Thermal Energy Transfers XhDURdT80I7GAh1k

IB HL Physics 44 mins 44 questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Thermal Energy
Transfers
Solids, Liquids & Gases / Density / Temperature Scales / Temperature & Kinetic
Energy / Internal Energy / Thermal Equilibrium / Changes of State / Specific Heat
Capacity / Specific Latent Heat / Thermal Conduction / Thermal Convection /
Thermal Radiation / Apparent Brightness & Luminosity / Stefan-Boltzmann Law /
Wien’s Displacement Law
Easy (17 questions) /17 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (12 questions) /12
Hard (15 questions) /15
Total Marks /44
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Easy Questions
1 In the table below, which row shows the correct conversion between the Kelvin and
Celsius temperature scales?
Kelvin temperature / K Celsius temperature / °C

A. 0 –270
B. -273 0
C. 150 -123
D. 210 -163
(1 mark)
2 Thermal energy is transferred from a solid. Three properties of the solid are
I. Specific heat capacity

II. Mass
III. Area
Which of the above properties determine the decrease in temperature of the solid?
A. II only
B. I and III only
C. I and II only
D. I only
(1 mark)
specific latent heat of fusion of iron

3 What are the units of the ratio ?
specific heat capacity of iron
A. J K
B. No units
C. K–1
D. K
(1 mark)
4 The strength of intermolecular forces varies between in the different states of matter.
What is the order from highest to lowest strength of intermolecular forces?
A. solid > liquid > gas
B. solid > gas > liquid
C. liquid > gas > solid
D. gas > liquid > solid
(1 mark)
5 Molecules fuse from water vapour to form water. The vapour and the water have the
same temperature.
What is the change of the average potential energy and the change of the average
random kinetic energy of these molecules when they move from the vapour to the
water?
Average potential energy Average random kinetic energy

A. decreases decreases
B. no change decreases
C. decreases no change
D. no change no change
(1 mark)
6 Which of the following correctly identifies the properties of the molecules of a substance
that determine the substance’s internal energy?
A. The total gravitational potential energy and random electrostatic potential energy
B. The total potential energy and random kinetic energy
C. The random kinetic energy
D. The total potential energy
(1 mark)
7 The specific latent heat of vaporisation is the energy required to change the phase of
A. one kilogram of a liquid to gas.
B. a solid at constant temperature.
C. one kilogram of a gas to liquid at constant temperature.
D. a gas at constant temperature.
(1 mark)
8 A sample of solid aluminium is heated beyond its melting point. The graph shows the
variation of temperature with time.
During which stage(s) is the aluminium melting?
A. Q only
B. P, Q and R
C. P only
D. P and R only
(1 mark)
9 What is the correct comparison of the specific latent heat of fusion Lf to the specific
latent heat of vaporisation Lv for any substance?
A. Lf = Lv
B. Lf > Lv
C. Lf < Lv
D. Depends on the substance.
(1 mark)
10 Which of the following is numerically equal to the specific heat capacity of a substance?
A. The thermal energy required to increase the temperature of unit mass of the
substance by 1 °C
B. The thermal energy required to increase the temperature of the substance by 1 °C
C. The sum of the random kinetic and potential energy of all the molecules in the
substance
D. The thermal energy required to evaporate the substance
(1 mark)
11 In which type of material is conduction the main type of thermal transfer?
A. Gas
B. Liquid
C. Fluid
D. Solid
(1 mark)
12 Which of the following statements about convection is correct?
A Convection is the main way heat is transferred through liquids and gases
B Convection mainly occurs in metals
C Cool fluid rises and warm fluid moves in to take its place
D Heated molecules gain energy, become denser and sink
(1 mark)
13 Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is responsible for thermal radiation from
an object at room temperature?
A. Ultraviolet
B. Microwaves
C. Infrared
D. Visible Light
(1 mark)
14 What is the correct definition for a perfect black body?
A. An object that transmits all of the radiation incident on it and does not reflect any
radiation
B. An object that absorbs all of the radiation incident on it and does not reflect or
transmit any radiation
C. An object that does not absorb any of the radiation incident on it
D. An object that transmits all of the radiation incident on it
(1 mark)
15 A black body radiation curve shows the intensity and wavelength distribution of any
waves emitted from a black body.
Which statement correctly describes the position of the peak intensity?
A. The lower the wavelength at which peak intensity occurs, the higher the peak
intensity
B. The higher the wavelength at which peak intensity occurs, the higher the peak
intensity
C. The wider the wavelength range, the lower the peak intensity
D. The narrower the wavelength range, the higher the peak intensity
(1 mark)
16 Which relationship represents Wien's Displacement Law?
1
A. λ max =
T
1
B. λ min ∝
T
1
C. λ max ≤
T
1
D. λ max ∝
T
(1 mark)
17 Which two factors does the power output of a black body depend on?
A. Mass and volume
B. Surface temperature and radius
C. Density and luminosity
D. Wavelength of radiation and spectral analysis
(1 mark)
Medium Questions
1 A solid material of mass m is being heated. The heater applies a constant power of 150m
to the solid, which has a specific heat capacity of 1.8 × 103 J kg–1 K–1. The graph below
shows how the temperature of the material varies with time as the solid melts and
becomes a liquid.
What is the specific latent heat of fusion of the substance?
A. 4.2 × 103 J kg–1
B. 6.0 × 103 J kg–1
C. 4.2 × 104 J kg–1
D. 6.0 × 104 J kg–1
(1 mark)
2 Liquid iron solidifies without a change in temperature.
Which of the following is correct for the molecules in the solid phase compared with
molecules in the liquid phase?
Potential energy Kinetic energy

