LOOKING FOR

THE FAT CATFISH

EN BUSCA DEL PEZ GRASO
(RHIZOSOMICHTHYS TOTAE)
 CONTENTS
ANTHROPOLOGY AREA

HISTORIAN AREA

REFERENCES

1
 REPORT
8th November 2021 - 2nd December 2021

Cover photograph: ©InstitutoHumboldt

Report Photographs:©IctiologiaYcultura

2
3
 S O C I A L
RESEARCH TEAM

Paloma Valentina Aguilar Forero

Anthropologist - Sociologists

Diego Gregorio Peña Ramos

Historian

Mariana Alejandra Moscoso Rodríguez

Social Communicator Neohumanist
Journalist - Anthropologist
Etnologist

4
5
 ANTHROPOLOGY AREA

6
 1.
Sacred relationship between
the Muiscas and his
waterbodies
The relationship that the indigenous Muiscas had with water bodies
such as lakes and lagoons was one of worship. They were sacred
places that housed divine wisdom from the goddess of Water. “It
can be assured that all the water reservoirs, no matter how small,
constituted for the Chibchas as many sanctuaries of worship of the
goddess Water” (Triana, 1922). Although all bodies of water were
sacred, lakes and lagoons were by preference places of worship where
offerings and rituals were made. “The richest and most affectionate
tributes were paid to its shores to the sound of joyful music and the
frenzy of their dances: little goldfish, fine emeralds, terracottas full of
offerings and the thousand finest pieces of indigenous industry were
thrown into the waters.” (Triana, 1922).

There were certain lagoons that were worthy of greater offerings for
the Muiscas due to their symbolic importance : “Iguaque, creative
source of the human race; Fúquene, a mysterious shelter of fantastic
mohanes; Siecha, a clear mirror of the moon; Guatavita, an enchanted
ritual ceremony vessel; Suesca, a pleasant shore of coal and salt; and
Tota, guards and watches over a new sun” (Triana, 1922). However,
with colonization, the Catholic religion began to punish the worship
of other gods such as the goddess of Water, thus transforming not
only the belief system of the Muiscas but also their relationship with
water bodies... “-Yes, Father, we have worshiped with all our hearts
in the lagoons “the catechumens would answer when they confessed
their guilt of love for the goddess” (Triana. 1922)

7
 2.
Fishing practice in Lake Tota.
Muiscas and his waterbodies

Apparently the fishing practice in Lake Tota was not a practice that
was found since Muisca times, but rather developed with the arrival
of Europeans in the region. The Muiscas were good fishermen and
practiced fishing in different parts of the highlands, they also knew
the place and mastered different fishing techniques.

“Net weights or other artifacts associated with fishing have been found on the shores of
the Fúquene lagoon (Hernández de Alba, in Broadbent, 1965: 13), Sogamoso (Silva Célis,
1945a: 102) and Soacha (Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1942: 19) although for none of these sites is its
chronology known with precision. On the other hand, it is interesting that in the grammars
the terms “chupcua” appear as equivalent to fishery or swamp, “iaia” translated as “fishing
net” and “tijisua” as “hook” (Uricoechea, 1871: 190 and Acosta Ortegón , 1938: 48, 58 and
59). According to a quote from Porto Alegre (/ 1571 /, 1983: 111) the use of the above ar-
tifacts by the indigenous people would be confirmed, since, speaking of the captain fish, he
maintained that it was caught with “hooks and nets.” (Langebaek, 1987).

Despite their great knowledge in fishing, there are few records that
affirm that they did so in Lake Tota. Instead, different sources affirm
that they did not navigate the waters of Lake Tota. One of the main
reasons was the belief of a myth about the existence of a monster in
the lake. This myth so frightened the inhabitants that even until the
middle of the 19th century, people were unable to navigate the river
for fear of this beast with the body of a snake and the head of a bull.
This is how Miguel Triana affirmed it in 1888, who himself verified
that, even in those years, “the tradition of a black monster with the
head of a bull still existed among the natives in the waters of that
enchanted lagoon” (Triana, 1922).

