CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Plasmodiasis is a parasitic protozoan infection disease which is transmitted by the female

anopheles mosquitor that are responsible for the causing malaria of disease.

Malaria parasite, the casual organisms of malaria are protozoan organism belonging to the genus
plasmodium of the subclass ocidia. Malaria is an acute febrile disease that can put more men out
action than battle casualties. It is one of the most widely prevent disease in the world before the
advent of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and has been described globally as the number
one public health problem (Abayomi, 2007).

Malaria parasite was discovered in 1880 by Laveran a military physician working in constantine
Algeria (Ksogstad, 1996).

Malaria is a parasitic disease of mammal including birds and reptiles. It is the most common
disease among the society especially (children) in Africa (CDC, 2006).

Plasmodium is the casual organism of malaria called plasmodiasis in man. There are four species
of plasmodium that infect man, they are: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale,
Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae. Human is the only sources of infection. The
female anopheles mosquitor is the major vector that transmits it from man to man (Adeoye,
2007).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Malaria is caused by protozoan (Plasmodium species) therefore, it is discovered the disease is

found in the area nearest to this hospital and some distant community, whom attending the
general hospital Potiskum local government, Yobe State as increase incidently in this
community, may have some bearing on the following problem. Thus: most people do not want to
bring sick children and themselves to the hospital as soon as possible till when the disease reach
it chronic stage, lack of health facilities such as primary health care and proper health service
delivering, provide close to the place where people live and survived, most of our health care
centre do not provided with good laboratory designed and supply for the diagnosis to determine

1
the causes and nature of the infection, as such: proper diagnosis may not achieved with
appropriate and proper treatment of the patient (Adeoye, 2007).

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

AIM:

The aim of this research is to study the prevalence of plasmodiasis among children attending
paediatric ward at General hospital Potiskum.

OBJECTIVES:

 To know how to collect the blood sample in standard.

 To demonstrate the diagnosis of malaria in medical laboratory.
 To enlight the people about the causes and potential effect of malaria disease particularly
among children.
 To improve the knowledge of the community about the disease.
(C.D.C, 2006).

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is to detect the ration of percentage of children infected with
malaria parasite infection at paediatric ward in General hospital Potiskum, it may also help the
government to have an authentic statistical data of the infected children, so that the epidemy of
the disease will be controlled. It is also hoped that this research will form a basis of future
research.

1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The research will be limited to children attending paediatric ward in General hospital Potiskum
local government, Yobe State.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

A systematic literature specifying the epidemiology of malaria in children with a focus on

malaria risk factors in children, the cochrance library, Global health and world health
organization (W.H.O) regional data base. In total, 1,136 articles in English, French, Spanish and
Portuguese were classified for review. A contribution of standardized terms were used as search
criteria concerning Pubmed, the search terms utilized were the medical subject heading (MESH)
“Parasitaemia” or “Malaria” or “Anaemia”. In addition, complementary articles reports, research
criteria for relevant PAM and IPTP studies accepted all designs with the sole caveat that the
originated from a malaria endermic country.

Three hundred and fifty five (355) articles were selected for final review. Due to the limited
number of studies and reviews, no sensitivity analysis was realized no date restrictions were
applied and publication bias was not addressed (Goldman, 1975).

2.1 HISTORY OF THE TOPIC (PLASMODIASIS)

Plasmodiasis has been recognized since the Greek and Roman civilization over 2000 years ago,
with different patterns of fever described by the early Greeks in 1880, Alphonse Lavaran
discover that the causative agent of malaria is parasite. (A. Lavaran).

Detailed work of Golgi in 1886 demonstrated in some patients there was a relationship between
the 72 hour life cycle of the parasite and the chill and fever patterns in the patients. The same
observation was found for parasite with 48 hour cycles. Golgi concludes there must be more than
one species of malaria parasite responsible for these different patterns of infection. Malaria is
caused by four plasmodium species Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium
vivax and Plasmodium malariae.

Malaria remains the major causes of mortality and morbidity with an estimate of about 881,000
people death per year of which 95% occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in children and infants
under 1 to 2 years of age (F.M.H, 1990).

