UNIT – I

Sl. Question
No.
1.
Optical fiber works on the phenomenon of __________
a. Total Internal Reflection.
b. Refraction
c. Polarization
d. Diffraction
2.
Which fiber is preferred for long distance communication?
a.SI-MMF
b.GI-MMF
c.SI-SMF
d.GI-SMF
3.
In optical fiber, the refractive index of the cladding should be __________
a. Nearly Unity
b. Very low
c. More than that of the core
d. Less than that of the core
4.
Main advantage of fiber optic cable over co-axial cable is __________
a. Easy handling
b. Low loss
c. Less weight
d. Easy testing
5.
Light traveling through an optical fiber of core refractive index n 1=1.44 and
cladding refractive index n2=1.43 reaches the end of the fiber and exits into air.
If the angle of incidence on the end of the fiber is 30∘, what is the angle of
refraction outside the fiber?
a. 56o
b. 36o
c. 46o
d. 32o
6. For which condition ray optic principles break down among the relationship
between wavelength (λ) and aperture size (d) given below:
a. d<< λ
b. d>=λ
c. d>> λ
d. d> λ
7. Numerical aperture in optical fiber is
a. light scattering

Page 1 of 24
 b. light collection
c. light dispersion
d. light polarization
8. The wave nature of light is demonstrated by:
a. Interference
b. Diffraction
c. (a) and (b) both
d. Speed of the light
9. The fundamental mode of an optical fiber is __________
a. HE11
b. LP11
c. LP10
d. LP02
10. If the optical fiber has Vnumber of 16, then find the number of guided mode for GI
- fiber?
a. 32
b. 64
c. 128
d. 8
11. Which colour has the shortest wavelength of light?
a. Red
b. Yellow
c. Blue
d. Green
12. Total internal reflection occurs when angle of incidence is __________
a. Less than critical angle
b. Greater than critical angle
c. Equal to critical angle
d. None of the above
13. V- number for the single mode fiber is ___________
a. Less than or equal to 2.405
b. Greater than or equal to 2.405
c. Equal to 2.450
d. Equal to 2.405
14. In a fiber, the refractive index of the core is twice that of the refractive index of
cladding. Then, the critical angle is
a. 25o
b. 30o
c. 35o
d. 37o
15. The ___________ ray passes through the axis of the fiber core.
a. Reflected
b. Refracted
c. Meridional
d. Skew

Page 2 of 24
16. When a ray of light enters one medium from another medium, which quality
will not change?
a. Direction
b. Frequency
c. Speed
d. Wavelength
17. What is the numerical aperture of the fiber if the angle acceptance is 16o?
a. 0.5
b. 0.36
c. 0.2
d. 0.27
18. How many propagation modes are present in single mode fiber?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
19. What is the unit of normalised frequency?
a. Hertz
b. Meter/Sec
c. THz
d. Dimensionless
20 Skew ray follows a ___________
a. Hyperbolic path along the axis
b. Parabolic path along the axis
c. Helical path
d. Path where ray changes angles at core-cladding interface

Sl.
No Question
.
1. State the reason to opt for Optical Fiber Communication.
It is desired to make a single-mode fiber at an operating
2. wavelength=1300 nm with ncore=1.505 and nclad= 1.502.Find the
Numerical Aperture and core radius.
3. Write the condition for total internal reflection in a fiber.
4. Distinguish meridional rays and skew rays.
Determine the normalized frequency at 820 nm for a step index fiber
having a 25µm radius. The refractive indices of the cladding and core are
5.
1.45 and 1.47 respectively. How many modes propagate in this fiber at
820nm?
6. What do you understand by phase and group velocity?
7. Define Numerical Aperture of a step index fiber.

Page 3 of 24
 8. State Snell’s law.
9. Why do we prefer step index SM fiber for long distance communication?
10. State the reason of cladding for an optical fiber.
11. What is a linearly polarized mode?
12. List the raw materials used for glass fiber.
13. Mention the characteristics of graded index fiber.
14. List any two advantages of single mode fibers.
A manufacturing Engineer wants to make an optical fiber that has a
15. core index of 1.480 and cladding index of 1.478. Identify the core size
for single mode operation at 1550nm.
A step-index fiber has a normalized frequency V = 26.6 at a 1300-
16 nm wavelength. If the core radius is 25 mm, what is the numerical
aperture?
For n1=1.55 and n2=1.52, Calculate the Critical angle and
17
Numerical Aperture.
The refractive indexes of the Core and Cladding of a silica fiber are
18
1.48 and 1.46 respectively. Find the acceptance angle for the fiber.
19 Why partial reflection does not suffice the propagation of Light?
Assume that there is a glass rod of refractive index 1.5,
20
surrounded by air. Find the critical incident angle.
Calculate the cut off wavelength of an optical signal through a
21 fiber with its core refractive index of 1.50 and that of Cladding
1.46. The core radius of 25µm. The normalized frequency is 2.405.
The relative refractive index difference (Δ) for an optical fiber is
22 1%.Determine the critical angle at the core cladding interface if
the core refractive index is 1.46.
A step index fiber has a normalized frequency (V) of 26.6 at
23
1330nm. If the core radius is 25µm, find the numerical aperture.
Calculate the Cut off Wavelength of a single mode fiber with core
24
radius of 4µm and Δ is 0.003.
For a fiber with a core refractive index of 1.54 and fractional index
25
difference of 0.01, calculate its numerical aperture.