A same same
B same less
C less less
D less same
(1 mark)
3 A liquid is initially at its boiling point. Energy is continuously supplied to the liquid at a
uniform rate until it has completely evaporated.
Which graph shows how the temperature of the liquid, T, varies with the energy, Q,
supplied to the liquid?
(1 mark)
4 In a refrigerator, 2 kg of water cools from 30 °C to 0 °C and then freezes to form ice also
at 0 °C. The whole process takes 4000 seconds.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg−1 K−1.
The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.4 × 105 J kg−1.
What is the power required by the refrigerator during this process?
A. 233 W
B. 240 W
C. 932 W
D. 260 W
(1 mark)
5 A 2.1 kW kettle supplies energy to a water of mass 1 kg. The initial temperature of the
water is 20 °C. The specific heat capacity of water can be taken to be 4200 J kg–1 K–1.
How long does it take for the water to start boiling?
A. 80 s
B. 120 s
C. 160 s
D. 210 s
(1 mark)
6 A substance loses energy at a constant rate. The graph shows how the temperature, T, of
the substance varies with time, t, as the state of the substance changes from liquid to
solid.
What can be deduced about this substance from the graph shown?
A. The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance is greater than its specific latent
heat of vaporization
B. The specific heat capacity of the liquid is lower than the specific heat capacity of the
solid
C. The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance is less than its specific latent heat
of vaporization
D. The specific heat capacity of the liquid is greater than the specific heat capacity of
the solid
(1 mark)
7 Aluminium melts at 660 °C. A mass m of solid aluminium is initially at a temperature of
645 °C. The aluminium is heated and melts into liquid aluminium and continues to be
heated up to a final temperature of 720 °C.
Specific latent heat of fusion of aluminium = Lf

Specific heat capacity of solid aluminium = cS
Specific heat capacity of liquid aluminium = cL
Which expression gives the energy needed for this change to occur?
A. m(15cS + Lf + 60cL)
B. m(cS + 15Lf + 75cL)
C. m(15cS + 60Lf + cL)
D. m(15cS + Lf + 75cL)
(1 mark)
8 The graph shows how the temperature T of a liquid varies with energy Q supplied to the
liquid at a constant rate P.
The gradient of the graph is z and the liquid has a specific heat capacity, c.
What is the mass of the liquid?
A. zc
1
B.
zc
p
C.
c
z
D.
c
(1 mark)
9 A sealed cylinder contains water at 10 °C and ice at 0 °C. The system has been thermally
isolated from the surroundings. The ice and the water reach thermal equilibrium.
What happens to the total internal energy of the system in order for equilibrium to be
reached?
A. It reduces
B. It increases
C. It increases until the ice has melted and then remains constant
D. It remains constant
(1 mark)
10 Objects with absolute temperature can lose energy through
I. convection
II. conduction
III. radiation
Equipment is tested on Earth for use on the surface of Mars. How will the equipment
lose energy in the two locations?
Earth Mars
A I and III only II and III only
B I, II and III II and III only
C I and III only I, II and III
D I, II and III I, II and III
(1 mark)
11 The black body temperature of Venus is 90% of the black body temperature of Earth.
Which of the following correctly shows the ratio:
energy radiated per second per unit area on Venus