3
In the absence of vaccine, simple and effective control strategies are urgently needed to reduced
the demonstrated. Intermitted preventive treatment of malaria in infants (IPTT) with sulpadoxine
pyrimenthemine (SP) of immunization (EPI) at approximately two, three and nine months of age
result in reduction of the incident of clinical malaria by 22 – 59% without showing interaction
with (EPI) at various endermic area were well established.

There have cancer regarding the use of 80 in pregnant women an intervention widely adopted in
many countries. (F.M.H, 1989). According to encyclopedia America, malaria is a serious parasite
disease characterized by repeated attack of shacking, chills, high fever, headache and profuse
sweating, for centuries malaria remain a major cause of disability and death in many part of the
world, the death rate an untreated patients is over 10%, the parasite that cause malaria are
microscopic one called sporozoans and only four species are known to infect humans (F.M.H,
1991).

2.2 TRANSMISSION

The female anopheles mosquito is the vector for human, some species of this mosquito have
been identified as vectors for malaria, and their distribution varies from country to country. The
infection is transmitted by the bite of an infected female anopheles mosquito (Curtis, 1991).

Rarely malaria can also spread by the inoculation of blood from an infected person to a health
person, in this type of plasmodiasis, asexual forms are directly inoculated into the blood and pre-
erythrocytic development of the parasite in the liver does not occur. Therefore this type of
plasmodiasis has a shorter inoculation period and relapses do not occur. (W.H.O, 2003).

Plasmodiasis can also be transmitted:

- From mother to unborn child (Congenital)

- Through blood transfusion
- By needle stick injury.
(WHO, 2003).

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2.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA

Malaria has been recognized as a severe and life threatening illness for thousands of years, it still
is one of the most common diseases affecting human worldwide, the major impact of the disease
is almost entirely on the developing countries with heaviest burden in Africa. Almost half of the
total world population is exposed to the risk of contracting malaria, by (Dr. Ananyia Mandal
M.D).

Each year approximately 500 million people has been infected with malaria parasite worldwide
of those infected roughly two million were die from the disease, malaria is cause by four
plasmodium species: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax and
Plasmodium malariae. At any one time, an estimated of 300 million peoples are to be infected
with at least one of those Plasmodium species and so there is a great need for the development of
effective treatment for decreasing the yearly mortality and morbidity rates. There were an
estimated 219 million cases of malaria (154 – 289 million) and 660,000 deaths (range 611,000 –
971 million) in 2016 of total number 8000 of estimated malaria death occur just in countries and
approximately 80% of estimated cases occur in 17 countries. The democratic republic of Congo
and Nigeria account for over 40% of the estimated total of malaria death globally, the democratic
republic of Congo, India and Nigeria account for 40% of estimated malaria cases of the death a
large population was among children in sub-saharan Africa, this is the vulnerable group affected
with high transmission, these children are vulnerable because they have not developed immunity
to malaria yet (F.M.H, 1990).

Geographical areas of malaria transmissions, Plasmodium malariae is the one of lest studied of
the four species that infect humans, because of low prevalence and under clinical manifestation
compared to other species, it is widely spread through sub-saharan Africa, much of south east
Asia, Indonesia and many of the Islands of the western pacific and in areas of Amazon Basin of
south America. In endermic region prevalence range from less than 4% to more 20% but there is
evidence that Plasmodium malariae infection are vastly under reported (F.M.H, 1991).

2.4 LIFECYCLE OF PLASMODIASIS DISEASE

The malaria parasite lifecycle begins when an infected adult female anopheles mosquitor bite a
human being to feed on his or her blood. As it feed on this blood, it releases malaria sporozoites

5
(Parasite) into the blood stream of the host (Human being). This is the infective bite once the
parasite inters the human stream they involve quickly to the liver cells where they move quickly
to the liver cells where they develop and multiply (Schizogony). The infected liver cells rapture
and release numerous merozoites into the blood, which invade red cells (RBC s). This stage
take 9 – 14 days within the RBCs, the parasite develop from “ring” into blood schizonts, then the
schizonts rapture the RBCs releasing numerous merozoites which invade new RBCs when the
infected red blood cells rapture this processes initiates the chills and fever which are
characteristic of malaria, indeed the peats of fever experienced during malaria coincide with the
release into the blood circulation of malaria parasite (merozoites) from rapture RBCs. Malaria
parasite exhibit a complex life cycle involving alternating cycles of asexual division
(schizogony) occurring in man (intermediate host) and sexual development (sprogony) occurring
in female parasite exhibit alternation and generation and alternation of host (Daniel, 1964).

