1. PFMC - Fuel Cell - ToT For Submarines

AIP Technologies/Stored Energy
Devices
N
M
M PATRI R
Naval Materials Research Laboratory
Ambernath-421506 L
1
Air independent propulsion (AIP)
for Diesel-electric class of
Submarines
Time for resurfacing
Snorkeling mode of
Battery charging by submarine – most
Diesel generators vulnerable phase
Resurfaced for
Conventional battery charging
mode (Snorkeling mode)
Underwater
propulsion on
Battery
Extending Time for resurfacing
AIP mode
Battery charging by Underwater propulsion on Resurfaced for

Diesel generators AIP battery charging
AIP : Additional power plant added to the Diesel-Electric

2
submarine for extending the underwater endurance
The AIP ……..
It is an non-nuclear alternative
Longer endurance under submerged
condition by supplementing the lead acid
batteries
Provides higher stealth (acoustic silence)
characteristics underwater
Reduces the risk of exposure by avoiding
frequent surfacing
How AIP works……..
Flue management /
containment system
Fuel
storage
Electric load
Oxidant
(O2) storage
Objective :- to preserve battery power while underwater

Comparison of global AIP technologies
• Closed cycle Diesel (CCD) – Russia – (*****)

– Noisy, discarded by the modern Navy
• Steam alternator MESMA – France (*****)
– Noisy, exported to Pakistan Navy
• Sterling engine – Sweden {*****}
– Adopted in Kockum class and technology exported to China
• Fuel cell system {*****}
– Metal hydride / PEMFC – Germany (used by many countries)
– Diesel reformer/ AFC – Russia – prototype level
– Diesel reformer / PEMFC – France|Spain – prototype level
– Borohydride / PAFC – DRDO India – prototype level(advanced)
(***** Ratings based on AIP efficiency, low signature and safety)

Selection of Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cells…a trade off
Fuel Cell Types Efficiency Life Size Reactant quality
required
Alkaline Fuel High Poor medium Ultra high purity
Cells (AFC) < 2000 hrs
Polymer Medium Medium small High purity
Electrolyte Fuel < 5000 hrs
cells (PEMFC)
Phosphoric Medium High > big Low purity
Acid Fuel Cells 45000 hrs
(PAFC)
Solid oxide fuel Technology under development
cells (SOFC)
Molten Technology under development
Carbonate fuel
Cells (MCFC)
6
Onboard Hydrogen storage/generation ..
Primary driver
Technology Additional Gaseous Life Hydrogen
LOX effluent qty
complime (cause
nt noise)
Metal hydride Nil Nil Low Low
Diesel High High Uncertain Medium
Reforming
Methanol Low Low High high
reforming
Borohydride nil nil high high
hydrolysis
7
NMRL competence in fuel cells technology
• Materials for Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC)
– Complete material solutions for PAFC 1996-1998
• Catalyst, moulded graphite bipolar plate, carbon paper, sealants, acid
holder matrix etc. (innovations patented)
– Indian Industry partner developed for all materials
• Fuel cell Stack 1998-2003
– PAFC stacks 1-3kw
– PAFC technology for production transferred to industry
• Fuel cell power plant 2003-2009
– Compact packaged methanol reformer for fuel cell Field use
(any fuel cell) with filters if required upto 15kw power plant
8
Upgradation of Fuel cell Stacks for Marine grade
ruggedization & Compaction
• 6kw, N6 • 9kw, N9 • 11.5 kw, N11

(2011) • Shock/vibration –ok • Rugged cocoon
(2013) • Shock /vibration –ok
(2015)
Knowhow transferred to Industry partner & is completely

industrialized
Possible to use upto 500kw power generation by series
/parallel connection
Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) Technology
Conceptualized & Developed in NMRL
• Present system configuration is customized for P-75
Submarines;
• Flexible modular design approach allows adaptation
to any submarine – new or retro fitment
In-house
developed
Fuel Cell : PAFC
& H2 generator
10
NMRL developed Fuel Cell AIP for
integration to ongoing P-75 Submarine
•Fuel Cell based AIP is

integrated in a additional section
(AIP plug) and inserted to the
Submarine
•Open architecture plant proven
•Prototype conforming to
Submarine stds. Under
advanced phase of development
11
Novel H2 Provision for futuristic FC
based AIP
• Ammonia electrolysis
- Advantages
•Small fraction of power required for splitting ammonia
•Quick startup and simple system
•Highly suitable for very long endurance
-Challenges
•Safety solution for carrying pressurised fuel
•Noise reduction due to Nitrogen (by-product) bubbling out
• Al / Gallium liquid metal alloy based generator
-Advantages
•Quick startup and pumpable liquid alloy (>40°C)
•All solid by products, possible to contain within submarine
-Disadvantages
•Safety solutions for explosive reaction with water in case of storage
breach 12
1000 F ELECTROCHEMICAL SUPER CAPACITOR
Polymer based electrochemical super capacitors with

very high capacitance and high power density,
excellent cycle life.
 Configuration
 Capacitance: 100 F-1000 F
 Voltage: 0-2.5 V ( Vmax:2.75 V)
 ESR: 15 to 35 m ohm
 Operating Temp.: -40 to 55 °C
 Applications
 Fuel cells
 Sonar
 Telecommunication systems
 Portable Power Pack Systems
 Cranking of engines
 Electric vehicle
 Status:
 Technology available for transfer
14

1. PFMC - Fuel Cell - ToT For Submarines

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1. PFMC - Fuel Cell - ToT For Submarines

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1. PFMC - Fuel Cell - ToT For Submarines

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AIP Technologies/Stored Energy

Battery charging by Underwater propulsion on Resurfaced for

AIP : Additional power plant added to the Diesel-Electric

Objective :- to preserve battery power while underwater

• Closed cycle Diesel (CCD) – Russia – (*****)

(***** Ratings based on AIP efficiency, low signature and safety)

• 6kw, N6 • 9kw, N9 • 11.5 kw, N11

Knowhow transferred to Industry partner & is completely

•Fuel Cell based AIP is

Polymer based electrochemical super capacitors with

You might also like