Sl.
Questions
No.
Explain ray theory transmission in an optical communication; with neat
1. diagram explain acceptance angle numerical aperture and total internal
reflection using Snell’s law with relevant figures and calculations.
(i)Consider a SI-MM fiber with diameter 8μm, n1=1.476 and Δ =0.92%. If this
2. fiber is operated at 1550nm, how many modes will it have? (ii) Distinguish
Step Index fiber from Graded Index Fiber.
(i)Calculate the refractive indices of the core and the cladding materials of
3. an optical fiber Whose NA = 0.35 and ∆ = 0.01.
(ii) Classify the cylindrical fibers and explain them.
Starting from Maxwell's equation, derive the expression of wave equation of
4.
an electromagnetic wave propagating through optical fiber.
i) Derive the expression for numerical aperture of the fiber. ii) A graded
index fiber has a core with a parabolic refractive index profile which has a
5. diameter of 50 μm. The fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.2. Calculate the
total number of guided modes propagating in the fiber when it is operating
at a wavelength of 1 μm.
6. Label a neat block diagram and explain the fundamental blocks of

Page 4 of 24
 optical fiber communication.
i) With a neat sketch, illustrate the modes in a planar guide.
(ii)Determine the cut off wavelength for a step index fiber to exhibit single
7.
mode operation when the core refractive index and radius are 1.46 and
4.5μm respectively with the relative index difference being 0.25%.
i) Draw and explain refractive index profile and ray transmission in
multimode step index fiber and single mode step index fiber. ii) Consider a
multimode step index fiber with a 62.5 µm core diameter and a core
8.
cladding index difference of 1.5%.If the core refractive index is 1.480,
estimate the normalized frequency of the fiber and the total no of modes
supported in the fiber at the wavelength of 850 nm.
Write short notes on (i) Outside Vapor Phase Oxidation (ii) Modified
9.
Chemical Vapor Deposition.
(i) With the help of schematic of a fiber drawing apparatus, explain in
detail about the fiber fabrication process.
10. (ii) Calculate NA of silica fiber with its core refractive index of 1.48 and
cladding refractive index of 1.46, what should be the new value of n1 in
order to change the NA to 0.23.
Explain ray theory of a fiber with a special mention about TIR,
11.
acceptance angle and NA.
Describe Single Mode Fibers and their mode - field diameter. What
12.
are the propagation modes in them?
With the help of the block diagram, explain the different components
13.
of an optical fiber link.
(i) Explain the differences between meridional rays and Skew rays.
14.
(ii) Bring out the differences between Phase and Group Velocities.
Deduce an expression for NA of an Optical Fiber with the help of a
15.
neat figure showing all the details.
What is the Numerical aperture of an Optical Fiber? Deduce an
16.
expression for the same.
calculate the NA of silica fiber with its core refractive index(n1) of
17 1.48 and Cladding Refractive index(n2) of 1.46. What should be the
new value of n1in order to change NA to 0.23.
Draw and explain the acceptance angle and Numerical aperture of an
18
Optical Fiber and derive the expression for the both.
A fiber has Core radius of 25µm, core refractive index of 1.48 and
relative index difference (Δ)is 0.01. If the operating wavelength is
19 0.84µm, find the values of normalized frequency and the number of
guided modes. Determine the number of guided modes if Δ is reduced
to 0.003
Describe the Ray theory behind the Optical fiber communication by
20
total internal reflection. State the application of Snell’s law in it.

UNIT – II
Sl. Question
No.
1. The wavelength of minimum attenuation is

Page 5 of 24
 a. 1510 nm
b. 1520 nm
c. 1530 nm
d. 1550 nm
2.
In waveguide dispersion, refractive index is independent of __________
a. Bit rate
b. Index difference
c. Wavelength
d. Velocity of medium
3.
Linear scattering effects are __________ in nature.
a. Elastic
b. Non elastic
c. Mechanical
d. Electrical
4. Cable attenuation is usually expressed in terms of
a. Loss per foot
b. dB/km
c. intensity per mile
d. voltage drop per inch
5.
Which optical phenomenon causes the formation of a rainbow (splitting of white light
into multiple colours)?
a.Total Internal Reflection.
b.refraction of light
c.Interference
d.Dispersion of light
6.
Optical fiber incurs a loss in signal power as light travels down the fiber is called as
__________
a. Scttering
b. Absorbtion
c. Attenuation
d. Refraction
7.
What is dispersion in optical fiber communication?
a. Compression of light pulses
b. Overlapping of light pulses
c. Broadening of transmitted light pulses along the channel
d. Absorption of light pulses
8.
Intermodal dispersion occurring in a large amount in SI-MMF results in __________
a.Propagation of the fiber
b. Propagating through fiber
c. Attenuation of wave