The sporozoite are the infective form of the malaria parasite, they are presents in the salivary
glands of female anopheles mosquitor, man gets infection by the bite of infected mosquitor, it
usually bites at night or during the twilight hours, either right after sunset or before sunrise.
During the act of biting the proboas of the mosquitor pireces the skin into the “blood stream”
(Daniel, 1964).

The lifecycle in men comprise the following stages:

- Primary exoerythrocyte or pre-erythrocytic schizogony.

- Erythrocytic schizogony.
- Gametocyte.
- Secondary exo-erythrocytic or dormant schizogony.

The period between the infective bite and the onset of symptoms (i.e. fever, chills etc.) is called
the incubation period of malaria.

ASI mentioned earlier, the incubation period is usually 7 – 14 days, but may be shorter as in
plasmodium falciparum or longer in the case of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae
(Arota, 1985).

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2.5 SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA

The sign of malaria disease which include the following:-

- Headache
- Vomiting
- General body weakness
- Enlargement of spleen
- Loss of appetite
- Loss of body weight
- Abdominal pain
- Weakness of body and high fever.

Symptoms

The symptoms of malaria are repeated cycle of chill fever (Minitte, 1973).

“Lucas and Gills in 1984 clinically” malaria is characterized by fever, spleenomegaly, virus
syndromes resulting from the involvement of individual organs.

“Hussel and Brambly in 1984”, concluded the disease of malaria is characterized by bouts fever
accompanied by anaemia due to the breakdown of red blood cells. Parasites are identifying by
microscope and the examination through which types of malaria can be detected (Hussel, 1974).

2.6 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

The laboratory diagnosis of malaria parasite is depend on the demonstration of parasites in the
blood, it is been diagnosed either by immunological assay or a certain diagnosis of malaria
parasite logical techniques and is made by examination of thick blood film stained with field or
giemsa stain solution, which is a chemical substance when applied on the blood smear after a
specified time will produce a degree of colour “Boiling M.J. 2002”.

2.7 CONTROL, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

Malaria disease can be controlled through the following ways:

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- Applying long insecticide spray to wall and to all dwelling place of mosquito at regular
intervals.
- Physical killing of mosquitoes when they are seen.
- By keeping the environment clean, hight and dry.
- By cutting grasses and shrubs around the household.
- By covering water container around the house that may hold water.

TREATMENT

Malaria parasite can be treating with different types of drugs, most of drugs used on treatment
are active against the parasite forms in the blood (the forms that cause disease) and include:

- Arthemeter (ACT)
- Atovaquone
- Proguanil (malarone)
- Quinine
- Doxycline (used in combination with quinine)
- Quindine
- Artesunate (Not licensed for used in the United State, but available through the (“C.D.C
malaria hotline” C.D.C, 2010).

PREVENTION

The malaria can be prevented through the following ways:

- Preventing mosquitoes from biting people by using mosquitoes net.

- Preventing surface of water from mosquitoes.
- By pouring oil substance on water surface to prevent larvaes from breeding.
- By clearing grasses and bushes to prevent breeding of mosquitoes.
- By educating people about the effect of mosquitoes on the settlement.
(Daniel, 1964).

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2.8 CAUSES OF MALARIA DISEASES

When an infective female anopheles mosquitoes bite a person, it passes saliva containing
sporozoite (infective stage), sporozoite reach the blood stream and within 30 minutes, it enter the
parenchyma cells of the liver initiating a cycle of schizogony, when sporozoites charge in
schizonts. Multiplication in tissues schizonts about 7 th to 9th days of the bites and enter into the
blood stream. (FMOH, 2010).

2.9 COMPLICATION OF MALARIA DISEASE

The life threatening complication can develop with a malaria infection, especially when a person
is infected by the malaria causing parasite plasmodium falciparum. When the parasite infects red
blood cells (RBCs), the cells stick to the walls of blood vessels. As the blood vessels become
blocked blood supply to vital organs stops and the person may die without treatment (Curtis,
1999).

