mass wasting. A mass wasting is any downward
movement in which the Earth's surface is worn away. Other types
of mass wasting include rockfalls and the flow of shore deposits
called alluvium. Near populated areas, landslides present
major hazards to people and property.

Volcanic Eruption

A volcanic eruption, an eruption of molten rock, hot rock

fragments, and hot gases through a volcano, which is a vent in a
planet’s or satellite’s crust. Volcanic eruptions can cause
disastrous loss of life and property.

Volcanic eruptions occur as a result of heat moving under Earth’s

surface. It is so hot deep within the earth that some rocks slowly
melt and turn into a thick flowing matter known as magma. Since
it is lighter than solid rock, the magma rises and collects in
magma chambers. Eventually, some magma pushes through
fissures and vents on the earth’s surface. Hence, a volcanic
eruption occurs, and the erupted magma is known as lava.

Some volcanic eruptions are explosive and others are not. The
explosivity of an eruption depends on the composition of the
magma. If magma is thin and runny, gases can escape easily from
it. When this type of magma erupts, it flows out of the volcano. If
magma is thick and sticky, gases cannot escape easily. Pressure
builds up until the gases escape violently and explode. In this
type of eruption, the magma blasts into the air and breaks apart
into pieces called tephra. Tephra can range in size from tiny
particles of ash to house-size boulders. Explosive volcanic
eruptions can be dangerous and deadly.

Cyclones
In meteorology, the term cyclone is defined as
A system of winds that are rotating inwards to an area of low
barometric pressure, such that in the Northern Hemisphere it is
anticlockwise and in the Southern Hemisphere it is clockwise
circulation.
Cyclones are formed with an enormous amount of energy from
the ocean to the atmosphere. According to studies, every year
there are 70 to 90 cyclonic systems developed across the globe.
The surface winds get spiralled towards the low-pressure system
due to the Coriolis force. The cyclonic systems are not formed in
the equatorial regions because the Coriolis force is negligible
between the latitudes 5 degrees north and 5 degrees south.

Wildfires
A wildfire is an unplanned fire that burns in a natural area such as
a forest, grassland, or prairie. Wildfires can start with a natural
occurrence—such as a lightning strike—or a human-made spark.
However, it is often the weather conditions that determine how
much a wildfire grows. Wind, high temperatures, and little rainfall
can all leave trees, shrubs, fallen leaves, and limbs dried out and
primed to fuel a fire. Topography plays a big part too: flames burn
uphill faster than they burn downhill.

The risk of wildfires increases in extremely dry conditions, such as

drought, and during high winds. Wildfires can disrupt
transportation, communications, power and gas services, and
water supply. They also lead to a deterioration of the air quality,
and loss of property, crops, resources, animals and people.

KERALA FLOOD CASE STUDY

Kerala
Kerala is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India. The state has
the 13th largest population in India. Kerala, which lies in the tropical region, is
mainly subject to the humid tropical wet climate experienced by most of
Earth’s rainforests.
Eastern Kerala consists of land infringed upon by the Western Ghats; the
region includes high mountains, gorges, and deep-cut valleys. The wildest
lands are covered with dense forests, while other areas lie under tea and
coffee plantations or other forms of cultivation.
Background

In August 2018, harsh flooding affected the Kerala due to heavy high rainfall
during the monsoon season. About one sixth of population of Kerala was affected
by flood and its related incident. Landslides are reported in different parts of the
state. The incessant rain accompanied with the rise of water level in rivers and
other waterbodies have resulted in flooding in many parts of Kerala. All 14
districts were placed on red alert. Almost all dams have been opened since the
water level increased rapidly and close to over flow level. The Indian government
had declared it a level 3 calamity, or “calamity of a severe nature”. It is the worst
flood in Kerala after the great flood of 99 that happened in 1924.

Causes of the Flood 2018

The main reason for floods has been high intensity rainfall in short duration, poor
or inadequate drainage capacity, unplanned reservoir regulation and failure of
flood control structures.

1. Natural causes

a. Incessant rainfall: Kerala received 2346 mm of rainfall against a normal of

1649mm since the beginning of June. Such heavy rainfall in a short period of time
caused the flood and triggered landslides that killed many people.

b. The unusual rainfall pattern may be attributed to the global climate change:
The Arabian sea is becoming warmer that cause a surge in moisture level in the
sea and the westerly winds that mover over the sea carry that moisture with them
as they move into the subcontinent. This may have caused the torrential rain fall.

c. Large expense of low-lying areas: About 10% of its geographical area is below
the sea level.