Page 6 of 24
 d. Pulse broadening at the output
9.
Absorption losses due to atomic defects mainly include __________
a. Radiation
b. Missing molecules, Oxygen defects in glass
c. Impurities in fiber material
d. Interaction with other components of the core
10.
Mie scattering has in-homogeneities mainly in __________
a. Forward direction
b. Backward direction
c. All direction
d. Core-cladding interface
11.
SBS and SRS are types of __________
a. Linear scattering
b. Non-linear scattering
c. Fiber bending losses
d. Core-cladding losses
12.
The variant of non-zero dispersion shifted fiber is called as ___________
a. Dispersion flatrened fiber
b. Zero-dispersion fiber
c. Positive dispersion fiber
d. Negative dispersion fiber
13.
How many mechanisms are there which causes absorption?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
14.
How the potential macro bending losses can be reduced in case MMF?
a. By designing fibers with large relative refractive index differences
b. By maintaining direction of propagation
c. By reducing the bend
d. By operating at larger wavelengths
15.
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering as mainly a __________
a. Forward process
b. Backward process
c. Upward process
d. Downward process
16.
How the potential micro bending losses can be reduced?

Page 7 of 24
 a. By maintaining direction of propagation
b. By operating at larger wavelengths
c. By reducing the bend
d. By extruding a compressible jacket over the fiber
17.
Non-linear in elastic scattering processes are ___________and ____________
a. SRS,SBS
b. Rayleigh, Mie
c. SPM,CPM
d. FWM,XPM
18.
Variation of refractive index of the core material as function of wavelength caused
___________
a. Polarization mode dispersion
b. Material dispersion
c. waveguide dispersion
d. Intermodal dispersion
19.
If the input power 100μW launched into a 6Km fiber, the mean optical power at the
fiber output is 2 μW. What is the overall signal attenuation through the fiber assuming
there are no connectors or splicers?
a. 15.23dB
b. 17.12dB
c. 16.98dB
d. 18.56dB
20.
A step-index fiber has n1=1.46 and core radius 4.5μm. Find the cut-off wavelength to
exhibit single mode operation. Use relative index difference as 0.25%.
a. 1.326 μm
b. 0.124 μm
c. 0.132 μm
d. 1.214 μm

Sl.
No Questions
.
1. What is Rayleigh Scattering?
2. A fiber has an attenuation of 0.5 dB/Km at 1500nm. If 0.5mW of optical
power is initially launched into the fiber, what is the power level in after
25Km?
3. Define group delay.
4. What is chromatic dispersion?
5 List the basic attenuation mechanisms in an optical fiber.
6. When the mean optical power launched into a 8 Km fiber is 120 μw. The
mean optical power at the fiber output is 3 μw. Calculate the overall
attenuation in dB assuming there are no splices.

Page 8 of 24
 7. How can you minimize micro bending losses?
8 What is meant by mode coupling? What causes it?
9 Distinguish between elastic and inelastic scattering.
10. Define signal attenuation.
11. What are the causes of absorption?
12. Distinguish between Intramodal and Intermodal Dispersion.
13. What’s Urbach’s rule?
14. What are the causes of absorption?
15. List the different profile for dispersion-optimized fiber.
16 Identify the causes of scattering loss
17 What are the types of bends that can be subjected to a fiber?
18 Define cut-off wavelength.
19 How does intrinsic absorption occur?
20 How does waveguide dispersion occur?

Sl.
No Questions
.
1. Explain in detail with necessary mathematical expressions the various
attenuation mechanisms in optical fiber.
2. Derive the expressions for material and waveguide dispersion and explain
them.
3. Describe the mechanism of intermodal dispersion in a multimode step index
fiber. Show that the total broadening of a light pulse due to intermodal
dispersion in multimode step index fiber may be given by δTs = L(NA) 2/2n1c,
where L is the fiber length, NA is the numerical aperture, ni is the core
refractive index and c is the velocity of light in a vacuum.
4. Explain in detail about the design optimization of single mode fiber.
5. When the mean optical power launched into an 8km length of fiber is
120μW, the mean optical power at the fiber output is 3 μW. Determine (1)
Overall signal attenuation in dB/km and (2) The overall signal attenuation for
a 10Km optical link using the same fiber with splices at 1Km intervals, each
giving an attenuation of 1dB.
6. An optical link consisting of a single mode 5Km long step index fiber with
core index n1=1.49 and relative index difference ∆=1 percent. (a) Find the
delay difference at the fiber end between the slowest and fastest modes. (b)
Find the rms pulse broadening caused by intermodal dispersion. (c)
Calculate the maximum bit rate BT that can be transmitted over the fiber
without significant errors on the link assuming only intermodal dispersion.
(d) Assuming the maximum bit rate equals the bandwidth, what is the
bandwidth distance product of this fiber?
7. A 6 km optical link consist of multimode step index fiber, with a core RI of .5
and relative refractive index difference of 1%. Estimate (1) Delay difference
between slowest and fastest modes at the fiber output. (2) RMS pulse
broadening due to intermodal dispersion on the link. (3)Maximum bit rate
that may be obtained without sustainable errors on the link assuming only
intermodal dispersion.
8. Suggest and validate the techniques employed and the fiber structures
utilized to provide (i) Dispersion shifted single mode fibers (ii)
Dispersion flattened single mode fibers (iii)Non zero dispersion shifted