Life threatening situations because of malaria infection with plasmodium falciparum may
include:

Severe infections of the brain (cerebral malaria) with seizures, confusions and increasing
tiredness leading to come and death.

- Fluid in the lung (pulmonary edema)

- Kidney failure
- Abnormal liver function
- A plastic anaemia
- A low number of white blood cells
- Low blood sugar (Hypoglycemia)
- “Black water fever” (massive destruction of red blood cells which causes dark coloured
urine).
“Curtis, 1990”.

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2.10 DISTRIBUTION

Malaria is widely distributed throughout the tropics Plasmodium falciparum predominant in

Africa, Italy Dominican, Republic French, Guinea, Surinan part of Asia and Popua New Guinea.

Plasmodium vivax predominates in certain America, Turkey the Indian subcontinent and China.
Plasmodium is widely distributed but most common then either of former species. Plasmodium
ovale occurs mainly in Africa, in fact malaria is a worldwide distributed disease, it has a high
mortality rate especially among children at 2 – 6 years, it cause high morbidity rate among
pregnant women of child bearing age, it is protozoa/parasite infection, it is one of the major
health problem. (R. Neghina et al, 2010).

10
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS

The materials used for this research project are listed below:

i. Syringe (dry and sterile)

ii. Needle of appropriate size (23 SWG)
iii. Tourniquet or sphygnomacrometer
iv. Cotton wool (sterile)
v. 70% alcohol or methylated spirit
vi. Dry E.D.T.A container
vii. Glass slide
viii. Spreader
ix. Microscope
x. Immersion oil
xi. Distilled water
xii. Field strain etc.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

This study was conducted using analytical research design, the analytical method was chosen
because of the several advantages.

3.2 STUDY POPULATION

Random sampling techniques was used to collect (100) blood samples from children attending
paediatric ward at General hospital Potiskum local government, Yobe State, represent the
population that was used in this research.

3.3 SAMPLE SIZE

A total of one hundred (100) blood sample was used from children attending paediatric ward in
General hospital Potiskum, Yobe State was used for the analysis.

11
3.4 SAMPLE COLLECTION

Blood samples were collected using standard procedure for sample collection and placed into
anti-coagulated blood container.

Venous Blood Collection

Procedure:

i. The tourniquet was tied to the fore arm and it was not too tight as to prevent blood flow
to the palm of the hand.
ii. The anti-curbital fossa was cleaned with cotton wool soaked with 70% alcohol.
iii. 23 SWG needle was selected for the procedure and it was mounted firmly on the syringe.
iv. The needle was inserted into the suitable vein and it want into the deep of about 1 inch.
v. The tip of the needle was slightly lifted and the tourniquet was untied gently.
vi. Required volume of blood was drowned into the syringe.
vii. The needle was removed and wounded area was pressed with dry cotton wool firmly for
2 minutes.
viii. The drowned blood sample was dispensed into E.D.T.A container.

3.5 METHOD OF ANALYSIS

The methods of analysis for this research project include; thick and thin blood film procedure
and are described as follow:

Thick blood film making

- A drop of blood was placed on a clean grease free glass slide.

- A drop of blood was spreaded evenly to make a circular motion of about 12cm in diameter
by using corner of another slide or applicator stick.
- The blood film was made and allowed to air dry.

Staining Procedure (Field Stain Method)

- The slide was immersed into field stain A for 5 seconds.

- The excess was drained off and washed gently in water for 5 seconds.

12
- The slide was immersed into field stain B for 3 seconds.
- The excess of the stain was drained and washed off gently with water.
- The back of slide was cleaned with cotton wool and allowed to air dry.
- It was taken for examination through microscopy.
- A drop of immersion oil was placed on the slide and examined microscopically using x100
objective lens.

Thin Blood Film Making

- A drop of blood was placed at one end of clean glass slide.

- With used of cover slip a drop of blood was touched and spreaded backward along the cover
slip.
- It was pushed gently at 450c to make a thin blood film.
- The thin film was made with head, body and tail and allowed to air dry.