2.Human causes

a. Dam mismanagement: There was an instant release of water from Dam due to
heavy rain, as dam reservoirs were not emptied before the onset of rain, flooding
the nearby regions, at a much faster rate than expected. Kerala govt. claimed that
the sudden release of water from the Mullaperiyar Dam was a cause for the floods
in the state.
b. Stone quarrying: There were approximately 6000 big, medium and small
quarries in the state. Mud slides and landslides were reported in many places
across the state which is attributed to increasing the stone quarrying activity and
large-scale deforestation.

c. Wet lands and lakes that acted as natural barriers have disappeared due to
rampant urbanization and construction of infrastructure

d. Cities were built and expanded on leveled farmlands, blocking the normal
water ways.

e. Other factors are deforestation drive for development purpose, uncontrolled

sand mining has constrained river flows, while the rapid spread of high-rise
buildings on unstable hills slopes has weakened the soil. The unplanned
development has left the area susceptible to flash floods and landslides.

Effects of the Devastating Flood

Kerala experienced a record level rainfall. A huge 310 mm of rainfall in just 24

hours, resulted in devastating flooding, causing significant damage to
infrastructure, agricultural systems and human life.

The flood killing at least 480, displacing 78000 and causing 50000 crore worth
of damage in state.

Officials estimated more than 83000 km of roads needed to be repaired.

Besides a number of water treatment plants were forced to cease pumping
water, resulting in poor access to clean water especially in northern districts of
the state.

On 12 August Cochin International Airport, India’s fourth busiest in terms of

international traffic, and the busiest in the state suspended all operations until
29 August, following runway flooding. Kochi Metro was closed briefly on 16th
August and the southern railway had suspended train services on the
Thiruvananthapuram, Kottayam Ernakulam and Ernakulam – Shornoor –
Palakkad sections.

Rescue Operations
The center launched massive rescue and relief operations. 40 helicopters, 31
aircrafts, 182 teams for rescue, 18 medical teams of defense forces, 90 teams of
NDRF and 7 companies of central armed police forces were pressed into service
along with over 500 boats and necessary rescue equipments. The fisherman from
across Kerala were engaged in flood rescue missions. A good majority of the
population were involved in arranging supplies in various ways. According to the
Govt. estimate, a total of 4537 from the fisherman community participated in
rescue operation with 669 fishing boats. They managed to rescue more than
65000 people from various districts.

Relief and Monetary Aid

 The government of Kerala started a donation website for flood victims.
As of 30 August 2018 Rs. 24067 million (US 350 million) was collected
from the public including organizations, corporate firms and famous
personalities.

 The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi announced a sum of Rs. 5

billion (US 72 million) as interim relief for Kerala on 18 August 2018.

 Mata Amritanandamayi Math donated Rs.100 million (US 1.4 million) to

the Kerala Chief Minister’s Distress Relief Fund, in addition to providing
relief materials and helping in rescue operations.

 Many members of Parliament, members of state legislative assemblies

and councils, civil servants and government employees across the
country have also donated their one month’s salary and allowances
towards Kerala Chief Minister’s Distress Relief Fund.

 Chief Ministers of all the states (and Delhi) have pledged monetary aid
from their respective state funds in addition to dispatch of various relief
materials.
Rehabilitation and Recovery

The disaster crippled lives and livelihoods of people. The task before the
Government of Kerala was to ensure that the recovery process was handled
efficiently, so that people could get back to their normal lives with ease and
dignity. The Government of Kerala decided to launch an Immediate Recovery
Programme, utilizing public finances at its disposal. The people of Kerala
displayed remarkable resilience in the face of adversity to the extent that within
one week of flood waters receding, most people returned to their homes to
rebuild their lives.

The State had to address the fundamental drivers of floods as well as prepare
better for future disasters. Government established the ‘Rebuild Kerala Initiative’
(RKI) under Local Self Government Department.

Conclusion

The 2018 Kerala flood was the worst flood to hit the state in nearly 100 years.
Progressive social development, literacy, vibrant media and active community
are Kerala’s key assets to tackle this disaster – and will help rebuild a more
resilient, effective and efficient community.

Lessons Learnt

 Land use policy of the state should be made stricter.