Page 9 of 24
 single mode fibers.
9. Explain in detail about elastic and inelastic scattering losses.
10. A continuous 40km long optical fiber link has a loss of 0.4dB/km i) What is
the minimum optical power level that must be launched into the fiber to
maintain an optical power level of 2 µw at the receiving end? ii) What is the
required input power if the fiber has a loss of 0.6 dB/km?
11. Discuss about the absorption losses in optical fibers and compare and
contrast the intrinsic and extrinsic absorption mechanisms
12. Explain the causes for microscopic and macroscopic bending losses in
optical fiber. What is critical radius of curvature?
13. i) Write short notes on polarization mode dispersion.
(ii)Draw the graph for attenuation in optical fibers as a function of
wavelength
14. A multimode step index fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.2 and a
core refractive index of 1.47. Estimate the bandwidth distance
product for the fiber assuming only intermodal dispersion and return
to zero code when (i) there is no mode coupling between the guided
modes, (ii) mode coupling between the guided modes gives a
characteristics length equivalent of 0.6 of the actual fiber length.
15. Discuss various kinds of losses that an optical signal might
suffer while propagating through fiber. Which is most
important one? What is the effect of these losses on light power
and pulse shape?

UNIT – III
Sl. Question
No.
1. A double heterojunction InGaAsP LED emitting at a peak wavelength of 1310 nm at a
drive current of 40 mA has radiative recombination time of charge carriers about 30 ns
and internal quantum efficiency of 60%. The bulk recombination life time of the
carriers is ______.
a. 18ps b. 12ns c. 12ps d. 18ns
2. The output optical power emitted externally from the device assuming the refractive

Page 10 of 24
 index of active region about 3.5 is ______ mW.
a. 0.64 b.0. 44 c.0.32 d. 0.56
3. In LED, Light is emitted because _______.
a. Light falls on LED b. Recombination of charges takes place
c.PN Junction emits light when heated d. IR light falls on LED
4. The semiconductor material NOT used in LED is_______.
a. Silicon b. Silicon Carbide c. GaAsP d. GaAs
5. In spontaneous emission, the light source in an excited state undergoes the transition to
a state with _______.
a. Higher energy b. Moderate energy c. Lower energy d. All of the above
6. ______ is the width of the range of wavelength emitted by the light source.
a. Bandwidth b. Chromatic dispersion c. Spectral Width d. Beamwidth
7. ______ is a non-coherent light source for optical communication system.
a. ILD b. LED c. APD d. PIN Diode

8. The quantum efficiency of LED is defined as the ratio of___________.

a. Number of photons emitted out/ Number of photons injected in
b. Number of photons injected out/ Number of photons emitted in
c. Number of photons emitted out*Number of photons injected in
d. None of the above
9. The irradiance of LED is defined as_________.
a. Power output*Area b. Power output/Area c.
Area/ Power output d. None of the above
10. A double hetero-structure is designed with the composition of the quaternary alloy,
In1−x Gax Asy P 1−y is such that x/y=1/2.2 and x=0.4. What is the operating wavelength
of the designed semiconductor device? Assume Eg(y)=1.35−0.72y+0.12y2 eV.
a. 1550nm b. 1.532nm c. 1520nm d. 1480nm
11. _____________ developed the first LASER.
a. Charles Townes b. Theodore Maiman c. Gordon McKenzie d. Albert Einstein
12. Laser light is ___________emission.
a. Coherent b. Stimulated c. Spontaneous d. Coherent & Stimulated
13. Which laser emits light in the visible region 400nm to 700nm?
a. Argon-ion b. Nitrogen c. Carbon-dioxide d. Neodymium-YAG
14. The laser frequency when the light has the wavelength 800nm is _______.
a. 375 THz b. 375 PHz c. 375 GHz d. 375 EHz
15. In Stimulated Emission, which among the following parameters of generated photon
is/are similar to the photon of incident wave?
a. Frequency b. Phase c. Polarization & direction of travel d. All the above
16. Which modes are acknowledged due to their association with electromagnetic field
and beam profile in the direction perpendicular to the plane of pn junction?
a. Longitudinal Modes b. Transverse Modes c. Lateral Modes l d. All the above
17. Which of the following statements concerning a laser system is incorrect?

