Physics project paarth

DPS ,MIHAN,NAGPUR
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
REPORT
In partial fulfillment of AISSCE 2025 physics

practical.
Name: Paarth Agrawal

Class: XII-A
Roll No: 09
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Paarth Agrawal, has satisfactorily

completed the project in Physics of class XII in this school in
session 2024-25.
DATE: 15th December,2024.
PHYSICS TEACHER:
Mrs. Shweta Lade
PRINCIPAL:
Mrs. Nidhi Yadav
2
DECLARATION
The undersigned hereby declare that the record file of

General Studies by me is based on actual work carried out by
me under the guidance of Mrs. Shweta Lade.
Any reference to the work done by any other person or
institute or any material obtained from other sources have
been duly sighted and referenced. It is further to state this
work is not submitted anywhere else in any examination.
Thanking You,
Paarth Agrawal
Date: 15th December,2024.
Place: Nagpur
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The present project is the outcome of my own efforts. I have

been fortunate in having active cooperation of many people,
whom I would like to thank.
I am thankful to my respected subject teacher Mrs. Shweta
Lade for her guidance in my project. She has always put her
valuable time to guide me throughout the project work,
giving suggestions, support and encouragement for the
successful completion of the project work.
I wish to thank Mrs. Nidhi Yadav, principal of our school for
providing suitable environment for the completion of the
project work.
4
Contents
AIM
APPARATUS
THEORY
UNIT
EXAMPLE CALCULATION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
OBERVATION AND ANALYSIS
RESULT
PRECAUTIONS
SOURCES OF ERRORS
CONCLUSION
5
6
AIM:-
To study the factor on which the self inductance of a coil depends
by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a
resistor (bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable
frequency.
APPARATUS:-
A coil of large turns, a.c. source of adjustable frequency, an
electrical bulb, (6V) a.c. ammeter of suitable range rheostat, a
soft iron rod, one way key, connecting wires etc.
THEORY:-
Self-inductance is the property of a coil which opposes the

change in current through it.
The self-inductance of a coil, denoted by L, is a measure of the
coil's ability to oppose changes in the current passing through it
by generating an induced electromotive force (emf) in response
to the changing magnetic flux. When the current in the coil
changes, the changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the
coil that opposes the change in current, as described by Lenz's
Law.
The self-inductance of a coil (long solenoid) is
1
µ 0 µ 𝑟 𝑁2 𝐴
L= 𝑙
where µ𝑟 = Relative magnetic permeability of magnetic material,
It describes how easily a material can support the formation of a
µ
magnetic field. Higher permeability results in higher inductance.
µ𝑟 =
µ0
N = Total number of turns in solenoid. The more turns the coil
has, the greater the induced magnetic flux, leading to higher self-
inductance.
A = Area of cross-section of solenoid. A larger cross-sectional
area allows for more magnetic flux through the coil, increasing
its inductance.
l = length of solenoid. A longer coil has a lower self-inductance because
the magnetic field lines spread out more, reducing the flux per unit length.
2
UNIT
The unit of self-inductance is the henry (H). One henry is the inductance
when a change in current of one ampere per second induces a voltage of one
volt.
Example Calculation:
If you have a coil with the following parameters:
 Number of turns (N) = 200
 Cross-sectional area (A) = 1 cm2=1×10−4 m2
 Length of coil (l) = 0.5 m
 Permeability of core material (μ) = 4π×10−7 H/m4 (for a coil in air)
You can calculate the self-inductance L as:
2 −4
−7 200 X 1 X 10
L=4 π × 10 X
0.5
This would give the value of L in henries.
3
Hence, the self inductance depends upon:
1. No. of turns (N) , L α N²

