ANATOMY OF LIVER, SPLEEN, GALL BLADDER AND PANCREAS- ANA 215

ANATOMY OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN,
GALL BLADDER AND PANCREAS
ANA 215
Course Lecturer: OVIOSUN, AUGUSTINE

Department of Anatomy
Faculty of Basic Medical Science
Edo university, Iyamho.
FEB 25th , 2020

LEARNING OUTCOMES
• By the end of this class , students should be able to :
• Describe the gross anatomy of the liver, spleen, gallbladder and pancreas
• Know the anatomical location and relation of these organs
• Enumerate their arterial supply, venous drainage and innervation
• Also explain some of the listed clinical correlates and more.

LIVER
• The liver is the largest gland in the body
and, after the skin, the largest single
organ.
• The liver is a reddish brown / pinkish

brown organ.
• It weighs approximately 1500 g and

accounts for approximately 2.5% of adult
body weight.
• In a mature fetus—when it serves as a

hematopoietic organ—it is
proportionately twice as large (5% of body
weight)
FUNCTION OF THE LIVER
• Detoxification
• Protein synthesis
• Production of biochemical necessary for digestion
• Glycogen storage
• Decomposition of red blood cells
• Hormone production
• Major role in metabolism
LOCATION OF THE LIVER
• The liver lies mainly in the right
upper quadrant of the abdomen,
where it is protected by the thoracic
(rib) cage and the diaphragm .
• The normal liver lies deep to ribs

7–11 on the right side and crosses
the midline toward the left nipple.
• The liver occupies most of the right

hypochondrium and upper
epigastrium and extends into the
left hypochondrium
Hepatic attachment
The liver is attached to the abdominal wall, diaphragm and other viscera
by several ligament. Which include :
Falciform ligament
Coronary ligament
Triangular ligament
Lesser omentum
SURFACES
The liver can be said to have two broad surfaces:

• Diaphragmatic surface
• Visceral surface
How ever the liver can also be divide into smaller surfaces namely :
I. Superior surface
II. Anterior surface
III. Right surface
IV. Posterior surface
V. Inferior surface
DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE OF THE LIVER:
• The liver has a convex
diaphragmatic surface (anterior,
superior, and some posterior)
• The diaphragmatic surface of the

liver is smooth and dome shaped,
where it is related to the concavity
of the inferior surface of the
diaphragm
The visceral surface of the Liver
• The visceral surface is the inferior
,concave surface.
• Is also covered with visceral peritoneum,

except in the fossa for the gallbladder
and the porta hepatis—a transverse
fissure where the vessels (hepatic portal
vein, hepatic artery, and lymphatic
vessels), the hepatic nerve plexus, and
hepatic ducts that supply and drain the
liver enter and leave it.
• In contrast to the smooth diaphragmatic

surface, the visceral surface bears
multiple fissures and impressions from
contact with other organs.
• In addition to the fissures, impressions on (areas of) the visceral surface
reflect the liver’s relationship to the:
• Right side of the anterior aspect of the stomach (gastric and pyloric
areas).
• Superior part of the duodenum (duodenal area).
• Lesser omentum (extends into the fissure for the ligamentum venosum)
• Gallbladder (fossa for gallbladder).
• Right colic flexure and right transverse colon (colic area).
• Right kidney and suprarenal gland (renal and suprarenal areas)
Lobes of the liver
The liver is divided into four lobes :
(Major lobes)
• Right lobe
• Left lobe
(Accessory lobe)
• Caudate lobe
• Quadrate lobe
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LIVER
The liver has dual blood supply.
Which are portal vein and hepatic • BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LIVER
artery.
The portal vein brings blood to the

liver (portal blood containing 40% of
more oxygen.
Arterial blood is from hepatic artery

accounting for 20 -25% of blood
received from liver.
NERVE SUPPLY
• Derived from hepatic plexus (largest derivatives of celiac plexus), the
hepatic plexus accompanies branches of hepatic artery and portal
vein to the liver .
•SPLEEN
SPLEEN
• The spleen is an ovoid, usually purplish,
pulpy mass about the size and shape of
one’s fist.
• It is relatively delicate and considered