Page 11 of 24
 a.Spontaneous emission occurs in the laser system.
b.The laser system does not require an external energy source
c.The laser system highly concentrated narrow beam of light
d.None of the above
18. In a laser structure, the existence of standing waves is possible at frequencies for
which the distance between the mirrors is an integral number of ________.
a. λ/8 b. λ / 4 c. λ / 2 d. λ / 6
19. Both LEDs and ILDs operate correctly with
a. Forward bias b. Reverse bias c. Neither A or B d. Either A or B
20. Type of lasers that are made from semiconductor pn-junctions commonly
called ILDs
a. semiconductor lasers b. liquid lasers c. plasma lasers d. gas lasers

Sl.
Questions
No.
1. List any four required properties of light sources used in the optical
communication.
2. What is meant by laser action? What are the conditions to achieve it?
3. What is meant by population inversion?
4. Why is silica not used to fabricate LED or Laser diodes?
5 Write two differences between LED and Laser diode?
6. Differentiate SLED and ELED.
7. State the reason: Direct bandgap material is preferred for Optical Sources.
8 Find the peak emission wavelength of an LED made from semiconductor
whose band gap energy is 0.7 eV.
9 What are all the mechanisms behind lasing action?
10. Define external Quantum Efficiency.
11. What are the required properties of a photo detector?
12. Calculate the external differential quantum efficiency of a laser diode
operating at 1330nm. The slope of the straight line portion of the curve for
the emitted optical power P versus drive current I is given by 15 mW/mA.
13. Find the output optical power emitted externally from the device
assuming the refractive index of active region about 3.5.
14. An LED has radiative and non radiative recombination times of 30ns
and 100ns. Determine the internal quantum efficiency.
15. What is mean by hetero junction structure?

Sl.
Questions
No.
1. With a neat sketch , discuss the structure and working principle of
surface emitting LED and Edge emitting LED.
2. Discuss about the mechanism behind lasing operation. Derive rate

Page 12 of 24
 equation and obtain quantum efficiency of laser diode.
3. Discuss with necessary expressions that different types of that affect the
performance of a photodetector.
4. Draw and explain the Fabry Perot resonator cavity for a laser diode.
Derive laser diode rate equation.
5. A double heterojunction LED emitting at a peak wavelength of 1310 nm
has radiative and non-radiative recombination life time of 45ns and 95ns
respectively. The driver current is 35 mA. Determine the internal
quantum efficiency and internal power level. If the refractive index of the
light source material is n=3.5, find the power emitted from the device.

6. Draw the structures of SLED and ELED and explain their principle of
operation.
7. Draw the injection laser diode structure and explain lasing in it.
8. Explain the working principle of laser diode and derive its rate equation.
9. (i)With a schematic of double heterojunction LED explain how carrier
confinement and optical confinement can be achieved simultaneously.
(ii) Define quantum efficiency of an LED. Derive an expression for
internal quantum efficiency of an LED and hence discuss the effect of
various recombination mechanisms on the quantum efficiency.
10. Draw and explain the different structures used to achieve carrier and optical
confinement in laser diodes.

UNIT – III & IV

Sl. Question
No.
1. In Photodiode, for high speed operation, the depletion region must be ______.
a. Zero b. Thin c. Very Large d. Large
2. ____________ is used to detect the optical signal.
a. PIN Diode b. Gunn Diode c. Photo Diode d. Zener Diode
3. Response time of photodiode has dependence on _____________.

Page 13 of 24
 a. Transit time b. Diffusion time c. RC time constant d. All the above
4. In an optical receiver, the PIN diode has a _______ intrinsic semiconductor layer
separating P and N regions, and the diode is ________ biased which helps draw the
current carriers away from the intrinsic region.
a .short, reverse b. wide, reverse c. short, forward d. wide, forward
5. In a photodiode, photo induced carriers are generated in the________.
a. Depletion region b. P-region c. N-region d. Both P and N region
6. When the optical power incident on a photodiode is 10µW and the responsivity is 0.8
A/W, the photocurrent generated (in µA) is ___________.
a. 10μA b. 8μA c. 25 μA d. 18 μA
7. The quantum efficiency (η) of a photodetector on which the average incident optical
power is Po such that the average photocurrent is Iph.is given by________.
a. 𝐼ph/ 𝑃0 b. P0/Iph c. (𝑷𝟎 /𝒉𝒄)/ (I𝐩𝐡 λ/𝒆) d. (I𝐩𝐡 λ/𝒆)/(𝑷𝟎 /𝒉𝒄)
8. A PIN diode consists of ___________.
a.heavily doped p region, lightly doped n region separated by high resistivity material
b.lightly doped p region, heavily doped n region separated by low resistivity material
c.heavily doped p and n regions separated by high resistivity material
d.heavily doped p region, lightly doped n region separated by low resistivity material
9. When the light increases, the reverse current in a photodiode________.
a. Zero b. decreases c. increases d. remain same
10. Compared to a high impedance amplifier, a trans-impedance amplifier provides all,
but which of the following improvements?
a. Bandwidth b. Dynamic range c. Sensitivity d. Any of these answers
11. What action, if any, will maximize the sensitivity of a fiber optic receiver?
a. Minimizing the receiver noise b. Maximizing the receiver bandwidth
c. Maximizing the receiver dynamic range d. None of these answers
12. Dark current in light detectors is caused by
a. Thermally generated carriers in the diode b. The absence of light input
c. Small leakage current d. Its imperfection
13. The leakage current that flows through a photodiode with no light input
a. dark voltage b. dark impedance c. dark power d. dark current
14. ______________ is caused due to interaction between the free electrons and
the vibrating ions in the conduction medium.
a. Thermal noise b. Dark noise c. Quantum noise d. Gaussian noise