Staining Procedure (Leishman Method)

- The blood film was fixed with drop of methanol and allowed to air dry.
- The slide was foaded with leishman stain working solution and allowed to stand for 2
minutes.
- The stain was diluted with buffer P H20 PH 6.8 and allowed to act for 5 minutes.
- The stain was washed off with water and back of the slide was wiped with cotton wool, it
was drained and allowed to air dry.
- It was taken for examination.
- A drop of immersion oil was placed and examined microscopically using x100 objective
lens.

CHAPTER FOUR
13
4.0 RESULTS

This chapter mainly deals with presentation of data analysis of result which was collected to find
out the prevalence of plasmodiasis (malaria) among children at paediatric by laboratory
investigation, as stated earlier in (iii), one hundred (100) blood samples were collected and
examined at General hospital Potiskum local government, Yobe State.

4.1 RESULTS PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Table I: Prevalence of plasmodiasis in paediatric children in relation to sex

Sex No. of sample tested No. of positive No. of negative

Male 65 50(76.9%) 15(23.1%)
Female 35 20(57.1%) 15(42.9%)
Total 100 70(70%) 30(30%)

Table II: Preval

Age No. of sample tested No. of positive No. of negative

0 - 2 years 55 45(81.8%) 10(18.2%)
2 - 4 years 45 35(77.78%) 10(22.2%)
Total 100 80(80%) 20(20%)

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 RESULT DISCUSSION

14
From the table 1: The above indicated total of one hundred (100) samples were collected from
both female and males children and the sample was screened, 65 of the samples are from female
and 50 (76.9%) out of 65 were positives, means they have infected with the disease (malaria),
while 15 (23.1%) out of 65 are negative, means they do not infected. And 35 of the samples are
from male were 20 (57.1%) out of 35 are infected, which 15 (42.9%) out of 35 do not become
infected as such, it is demonstrating that female children are highly at risk and has the higher
incidence of the disease “C.D.C, 2010”.

From table 2: The above indicated, a total of fifty five (55) blood samples out of one hundred
(100) samples collected are from children between 0 – 2 years of age where by 45 (81.8%) of the
sample tested was found infected while 10 (18.2%) of the samples do not become infected with
the disease (Plasmodiasis). While a total of 45 of sample out of one hundred (100) samples
collected are from children between 2 – 4 years of age, where by 35 (77.8%) of the samples out
of 45 samples tested was found infected with the disease plasmodiasis (malaria). “C.D.C, 2010”.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

The researcher recommends the following measures which will help to prevent the malaria
disease.

 Health education on weekly basis should be organized to the people.

 By encouraging some people on the importance of preventive measures.
 By educating local people for environmental sanitation.
 Government should advice people on early referral of their cases before such disease will be
chronic.

5.3 CONCLUSION

Malaria infection has been a serious disease condition, needs special attention from the people
and the government to prevent the people that are negative and control, those that is positive by
health condition.

15
- Good housing sanitation
- Proper diet
- Medical check-up
- Supply of drugs
- Early referral of cases of health centres
- Community awareness of the cause of malaria infection
- Supply of preventive materials such as long lasting insecticide treated net.

REFERENCES

Alphonse Laveran, A military physician working in Constantine Algeria. (1880). Different

patterns of fever described by the early Greeks.

16
Boibin MJ (2007) “Effect of early cerebral malaria on cognitive ability in Senegalese children”
Journal of development and behavioral paediatric 28 (5) 353 – 46.
Centre for Disease and Control (C.D.C, 2006).

Colonet Felix Abayomi Adeoye (2007).

Curtis C.F, Ed (1991). Control of disease vector in community.

Federal Ministry of Health (F.M.H, 1990). Guidelines for malaria control in Nigeria.

Goldman (1975). Health science for the tropic.

Hags Guerra C, Takem a, Noor and Snow R (2004). The global distribution and population at
risk of malaria. 59 (5) 136 – 142.
Howell R.J. (1934). Short textbook on tropical medicine third edition.

Hussel et al (1974). Physiology, Anatomy and health part ii.