 A policy for protection and prudent use of natural resources need to implemented strictly.
 Existing vulnerable lands should be protected
 An inclusive approach for all phases of disasters preparedness and response need to be
adopted.
 Technology has played an important role in the post disaster scenario in Kerala during the flood
of 2018. With the help of technology, alerting the people in risk prone and remote areas will be
much easier.
 Protection of wetlands must be an activity that the state has to follow up as early as possible
 Effective dam management must be the priority for the states.
 Schemes like Aapda Mitra initiated by National Disaster Management Authority should be taken
forward. Rescue trainings can be imparted to the volunteers. Necessary equipment’s and
infrastructure should be provided to these volunteers so that they can save the lives of people in
crucial hours.
Climate change and human activities have aggravated the onset of hydrometeorological disasters. The
massive flood occurred in Kerala due to unsustainable developments and because of lack of State’s
preparedness.

Mitigation
Disaster Mitigation is the cornerstone of emergency management.
Mitigation is defined as “sustained action that reduces or
eliminates long-term risk to people and property from natural
hazards and their effects.”

Through the application of mitigation technologies and practices,

our society can ensure that fewer citizens and their communities
become victims of natural disasters.

Structural mitigation and non-structural mitigation are two types

of mitigation. Structural Mitigation is the physical alteration or act
of accident or danger security. Structural mitigation, for example,
will be where a family improves its house to make it more
windproof or earthquake proof. In comparison, where a flood
would arise, such structural mitigation examples might be items
such as building a sandbag barrier around the house. In general
structural mitigation is the direct acts that people take, create, or
transfer in order to help protect their life and or property.

In disaster response, non-structural mitigation involves what

people should do at a personal level that is not structurally or
externally visible as a defensive defence such as a surge wall or
storm shelter. In general, non-structural mitigation would include
measures such as flood insurance. In comparison, a family having
a family emergency plan would be another example.

Dams, flood levees, ocean surge walls, earthquake-resistant

construction and emergency shelters are common structural
steps for disaster risk mitigation. Construction regulations, land-
use planning legislation and their implementation, study and
appraisal, information services and public awareness programmes
are common non-structural steps.
 Disaster Structural Mitigation Non-Structural Mitigation
Efforts Efforts

1. Flood Watershed Mapping of floodplains,

management, Land use control
construction of
reservoirs

2. Engineered structures, (a) Training in drop, cover

Earthquake Enforcing building and hold activity. (b) Public
codes awareness

3. Cyclone (a) Multipurpose (a) Hazard mapping (b)

cyclone shelters (b) Land use control
Engineered structures

4. Landslide (a) Drainage (a) Hazard mapping (b)

corrections (b) Awareness generation
Engineered structures

5. Drought (a) Revival traditional (a) Land use planning (b)

water harvesting Drought awareness
structures (b) programmes
Construction of water
harvesting structures.

Conclusion
Disasters are the main challenge that the human civilization is facing from
ancient times. They have snatched many lives of humans and cattle;
damaged many cities, villages, houses, agricultural fields, roads and various
buildings in many countries. As in 2018 Kerala floods, Kerala has lost almost
449 human lives due to the flood. The infrastructure of the entire state was
destroyed. There were huge monetary and humanitarian losses due to the
deluge. To facilitate preparedness and better responsiveness to unforeseen
events which can harm human beings and the environment, Disaster
Management is very important.
Being prepared can reduce fear, anxiety, and losses that accompany
disasters. The importance of Disaster Management has further
increased in the contemporary scenario with the prevalent
climate change. These measures have special significance to a country
like India, which has about two-third of its geographical area and equal
proportion of its population, vulnerable to disasters.

Thus, Disaster Management has become a necessity in the modern world as

every country now strives to become more efficient at dealing with disasters
and averting them whenever possible.
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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Social Science
teacher, Mr. Shyam Mohan Veettil, who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this
wonderful project on Disaster Management which helped me to
learn a lot in the research. I would also like to thank him for his
valuable guidance which has promoted my efforts in all the stages
of this project work.

Secondly, words are not sufficient to express gratitude to my

mother for supporting me in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.

Advait Dermal

Student Reflection

This project has given me a better understanding of natural

disasters and how they occur.
I have realized how in a disaster, people face the danger of death
or physical injury, lose their home, possessions, and community
leading to physical, mental and emotional trauma.
Hence, I have understood the importance of disaster
management and the need of every country to have a robust
disaster management mechanism to be well prepared to face any
future disasters so that there is minimal humanitarian losses and
people will be safer even if the disaster is massive or life
threatening.