15. A digital fiber optic link operating at 850nm requires a minimum BER of 10 -9.
_______ is the required average photons per pulse.
a. 24 b. 18 c. 21 d. 15
16. In photo detectors, energy of incident photons must be ________________ band gap
energy
a. less than b. greater than c. same as d. negligible
17. Low impedance preamplifiers can operate over a ________ bandwidth and do not
provide _____ receiver sensitivity.
a. wide, high b. wide, low c. narrow, low d. narrow, high
18. The range of BER for an optical system is______.

a. 10-9 to 10-12 b. 10-3 to 10-12 c. 10-12 to 10-14 d. 10-6 to 10-12

19. _______ is the unit of responsivity.

Page 14 of 24
 a. Ampere/Volt b. Ampere/Watt c. Watt/Ampere d. Volts/Ampere
20. ________ is the minimum received optical power required for a specific bit error rate
performance in a digital system can be measured.
a. BER b. SNR c. Quantum limit d. error function

Sl.
Questions
No.
1. What are the requirements of an optical receiver?
2. List the main advantages of InGaAs photodiodes?
3. What are the various error sources in the optical receiver?
4. Define quantum limit.
5 Why do we prefer trans-impedance preamplifier rather than high
impedance preamplifier?
6. Define Responsivity.
7. List the importance of photo detector material. Why it is preferred?
8 Define BER.
9 What are the required properties of a photo detector?
10. Draw the fiber optic receiver schematic.
11. What is dark current noise?
12. An APD generates a current of 100nA when the incident power is
5nW. The operating wavelength is 1.5 µm. Find its responsivity. If the
quantum efficiency is 0.7, find the multiplication factor.
13. In a 100-ns pulse, 6x106 photons at a wavelength of 1300nm fall on
an InGaAs photodetector. On the average, 5.4x106e-h pairs are
generated. Calculate the quantum efficiency of the diode.
14. For a pin photo diode having operating wavelength of 1300nm, the
quantum efficiency of is around 90%. Calculate the responsivity of the
photodiode.
15. Define Signal to Noise Ratio.

Sl.
Questions
No.
1. Draw the structures of Pin and APD photodetectors and explain their
operations.
2. Derive expressions for the SNR of both PIN and APD by incorporating all
noise sources.
3.
What are the various types of Preamplifiers available for optical
networks? Explain any three of them with their circuit diagrams.

4.
Estimate the terms: - Quantum limit and Probability of error with
respect to a receiver with typical values.

5.
Explain the fiber optical receiver operation using a simple model and its
equivalent circuit.

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 6.
Draw the block diagram of the fundamental optical receiver. Explain
each block.

7. Define the term Quantum limit and derive a suitable expression for
Probability of Error with respect to receiver.
8. (i) What are factors that decide the detector response time? Explain them in
detail with necessary sketches.

(ii) An APD generates a current of 100nA when the incident power is 5nW.
The operating wavelength is 1.5 μm. Find its responsivity. If the quantum
efficiency is 0.7, find the multiplication factor.

9. Discuss various noise sources available in photo detector and derive

the expression for the optimum gain at maximum SNR.
10. i) Demonstrate the structure and working of silicon Avalanche photodiode.
(ii) When 3×1011 photons each with a wavelength of 0.85 μm are incident on
a photodiode, on average 1.2×1011 electrons are collected at the terminals of
the device. Determine the quantum efficiency and the responsivity of the
photodiode at 0.85 μm.

UNIT – V
Sl. Question
No.
1. A fiber fault that causes a sudden drop in signal power without any reflections
is most likely due to:
a.Fiber bend
b.Fiber splice
c.Fiber end
d.fiber Break
2. Assertion: attenuation measurements using an OTDR are important for
identifying faults in fiber optic links.
Reasoning: By analyzing the changes in signal power along the fiber, OTDR

Page 16 of 24
 can pinpoint the locations of losses or faults.

a.Both assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct
explanation of the assertion.

b.Assertion is true, but the reasoning is false

c.Assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.

d.Both assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.