the most vulnerable abdominal organ.
LOCATION: The spleen is located in the

superolateral part of the left upper
quadrant (LUQ), or hypochondrium of the
abdomen, where it enjoys protection of
the inferior thoracic cage.
SIZE: The spleen varies considerably in
size, weight, and shape; however, it is
usually approximately 12 cm long and 7
cm wide. (
FUNCTION
• As the largest of the lymphatic organs, it participates in the body’s defense
system as a site of lymphocyte (white blood cell) proliferation and of immune
surveillance and response
• Prenatally, the spleen is a hematopoietic (blood-forming) organ, but after

birth it is involved primarily in identifying, removing, and destroying expended
red blood cells (RBCs) and broken-down platelets, and in recycling iron and
globin.
• The spleen serves as a blood reservoir, storing RBCs and platelets, and, to a
limited degree, can provide a sort of “self-transfusion” as a response to the
stress imposed by hemorrhage.
• In spite of its size and the many useful and important functions it provides, it
is not a vital organ (not necessary to sustain life).
RELATIONS OF THE SPLEEN
• The relations of the spleen are:
• Anteriorly - the stomach
• Posteriorly, the left part of the

diaphragm, which separates it from
the pleura, lung, and ribs 9–11 •
• Inferiorly, the left colic flexure
• • Medially, the left kidney.

• The arterial supply of the spleen
is from the splenic artery,
• Venous drainage from the spleen

flows via the splenic vein,
GALLBLADDER
The gallbladder is a flask-shaped, reservoir of bile.
Green muscular organ and usually lies attached to the

inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver by
connective tissue
LENGTH- 7cm and 10 cm long
With a capacity of 30ml -50 ml.
19
ANATOMICAL POSITION OF
GALLBLADDER
Epigastric - Right hypochondrium region
On inferior surface of liver
Between quadrate and right lobes
20
PARTS OF THE GALL BLADDER
Gallbladder is divided anatomically into three

parts namely:
I. Body
II. Fundus
III. Neck
21
BLOOD SUPPLY
 Cystic artery (a branch usually of the
right hepatic artery).
Other vessels derived from the hepatic

artery pass to the gall-bladder from its
bed in the liver.
22
NERVE SUPPLY
• The nerves to the gallbladder and cystic duct pass along the cystic artery from the
coeliac nerve plexus (sympathetic and visceral afferent [pain] fibers),
• the vagus nerve (parasympathetic), and the right phrenic nerve
• Parasympathetic stimulation causes contractions of the gallbladder and relaxation of

the sphincters at the hepatopancreatic ampulla
23
Pancreas
• The pancreas is an elongated,
accessory digestive gland that lies
retroperitoneally, overlying and
transversely crossing the bodies of the
L1 and L2 vertebra
• The pancreas produces:
• • an exocrine secretion (pancreatic

juice from the acinar cells) that enters
the duodenum through the main and
accessory pancreatic ducts.
• • endocrine secretions (glucagon and
insulin from the pancreatic islets [of
Langerhans]) which help to regulate
blood sugar levels
PART OF THE PANCREAS
• For descriptive purposes, the
pancreas is divided into four parts:
head, neck, body, and tail.
• The head of the pancreas is the

expanded part of the gland that is
embraced by the C-shaped curve of
the duodenum to the right of the
superior mesenteric vessels just
inferior to the transpyloric plane
• the widest part of the pancreas..
• The neck of the pancreas is short (1.5–2 cm) and overlies the
superior mesenteric vessels, which form a groove in its posterior
aspect
• The body of the pancreas continues from the neck and lies to the left
of the superior mesenteric vessels, passing over the aorta and L2
vertebra,.
• The tail of the pancreas lies
anterior to the left kidney, where
it is closely related to the splenic
hilum and the left colic flexure.
• The tail is relatively mobile and

passes between the layers of the
splenorenal
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE PANCREAS
• The arterial supply splenic artery.,Multiple pancreatic arteries,
pancreatic branches of the gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric
arteries
• Venous drainage from the pancreas occurs via corresponding

