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    MUCLecture_2024_9939343

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    Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

    AL-Mustaqbal University College of Science


    Department of Medical Physics

    Organic Chemistry
    Lecture 2

    Alkanes
    By

    Dr. Assel Amer Hadi


    Alkanes
    • Alkanes are the simplest type of organic compounds and
    member of a larger class of organic compounds called
    saturated hydrocarbons that contains only carbon-carbon
    single bonds. Alkanes have the general molecular formula
    CnH2n+2.
    • we can determine the number of hydrogen in the
    molecule and its molecular formula. For example,
    decane, with ten carbon atoms, must have (2 X10)+ 2= 22
    hydrogen atoms and a molecular formula of C10H22.
    Nomenclature of Alkanes and the IUPAC System
    1. The name for an alkane with an un branched chain of carbon atoms
    consists of a prefix showing the number of carbon atoms in the chain
    and the ending -ane. The simplest member of Alkane family is methane
    2. For branched-chain alkanes, select the longest chain of

    carbon atoms as the parent chain; its name becomes the root

    name. If there is one substituent, number the parent chain

    from the end that gives the substituent the lower number.

    3- Give each substituent on the parent chain a name and a

    number. The number shows the carbon atom of the parent

    chain to which the substituent is bonded. Use a hyphen (-) to

    connect the number to the name.


    A substituent group derived from an alkane by the removal of a

    hydrogen atom is called an alkyl group; it is commonly represented

    by the symbol R We name alkyl groups by dropping the -ane from

    the name of the parent alkane and adding the suffix-yl. The

    substituent derived from methane, for example, is methyl


    If there are two or more identical substituents, number the parent
    chain from the end that gives the lower number to the substituent
    encountered first. The number of times the substituent occurs is
    indicated by the prefix di-, tri-, tetra-

    A comma is used to separate position numbers.


    If there are two or more different substituents, list them in
    alphabetical order and number the chain from the end that gives
    the lower number to the substituent encountered first.
    Cyclo Alkanes
    A hydrocarbon that contains carbon atoms joined to form a ring is called
    a cyclic hydrocarbon. When all carbons of the ring are saturated, the
    hydrocarbon is called a cycloalkane.
    Physical Properties of Alkanes
     The first four n-alkanes are gases, but, as a result of the rise in

    boiling point and melting point with increasing chain length, the next

    13 (C5-C17) are liquids, and those- containing 18 carbons or more

    are solids physical constants for a number of the n-alkanes., the

    boiling points and melting points rise as the number of carbons

    increases.

     The processes of boiling and melting require overcoming the

    intermolecular forces of a liquid and a solid; the boiling points and

    melting points rise because these intermolecular forces increase as

    the molecules get larger.


     We see that in every case a branched-chain isomer has a lower

    boiling point than a straight-chain isomer, and further, that the

    more numerous the branches, the lower the boiling point.


    Preparation of Alkane

    2) Reduction with Alkyl Halide


    A)Hydrolysis with Grignard reagent.
    b) Reduction with Metal and Acid
    RX + Zn + H+ RH + Zn++ + X -

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