3. The effective cutoff wavelength is always …...... the theoretical cutoff

wavelength.
a.Smaller than
b.Greater than
c.Equal to
d.Cannot be predicted

4. What are areas of the applications of Optical fiber connectors?

a.Telephone company central offices
b.At installations on customer premises
c.In outside plant applications
d.All of the above mentioned
5. The cut-off wavelength of a LP11 mode is the ….....wavelength.
a.Minimum
b.Maximum
c.Moderate
d.No
6. An optical fiber connector is a flexible device that connects ….. requiring a
quick connection and disconnection.
a.Fiber cables
b.Fiber material
c.Splicers
d.None
7. In V-Groove mechanical splice technique, the prepared fiber ends are butted
together in a ……

a.Perpendicular groove

b.U – shaped groove

c.V – shaped groove

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 d.parallel groove

8. State whether if the following condition is True or False.

‘When the transmitting fiber has higher numerical aperture than the receiving
fiber, then some of the light rays will fall outside the acceptance angle of the
receiving fiber and therefore they will not be coupled through the joint.

a,True

b.false

c.neither True nor false

d.cann’t say

9. ….......is a larger spherical lens used to image the source on the core area of the
fiber end face.
a.Imaging Sphere
b.Non imaging Microsphere
c.Spherical surfaced LED and spherical ended fiber
d.Cylindrical lens
10. The technique used for determining the refractive index profile can be used to
measure the …..
a.Core Radius
b.Core Diameter
c.Cladding diameter
d.Wavelength
11
Optical bandwidth is defined as the lowest frequency at which H(f)
reduces to …......
a.0.5
b.0.75
c.0.25
d.2
12 …...... less-accurate than ….........
a.Cut-back method, Insertion loss method
b.Both Cut-back and Insertion loss methods are highly accurate
c.Insertion loss,cutback method
d.Invalid

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13 The graded profile creates a multitude of local NAs as the …....changes radially
from the core axis.
a.Refractive Index
b.Reflective index
c.Step index
d.Graded index
14 A permanent bond is referred to as a….....
a.T-joint
b.Splice
c.Fiber jointing
d.Connections
15 In the first instance of LED coupling, only …........parallel to the fiber end face
is considered.
a.Linear
b.Transverse polarization
c.Both linear and transverse polarization
d.None of the above
16. Which type of nonlinearity plays a crucial role in soliton formation in
optical fibers?
a.Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
b.Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)
c.Self-Phase Modulation (SPM)
d.Four-Wave Mixing (FWM)

17. "Soliton Number"(N) is:

a.The peak power of the soliton pulse.
b.The number of photons contained within the soliton pulse
c.The measure of the soliton's stability and resistance to perturbations.
d.The ratio of the pulse width to the fiber dispersion length.
18. Which of the following is a key challenge in implementing all-optical
networks?
a.Limited availability of optical components
b.High cost of optical transceivers
c.Difficulty in managing network scalability
d.Lack of industry standards for optical networking protocols
19. What is a major advantage of all-optical networking in terms of network

Page 19 of 24
 security?
a.Enhanced encryption capabilities
b.Lower vulnerability to hacking attacks
c.Improved network reliability
d.Resistance to electromagnetic interference
20. All-optical networking leverages …........ to enable faster and more efficient
data transmission.
a.WDM
bTDM
cFDM
dQAM
21 Which component is responsible for boosting the power of optical signals in
all-optical networks?
a.Photodetector
b.Multiplexer
c.Optical Switch
d.Optical Amplifiers
22 In all-optical networks, what is the purpose of dispersion compensators?
a.To amplify weak optical signals
b.To prevent signal loss due to attenuation
c.To equalize signal delays caused by dispersion
d.To encode data onto optical signals
23 Assertion: All-optical networking offers higher bandwidth compared to electronic networks.
Reasoning: Optical signals can carry a larger amount of data compared to electrical signals.

a.Both assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct
explanation of the assertion

b.Both assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning is not the correct
explanation of the assertion

c.Assertion is true, but the reasoning is false

d.Assertion is false

24 In a Broadcast and select WDM network, if the output power of a channel is

increased, how does it affect the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of other channels?
a.SNR of other channels decreases
b.SNR of other channels increases
c.SNR of other channels remains constant
d.None of the above mentioned
25 Which of the following is not an element of Broadcast and select WDM
network?