2. Geometry of coil, L α A, L α 1/l
3. Nature of core material, L α µ
When an inductor is connected in series with a resistor (bulb)

with a variable source of frequency, then current flowing in the
bulb is
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠
= 𝑍
4
Where Z = √𝑅2 + 𝜔2𝐿2 = Impedance of the a.c. circuit. Here
R = Resistance of the bulb
L = Self inductance of coil
𝜔 = 2πf = Angular frequency of a.c. source.
𝐼
The brightness of bulb i.e., Heat generated in the bulb is
2
H = 𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐻
𝐼
2
𝑡 𝑟𝑚𝑠
P= =
5
P = 𝐼𝑟𝑚
2
√𝑅2 + 𝜔2𝐿2
𝑠
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:-
1. Make all connections as shown in the circuit
diagram.
2. Switch on the a.c. supply & adjust the c u r r e n t in the

circuit by using the variable resistor ( ℎ ).
3. Record the current in a.c. ammeter & see the brightness

of bulb.
4. Now, put the soft iron rod inside the conductor core &
6
record the current in a.c. ammeter & again check the
brightness of bulb. The current & brightness both decreases.
5. Now, switch off the supply & decrease the frequency of a.c.
source (say 50 Hz).
6. Again switch on the supply & adjust the current in circuit at
same constant voltage 6V by using the rheostat. Note the current
in ammeter & brightness of bulb. The current & brightness both
will increase.
7. Again insert the iron rod in the core of coil & note the
current & brightness. The current & brightness both decreases.
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequency of a.c.

source.
7
OBSERVATIONS and ANALYSIS:-
1. Least count of ammeter = 0.05 A.
2. Zero error of ammeter = 0 A.
3. Range of ammeter = 0 – 5 A.
S.NO Frequency of Current in ammeter Current in ammeter

applied voltage without iron rod in coil with iron rod in
(Hz) (A) coil (A)
1. 60 2 1.8
2. 50 2.5 2.3
3. 40 2.9 2.6
4. 30 3.4 3.25
5. 20 4.1 4
8
1. Current vs Frequency: Plot a graph of the current versus the
frequency. You should observe that the current decreases as
the frequency increases.
2. Effect of Turns: As the number of turns increases, the
current should decrease for the same applied voltage.
3. Effect of Geometry: With an increase in the cross-sectional
area or a decrease in the length of the coil, the current should
increase due to the reduction in inductance.
4. Effect of Core Material: Using a ferromagnetic core should
reduce the current more effectively than using an air core
due to the higher inductance.
RESULT:-
1. The current in the circuit decrease on inserting the

iron rod in the core of coil at constant frequency of
applied voltage & brightness of bulb decreases & vice-
versa.
2. The current in the circuit increases on decreasing the
frequency of applied voltage & vice-versa. Therefore, the
9
brightness of bulb increases.
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The coil should have large number of turns.

2. Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the
heating effect.
SOURCES OF ERRORS:-
1. The resistance of circuit may increase slightly due to

heating effect of current.
2. There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.
Conclusion:
Inductive Reactance: The self-inductance of the coil

directly affects the total impedance of the AC circuit. The
higher the inductance, the higher the reactance, which leads
to a decrease in the current.
Dependence on Factors:
 Number of Turns: More turns result in higher inductance,
leading to greater reactance and lower current.
 Cross-sectional Area: A larger area decreases the
inductance and reactance, allowing higher current.
 Length of Coil: A longer coil decreases inductance,
increasing current.
10
 Core Material: A core with higher permeability increases
inductance and reduces current.
11

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DPS ,MIHAN,NAGPUR

In partial fulfillment of AISSCE 2025 physics

Name: Paarth Agrawal

This is to certify that Mr. Paarth Agrawal, has satisfactorily

DATE: 15th December,2024.

The undersigned hereby declare that the record file of

The present project is the outcome of my own efforts. I have

OBERVATION AND ANALYSIS

Self-inductance is the property of a coil which opposes the

It describes how easily a material can support the formation of a

A = Area of cross-section of solenoid. A larger cross-sectional

l = length of solenoid. A longer coil has a lower self-inductance because

1. No. of turns (N) , L α N²

3. Nature of core material, L α µ

When an inductor is connected in series with a resistor (bulb)

R = Resistance of the bulb

L = Self inductance of coil

𝜔 = 2πf = Angular frequency of a.c. source.

2. Switch on the a.c. supply & adjust the c u r r e n t in the

3. Record the current in a.c. ammeter & see the brightness

8. Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequency of a.c.

1. Least count of ammeter = 0.05 A.

2. Zero error of ammeter = 0 A.

S.NO Frequency of Current in ammeter Current in ammeter

1. The current in the circuit decrease on inserting the

1. The coil should have large number of turns.

1. The resistance of circuit may increase slightly due to

2. There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.

Inductive Reactance: The self-inductance of the coil

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