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    Chapter 3 Normal Subgroups

    Uploaded by

    Allien Wang

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter 3 Normal Subgroups

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    Chapter 3 Normal Subgroups

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    Allien Wang

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    of 5

    Algebra 1

    Chapter 3 Normal Subgroups

    3.1 Introduction

    Definition
    Let 𝐺 be a group and 𝑁 be a subgroup of 𝐺.
    Then 𝑁 is called a normal subgroup of 𝐺 if
    𝑔𝑛𝑔−1 ∈ 𝑁
    for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 and 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺.
    Notation: 𝑁 ⊲ 𝐺

    Example
    Recall that
    𝑆𝐿𝑛 (ℝ) = {𝐴 ∈ 𝐺𝐿𝑛 (ℝ) ∶ det(𝐴) = 1}.
    is a subgroup of 𝐺𝐿𝑛 (ℝ).
    Show that 𝑆𝐿𝑛 (ℝ) is normal in 𝐺𝐿𝑛 (ℝ).

    Example
    Show that
    1 0 −1 0
    𝑁 = {[ ],[ ]}
    0 1 0 −1
    is a normal subgroup of 𝐺𝐿2 (ℝ).
    Theorem
    Let 𝐺 be an abelian group.
    Then each subgroup of 𝐺 is normal.
    3.2 Normal Subgroup Criterion

    Theorem
    Let 𝐺 be a group and 𝑁 be a subgroup of 𝐺.
    Then 𝑁 is a normal subgroup of 𝐺 if and only if 𝑁𝑔 = 𝑔𝑁 for each 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺.

    Example
    Consider the group
    𝐷6 = ⟨𝑟, 𝑠 ∶ 𝑟 3 = 𝑠 2 = 1, 𝑠𝑟 = 𝑟 −1 𝑠⟩.
    Consider the following subgroups of 𝐷6 :
    𝐻 = {1, 𝑟, 𝑟 2 }
    𝐾 = {1, 𝑠}.
    Determine whether 𝐻 and 𝐾 are normal subgroups of 𝐷6 .
    3.3 Quotient (Factor) Groups

    Theorem
    Let 𝐺 be a group and 𝑁 be a normal subgroup of 𝐺.
    Let 𝐺⁄𝑁 = {𝑁𝑎 ∶ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐺} be the set consisting of all right cosets of 𝑁 in 𝐺.
    Define a binary operation (multiplication) between the right cosets in 𝐺⁄𝑁 as follows:
    𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑏 = 𝑁𝑎𝑏
    for all 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐺.
    Then (𝐺⁄𝑁 ,⋅) is a group called the quotient group (or factor group) of 𝐺 over 𝑁.

    Remark:
    Let 𝐺 be a group and 𝑁 be a normal subgroup of 𝐺. Then
    |𝐺⁄𝑁| = [𝐺: 𝑁].
    Example
    Consider the dihedral group
    𝐺 = 𝐷6 = ⟨𝑟, 𝑠 ∶ 𝑟 3 = 𝑠 2 = 1, 𝑠𝑟 = 𝑟 −1 𝑠⟩
    and its normal subgroup
    𝑁 = {1, 𝑟, 𝑟 2 }.
    Display a Cayley table for 𝐺⁄𝑁.

    Example
    Consider the group ℤ and its normal subgroup 4ℤ.
    Display a Cayley table for ℤ⁄4ℤ.

    Corollary
    Let 𝐺 be a finite group and 𝑁 be a normal subgroup of 𝐺. Then
    |𝐺|
    |𝐺⁄𝑁| = [𝐺: 𝑁] = .
    |𝑁|

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