pancreatic veins, tributaries of the splenic and superior mesenteric
parts of the hepatic portal vein; most empty into the splenic vein
CLINICAL CORRELATES
• 1. Pancreatitis refers to inflammation of the
pancreas – this is can be acute or persist
over an extended period (chronic
pancreatitis).
• Gall stones
• Ethanol
• Trauma
• Steroids
• Mumps
• Autoimmune
• Scorpion stings
• Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercalcaemia and
hyperparathyroidism
Pancreatectomy
• For the treatment of chronic

pancreatitis, most of the pancreas
may be removed—a procedure
called pancreatectomy.
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Rupture of Pancreas
LIVER CIROHOSIS
• Also known as hepatic cirrhosis, is a condition
in which the liver does not function properly
due to long-term damage. T
• This damage is characterized by the

replacement of normal liver tissue by scar
tissue
• The liver is the primary site for detoxification

of substances absorbed by the gastrointestinal
tract; thus it is vulnerable to cellular damage
and consequent scarring, accompanied by
regenerative nodules.
• There is progressive destruction of

hepatocytes (in hepatic cirrhosis and
replacement of these cells by fat and fibrous
tissue.
• Although many industrial solvents, such as carbon tetrachloride,
produce cirrhosis, the condition develops most frequently in persons
suffering from chronic alcoholism.
• Alcoholic cirrhosis, the most common of many causes of portal

hypertension, is characterized by hepatomegaly and a “hobnail”
appearance of the liver surface
Hepatomegaly
• Hepatomegaly is enlargement of
the liver beyond its normal size
and occurs mainly as a
consequence of pathologic
conditions
Hepatitis
• Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver.
• It's commonly caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible
causes of hepatitis.
• These include autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis that occurs as a

secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins, and alcohol.
• Types: Hepatitis A ,B,C , alcoholic hepatitis

ANATOMY OF LIVER, SPLEEN, GALL BLADDER AND PANCREAS- ANA 215

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ANATOMY OF LIVER, SPLEEN, GALL BLADDER AND PANCREAS- ANA 215

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ANATOMY OF LIVER, SPLEEN, GALL BLADDER AND PANCREAS- ANA 215

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ANATOMY OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN,

GALL BLADDER AND PANCREAS

Course Lecturer: OVIOSUN, AUGUSTINE

FEB 25th , 2020

• Know the anatomical location and relation of these organs

• Enumerate their arterial supply, venous drainage and innervation

• Also explain some of the listed clinical correlates and more.

• The liver is a reddish brown / pinkish

• It weighs approximately 1500 g and

• In a mature fetus—when it serves as a

• The normal liver lies deep to ribs

• The liver occupies most of the right

The liver can be said to have two broad surfaces:

• The diaphragmatic surface of the

• Is also covered with visceral peritoneum,

• In contrast to the smooth diaphragmatic

The portal vein brings blood to the

Arterial blood is from hepatic artery

• It is relatively delicate and considered

LOCATION: The spleen is located in the

• Prenatally, the spleen is a hematopoietic (blood-forming) organ, but after

• Anteriorly - the stomach

• Posteriorly, the left part of the

• Inferiorly, the left colic ﬂexure

• • Medially, the left kidney.

• Venous drainage from the spleen

Green muscular organ and usually lies attached to the

LENGTH- 7cm and 10 cm long

With a capacity of 30ml -50 ml.

Epigastric - Right hypochondrium region

On inferior surface of liver

Between quadrate and right lobes

Gallbladder is divided anatomically into three

Other vessels derived from the hepatic

• the vagus nerve (parasympathetic), and the right phrenic nerve

• Parasympathetic stimulation causes contractions of the gallbladder and relaxation of

• The pancreas produces:

• • an exocrine secretion (pancreatic

• The head of the pancreas is the

• The tail is relatively mobile and

• Venous drainage from the pancreas occurs via corresponding

• For the treatment of chronic

• This damage is characterized by the

• The liver is the primary site for detoxiﬁcation

• There is progressive destruction of

• Alcoholic cirrhosis, the most common of many causes of portal

• These include autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis that occurs as a

• Types: Hepatitis A ,B,C , alcoholic hepatitis

You might also like