Katrins, Fabril I, Gerard K, Nicola B, David B, Meguna D, Simone G, Stefania. “Manifection

and outcome of severe malaria in children in northern Ghana” amj trop mod hyg 71 (2)
167 – 71.
Lucas and HM Gill (1984). A short textbook of preventing for medicine for the tropic Pp 189 –
196.
R. Neghina et al, D, Yasutake M, eskild P, John K, (2010). Imported malaria in children in
industrialized countries 1992 – 2002.

COVER PAGE

PREVALENCE OF PLASMODIASIS AMONG PAEDIATRIC CHILDREN

ATTENDING GENERAL HOSPITAL POTISKUM, YOBE STATE

17
 (A CASE STUDY OF GENERAL HOSPITAL POTISKUM)

BY

AISHA MUSA
ND/EHT/22/031

GALTIMA MAI KYARI,

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY NGURU,

YOBE STATE

MAY, 2024

TITLE PAGE

PREVALENCE OF PLASMODIASIS AMONG PAEDIATRIC CHILDREN

ATTENDING GENERAL HOSPITAL POTISKUM, YOBE STATE

(A CASE STUDY OF GENERAL HOSPITAL POTISKUM)

18
 BY

AISHA MUSA
ND/EHT/22/031

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE GALTIMA MAI KYARI, COLLEGE OF

HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY NGURU, YOBE STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGY
(EHT)

MAY, 2024

APPROVAL PAGE

This project is thoroughly read, checked and corrected by my supervisor Mal. Muhammad Maina
Sa'idu. Also found to meet the requirement for the award of National Diploma in Environmental
Health Technology. The views expected here with and responsibilities for the accuracy of the
data quoted are those of the authority below.

19
À

___________________ ____________
Project Supervisor Date

Mal. Muhammad Maina Sa'idu

___________________ ____________
Project Coordinator Date

Baba Mai Zaji Bunu

___________________ ____________

Head of Department Date

San. Mohammed Mustapha

CERTIFICATION

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I certify that this project work conducted on the study of Prevalence of plasmodiasis among
paediatric children attending General Hospital Potiskum, was a result of research work
conducted by me: AISHA MUSA ND/EHT/22/031 in partial fulfillment for the award of
National Diploma Certificate in Environmental Health Technology.

DEDICATION

This research project is dedicated to Almighty Allah (SWT) who bestowed knowledge, wisdom
to mankind, the archited of all situation for making it possible for me to full down the elements
of possible for me to full down the elements of possibility and an ambiguities involved in the
study of this nature and my beloved everlasting parents; Abdulkarim Musa, Musa Sani and
Hauwa Hussaini and also to my Mother elderly brothers Musa Hussaini Jauro, Uncle Idress,
Uncle Abubaka and Uncle Ibrahim for their understanding, advise, encouragement and fatherly
intervention throughout my study. Wishing them the best in their life endeavor. May Almighty
Allah continue to bless and reward them abundantly (Ameen).

21
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I wish to use this opportunity to express my appreciation and gratitude to Almighty
Allah (SWT). Peace and blessings of Allah goes to our noble Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) his
family and all his companions. Well I thanks Allah (SWT) for giving me strength, courage,
knowledge, good health and opportunity to go through this case and make all things possible for
me in carrying out this research project work successfully.

My sincere profound appreciation goes to my project supervisor, Mal.Muhammad Maina Sa'idu,

who encouraged my correction throughout my project work and continues effort to see that we
are academically and professionally developed, thank you so much.

My profound special gratitude and appreciation goes to my everlasting parents late Mr

Abdulkarim musa and Mrs Hauwa Hussaini for their financial support, encouragement, advised
and prayers throughout my study. May Allah (SWT) reward them with Jannatul Firdausih.
(Ameen).

Best gratitude and immeasurable appreciation goes to my amiable everlasting Uncle Abubakar,
who pamper me so much, M.Sani, thank you for your unflagging love and unswerving support,
caring and generosity through my life, may Allah in his infinite mercy’s grants you the best in
abundantly, my dearest enthusiastic Yahaha, wishing you more health.

22
And also special thanks to my brothers and sisters, particularly goes to Bro. Salisu, Yaya Daddy,
Sis. Adama, Bro. Musa, Bro.Kahlifah, Sis. Zarah, Sis. Salma and my lovely little Brother
Abdulrahman for their financial assistance and caring throughout my study, blessings of Allah be
with you all.