energy radiated per second per unit area on Earth
A. 0.7
B. 0.9
C. 1.0
D. 1.5
(1 mark)
12 A black body has absolute temperature T and surface area A. The total power radiated by
the body is P. What is the value of power if the surface area is reduced to one third of A,
and the temperature increased to three times T?
A. P
B. 3P
C. 27P
D. 81P
(1 mark)
Hard Questions
1 1 kg of water at 20 °C cools to 0 °C and then freezes to form ice, also at 0 °C.
What is the energy released during this process?
You may use the following values:
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.4 × 105 J kg–1
A. 1.1 × 105 J
B. 3.0 × 105 J
C. 4.2 × 105 J
D. 5.0 × 105 J
(1 mark)
2 Heat energy is supplied at a constant rate to a solid material with a specific heat capacity
of 1.92 × 103 J kg−1 K−1.
What is the specific latent heat of fusion of the substance?
A. 2.6 × 105 J kg−1
B. 9.6 × 104 J kg−1
C. 4.48 × 104 J kg−1
D. 1.92 × 103 J kg−1

(1 mark)
3 The temperature of 500 g of water decreases by ΔT °C when placed in a fridge for 10

minutes. This container of water is then removed and a second container of mass 250 g
and temperature 25 °C is placed in the same fridge for 20 minutes.
Assume that the containers holding the water are identical and do not emit or absorb
energy. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg−1 K−1.
What is the final temperature of the second container of water after 20 minutes?
A. 25 − 4 ∆ T
B. 25 − 3 ∆ T
C. 25 + 4 ∆ T
D. 4 ∆ T
(1 mark)
4 An engine goes through 6000 cycles every minute. To maintain a constant working
temperature, 152 J of energy must be removed by a coolant during each complete cycle
of the engine. The temperature of the coolant rises by 20 °C as it passes through the
engine.
The specific heat capacity of the coolant is 3.8 × 103 J kg−1 K−1 and the density is 1000 kg
m−3.
What is the volume of the coolant that flows through the engine in one second?
A. 3 × 10−5 m3
1
B. × 10−8 m3
3
C. 12 × 10−3 m3
D. 2 × 10−4 m3
(1 mark)
5 A glass beaker of water contains an immersion heater completely submerged by the

water and is placed on the right-hand side of a two-pan balance. The heater boils the
water at 100 °C and is connected to a kWh meter. When the water starts to boil
standard masses are added to the left-hand side of the balance so it is in equilibrium
with the water. At this moment the reading on the meter is 11.3 kWh.
A 400 g mass is then removed from the left-hand side of the balance, causing it to tilt. As
the water boils off the right pan rises until it is once again in equilibrium. When this
happens the new reading on the meter is 11.5 kWh.
What is the specific latent heat of vaporisation of the steam if the heater is 50% efficient?
A. 3.6 × 105 J kg−1
B. 1800 J kg−1
C. 9 × 105 J kg−1
D. 250 J kg−1
(1 mark)
6 A spring in a ball point pen has a mass of 0.10 g and a specific heat capacity of 400 J
kg−1 K−1 and a spring constant k = 200 N m−1. To open or close the nib of the pen the
spring is compressed by 8 mm. Upon release 5% of the elastic potential energy stored is
converted into heat energy in the spring.
How many times must the spring be compressed and released to cause the temperature
of the pen to increase by 2 °C?
Assume that no heat is lost from the pen.
A. 250
B. 80 000
C. 250 000
D. 100
(1 mark)
7 An ice cube of mass mi and temperature −Ti is dropped into a glass of water of mass mw
and temperature Tw. The specific heat capacity of ice is ci and the specific latent heat of
fusion of ice is Li. The specific heat capacity of water is cw.
What is the final temperature of the water?
mw cw T w + m i ( c i T i + L i )
A.
mw cw − m i c i
mw cw T w − m i ( c i T i + L i )
B.
mw cw + m i cw
mw cw T w − m i L i
C.
mw cw + m i c i
mw cw T w − m i ( c i T i + L i )
D.
mici
(1 mark)
8 A sample of a solid, with mass m and specific heat capacity c, is heated with a heater of
constant power.
What is the power of the heater?
9mc
A. W
30
7mc
B. W
150
2mc
C. W
5
7mc
D. W
30
(1 mark)
9 Two bodies of equal mass A and B are brought into thermal contact. Object A has a
temperature of 0 °C and object B has a temperature of 100 °C. Object A has a specific
heat capacity greater than object B. The thermal equilibrium temperature of the system
is T.
No other exchanges of heat take place.
Which statement is correct?
A. 0 < T < 50 °C
B. T = 50 °C
C. T = 75°C
D. 50 °C < T < 100 °C
(1 mark)
10 Energy is provided to a solid at its melting rate of P joules per second. The rate at which
the mass is melting away is α kg per second.
What is the specific latent heat of fusion of the solid?
α
A.
P
B. αP
1
C.
αP
P
D.
α
(1 mark)
11 The peak wavelength of two lamps are compared. The first lamp has a filament in a
vacuum with a temperature of 1200 K under normal working conditions. The second
similar lamp is gas-filled and has a filament temperature of 2400 K.
What is an estimate for the ratio of the wavelength at which the maximum intensity of
radiation is emitted by the vacuum lamp and the gas-filled lamp?
A. 16:1
B. 2:1
C. 1:8
D. 4:1
(1 mark)
12 The radiation emitted from an asteroid is monitored and the following spectrum is
obtained.
Which of the following is a sensible estimate for the temperature of the asteroid.
A. 1500 K
B. 180 K
C. 4.8 × 10−8 K
D. 5330 K
(1 mark)
13 The sun behaves as an approximate black-body radiator with peak energy radiation
occurring at wavelength 51 × 10−8 m and a power of 4 × 1026 W.
What is the correct expression for the radius of the Sun?
A. r = 7 . 3 × 108 m
B. r = 3 . 1 × 1014 m
C. r = 5 . 4 × 1017 m
D. r = 6 . 8 × 1018 m
(1 mark)
14 Rigel A in the constellation of Orion is a massive blue variable star with a peak
wavelength of 0.25 μm.
Which of the graphs shows the intensity of radiation emitted by Rigel A against the
wavelength of that radiation?
(1 mark)
15 A double-glazed window filled with argon has an area of 3 m2. The outdoor temperature
is 8 °C and the indoor temperature 21 °C.
Glazing Type U-value/ W m−2 K−1