Page 20 of 24
 a.Amplifiers
b.Multiplexers
c.Modulators
d.Demultiplexers
26 Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for wavelength routing in a
network?
a.Data link layer
b.Physical layer
c.Network layer
d.Transport Layer
27 Assertion: Wavelength routed networks have a high data transmission rate.
Reasoning: In wavelength routed networks, data is transmitted through
multiple channels simultaneously.

a.Both assertion and reasoning are true, but reasoning is not the correct
explanation of assertion
b.Assertion is true, but reasoning is false
c.Both assertion and reasoning are true and reasoning is the correct
explanation of assertion
d.Assertion is false, but reasoning is true
28 Which of the following is the equation used for calculating the minimum
number of wavelengths required for a wavelength routed network?
a.N=2L+C/𝛌
b.N=L+C/𝛌
c.N=L+C/2𝛌
d.N=2(L+C)/𝛌

29 A …...... is a pulse or wave that travels along an optical fiber without changing
the shape.
a.FOADMs
b.OADM
c.WDM
d.Soliton
30 All-optical networking primarily relies on which phenomenon for signal
transmission?
a.Refraction
b.Diffraction
c.scattering
d.Dispersion

Sl.
Questions
No.
1. How is attenuation measured in fiber optic?
2. How does one determine the amount of return loss?
3. What are the techniques used in splicing ?
4. Compare cutback technique and insertion loss method.
9 State the concept of WDW technique.
10. Depict EPON architecture and operational concept.

Page 21 of 24
 11. consider a spectral band of 0.8 nm (or equivalently, a mean frequency
spacing of 100 gHz at a 1550 nm wavelength) within which lasers with
narrow linewidths are transmitting. How many of such signal channels fit
into the c band ?
12. Define power penalty.
13. List the key requirements needed in analyzing a link.
14. What are the advantages of WDM?

15. Distinguish fundamental and higher order solitions.

16 What is OADM and why it is used?

17 List the system requirements needed in analyzing a point -to- point link.
18 Write the concept of Soliton.
19 Suppose two identical graded index fibers are misaligned with an
axial offset of d= 0.3a.what is the power coupling loss between these
two fibers?
20 Mention the principal requirements of a good connector?
21 Classify some common end face defects happen in fiber.
22 Discuss some lensing scheme to improve optical source to fiber coupling
efficiency
23 State the significance of maintaining the fiber outer diameter constant.
24 An OTDR is used to measure the attenuation of a long length of fiber. If
the optical power level measured by the OTDR at 8-km point is 0.5 of the
measured value at the 3-km point, what is the fiber attenuation?
25 Define risetime
26 Illustrate the key parameter requirements for analyzing the optical link
27 Justify the features in DWDM.
28 Propose the three topologies used for fiber optic network

29 Develop the basic performance parameters of the WDM system

30 Conclude the advantages of using soliton signals through fiber.

Sl.
Questions
No.
1. What method is used for attenuation measurements?Illustrate with
example
2. Explain in detail about various lensing schemes for coupling
improvement
3. Discuss about power coupling and power launching.

Page 22 of 24
4. Explain Splicing with its types in detail with illustrations.
5. Discuss the methods to measure the Numerical Aperture of a fiber?
6 Write short note on fiber connectors
7 Summarize the methods used for measuring the intermodal dispersion and
chromatic dispersion

8 Explain about SONET/SDH transmission formats and speed, SONET/SDH

rings and SONET/SDH Networks.
9 Derive total system rise time for determining the dispersion limitation of
an optical fiber link.
10. Justify that soliton is a special kind of wave that can propagate
undistorted over song distance and remain unaffected after collision
with each other.
11 Demonstrate soNET layers and frame structure with diagram.
12 Explain about link power budget and rise time budget.
13 Provide examples of Optical network routing and wavelength assignment
14 What is optical Ethernet?How it delivers Ethernet bandwidth ranging upto
400 Gbits/sec using optical fiber lines?
15 What are the different types of wavelength division multiplexing?Discuss it in
detail.
16 Draw the point-to -point fiber optic link and discuss the system
considerations

17 Generalize four-fiber BLSR ring in a SONET. Explain the reconfiguration of

the same during node or fiber failure

18 An engineer has the following components available: a) GaAlAs laser diode,

operating at 850 nm, fiber coupled power 0dbm b) Ten sections of cable each
of which is 500 m long, has 4dB/km attenuation has connectors at both ends
c)2dB/connector loss d) A PIN photodiode receiver, -45 dBm sensitivity e)
An avalanche photodiode receiver, -56dBm sensitivity

19 With suitable diagrams analyze the cutoff length measurement of a optical

fiber.
20 With a typical experimental arrangement, brief the measurement process of
diameter of the fiber
21 Critise theNumerical Measureemnt method in detail
2 Distinguish various splicing technique with necessary diagrams and also
give the expression for various losses when splicing single mode fibers.

23 Explain connector types; also compare the six popular fiber optic
connectors with their features and applications.
24 Demonstrate the process of fiber end preparation
25 Compare the different mechanical misalignments in fiber coupling also derive
the loss expression for those misalignments.

Page 23 of 24
26 Show that the insertion loss method is better to measure the attenuation of
cables.
27 Elaborate the following requirements for the design of an optically
amplified WDM link: (15) (a) Link Bandwidth (b) Optical power
requirements for a specific BER.
28 Compare and analyze optical switching networks
29 Summarize the function of OADM in detail
30 Draw the architecture of optical network connect and explain

Page 24 of 24