My profound appreciation goes to my blood siblings especially Big Bro Sa'eed, Sis Fatima, Bro.
Tijjani, Sis. Mufeedah and lovely little Bro. Adnan for their concern, loving and prayers,
blessings of Allah be with you all.

With the most gratitude to Allah (S.W.T), sincere wish to express my gratitude and appreciation
to my beloved brothers, particularly Abba, Bro Idress, Bro Muhammad, Bro Hamzah, Bro
Sulaiman, Yaya Harunah, Yaya Dauda and Yaya Alhaji, for their financial assistance and
brotherly intervention throughout my study. May Allah in his infinite wisdom rewards them and
grant their wishes fid-dunya wal-akheera.

I also wish to express my capacious gratitude to my humble organization colleague friends (BOA
members) especially; Chairman, Secretary, Speaker, Treasurer, Discipline, Financial Secretary
for their support and best wishes. May Almighty Allah continue unifying and uplifting our noble
organization.

Unlimited gratitude and appreciation goes to my unforgettable classmates especially Hauwa

Umar Idress (San.jiddat),Kahdijah Ali Abba, Hauwa Sha'abu (Jajimaje), Aisha Abdullahi idress,
Salamatu Yakub, Kahdijah Abba Umurah, Fatima Sale Shugabah, Falmata Ibrahim, and Jeebreen
Ibrahim Gambo for their good support, assistance and unswerving loyalty through my study.
Thanks to you all for your kinds and concern.

23
 ABSTRACT
The research work is based on prevalence of plasmodiasis among paediatric children in General
hospital Potiskum local government area, Yobe State. Plasmodiasis is a fatal disease which
leads to death of many people in developing countries especially among children, it has a lot of
serious complication that often happen as a result of massive destruction of red blood cells of an
infected individual. One hundred blood samples were collected both capillary and venous
method were used from both boys and girls children according to standard operation procedure
for sample collection placed into anti-coagulated blood container. The sample thin blood film
and stained by giemsa staining method. In the completion of investigation of one hundred (100)
samples collected majority were infected with malaria parasite, in term of severity of the
infection, the first level has the rate of 50% in girls children and 20% in boys children and
finally the negative stage of the infection has the rate of 30% in girls children and 20% in boys
children. And also the analysis performed tries to motivate parent and guidance of children on
the importance of using insecticide treated net (ITN) and visiting of the hospital can help in the
prevention and control of plasmodiasis in their community.

24
 TABLE OF CONTENT

 Cover page - - - - - - - - i
 Title page - - - - - - - - ii
 Approval page- - - - - - - - iii
 Dedication - - - - - - - - iv
 Certification - - - - - - - - v
 Acknowledgement - - - - - - - vi-vii
 Abstract - - - - - - - - viii
 Table of content - - - - - - - ix-x

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Statement of the problem - - - - - - 1
1.3 Aims and objective - - - - - - - 2
1.4 Significance of the study - - - - - - 2
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the study - - - - - 2

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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review - - - - - - - 3
2.1 History of the topic - - - - - - - 3
2.2 Transmission - - - - - - - - 4
2.3 Epidemiology of malaria - - - - - - 5
2.4 Life cycle of plasmodiasis disease - - - - - 5
2.5 Sign and symptoms of malaria - - - - - 7
2.6 Laboratory diagnosis - - - - - - - 7
2.7 Control, treatment and prevention - - - - - 7
2.8 Causes of malaria disease - - - - - - 9
2.9 Complication of malaria disease - - - - - 9
2.10 Distribution - - - - - - - - 10
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials - - - - - - - - 11
3.1 Research design - - - - - - - 11
3.2 Population of the study - - - - - - 11
3.3 Samples size - - - - - - - - 11
3.4 Sample collection - - - - - - - 12
3.5 Method of analysis - - - - - - - 12-13
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result - - - - - - - - - 14
4.1 Results presentation and analysis of data - - - - 14
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Result Discussion - - - - - - - 15
5.2 Recommendation - - - - - - - 15
5.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 16
References - - - - - - - - 17

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