Single Glazing 4.8
Double Glazing (Air Filled) 2.7
Double Glazing (Argon Filled) 1.7
Triple Glazing (Argon Filled) 1.3
What is the rate of heat loss in watts through the window?
A. 19.8 W
B. 31.2 W
C. 66.3 W
D. 87.2 W
(1 mark)

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IB HL Physics 44 mins 44 questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Easy (17 questions) /17 Scan here to return to the course

Hard (15 questions) /15

Total Marks /44

Kelvin temperature / K Celsius temperature / °C

I. Specific heat capacity

B. I and III only

specific latent heat of fusion of iron

What is the order from highest to lowest strength of intermolecular forces?

A. solid > liquid > gas

B. solid > gas > liquid

C. liquid > gas > solid

D. gas > liquid > solid

Average potential energy Average random kinetic energy

B. The total potential energy and random kinetic energy

C. The random kinetic energy

D. The total potential energy

A. one kilogram of a liquid to gas.

B. a solid at constant temperature.

C. one kilogram of a gas to liquid at constant temperature.

D. a gas at constant temperature.

D. Depends on the substance.

B. The thermal energy required to increase the temperature of the substance by 1 °C

D. The thermal energy required to evaporate the substance

11 In which type of material is conduction the main type of thermal transfer?

12 Which of the following statements about convection is correct?

14 What is the correct definition for a perfect black body?

C. An object that does not absorb any of the radiation incident on it

D. An object that transmits all of the radiation incident on it

Which statement correctly describes the position of the peak intensity?

16 Which relationship represents Wien's Displacement Law?

A. Mass and volume

B. Surface temperature and radius

C. Density and luminosity

D. Wavelength of radiation and spectral analysis

What is the specific latent heat of fusion of the substance?

A. 4.2 × 103 J kg–1

B. 6.0 × 103 J kg–1

C. 4.2 × 104 J kg–1

D. 6.0 × 104 J kg–1

2 Liquid iron solidifies without a change in temperature.

Potential energy Kinetic energy

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg−1 K−1.

The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.4 × 105 J kg−1.

What is the power required by the refrigerator during this process?

How long does it take for the water to start boiling?

Specific latent heat of fusion of aluminium = Lf

B. m(cS + 15Lf + 75cL)

C. m(15cS + 60Lf + cL)

What is the mass of the liquid?

10 Objects with absolute temperature can lose energy through

Which of the following correctly shows the ratio:

energy radiated per second per unit area on Venus

What is the energy released during this process?

You may use the following values:

Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1

A. 2.6 × 105 J kg−1

B. 9.6 × 104 J kg−1

C. 4.48 × 104 J kg−1