8
 3.
The fish in Lake Tota
The Rainbow trout was introduced to Lake Tota in 1940. After its
introduction, other species were transferred to the lake in order to
contribute to its feeding. Currently all the species of fish that inhabit
the lake were introduced except for the fat fish. The foreign ones
are the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which is currently
the only species that is used commercially in the area; the captain
of the savannah (Eremophilus mutisii), the guapucha (Grundulus
bogotensis), species that were introduced to the lake in the 1950s
and that had a satisfactory adaptation being occasionally consumed
by fishermen and their families; and finally, the carp (Cyprinus carpio),
which was introduced to control the excess of elodea in the lake.
The seventh species, and the only endemic to the lake, would be
the Tota fatty fish (Rhizosomichthystotae), which is a species with
a restricted distribution to the lake and which is reported as extinct
(CORPOBOYACÁ & Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2005).

9
 Since the species that currently inhabit the lake, other than the fat
catfish, are not native to there, it is worth questioning about the lake’s
ichthyofauna prior to the introduction of trout in 1940. There is little
evidence of ichthyofauna in the lake before this year, on the other
hand, some sources indicate that probably this lake several centuries
ago did not host a variety of species there, instead there were few or
none.

An anonymous description of the book on the History of Cooking in

Colombia published in 1620, stated that in the lake there was not
found many species of fish because their waters were very cold. For
their part, Mora et al. (1991) assure that high Andean tropical lakes
generally have poor fish fauna and Lake Tota is an example of this,
since here the fat catfish has also been endemic its only inhabitant.
In addition, De Jiménez de Quesada at the time of the colony affirmed
that:

10
 “Fish is raised in the rivers and lagoons that exist in that Kingdom and, although it is not in
great abundance, it is the best that has been seen ... It is only a common fish gene, and not
large, but not a span or two ... “(in Ramos, 1972: 295-296, in Camargo, 1987).

The truth is that the first recognition of native fish species of the
Cundiboyacence highland was made by the first inhabitants of the
region, that is, the Muiscas. Before colonization, as well as fishing
gear, and their own fishing techniques, they also knew the species
that inhabited the region.

“Acosta Ortegón (1938: 58-59) brings the Muisca words that are equivalent to fish or fish,
guamuica as” black captain “, chichinegui as” small captain “and guapguijicha or guapuche
translated to” small and white “fish. The linguistic distinctions that appear in the grammar
seem to fit fairly well with the varieties of the native fish Eremophilus mutissi, very common
until recently in rivers and lagoons of the Altiplano (Martínez, 1981: 296) and that presents
an albino variety (captain rey) and another hyperpigmented (black captain) ”. (Langebaek,
1987).

The ecological knowledge of the Muiscas is very important to take

into account due to their historical proximity to the territory, because
before any European visit to American lands, they lived among the
ecosystem of the highlands and knew their species. Therefore they
already knew these fish before they had a scientific name. Reason why,
it is pertinent to question why they did not know the fat catfish and
never described it as the rest of the few species of fish that inhabited
the high waters of the highlands.

11
 4.
The earthquakes in Tota
The English scientist Cécil Miles after his discovery of the fat catfish
in 1942, stated that:

“A few years ago, a seismic phenomenon caused the death of a large number of these fish,
which were used by the riparians to light their houses. Today, however, it can be considered
scarce, and only a few specimens are found floating in the waves of the leeward beaches. It is
presumed that the species lives mainly in the deep parts of the lake, to which a depth of more
than 300 meters is attributed ”. (Miles, 1942)

To corroborate the information on the earthquakes that occurred before

1942, the year of publication of the previous quote, the database of
the Colombian Geological Service was accessed, a platform that has
all the seismic records from the seventeenth century to the present
in the country . In this, it was found that from 1900 to 1945 there
were only 3 earthquakes that were felt in the department of Boyacá,
and only one of these had an epicenter in this department, which
was on November 1, 1928 in the municipality of Chinavita with a
magnitude of 5.9 MW and a depth of 15 km. According to the table of
the Colombian Geological Service on the intensity of the earthquake,
this could be felt in 37 municipalities among which were Garagoa,
Guateque, Guayatá, La Capilla, Somondoco, Sutamarchán, Sutatenza,
Tenza, Tibaná, Tunja, Ümbita and Zetaquirá in the department of
Boyacá. (Colombian Geological Survey, Consulted in November 2021)

As described above, none of the towns mentioned are those adjacent

to Lake Tota, that is, Cuitiva, Aquitania and Tota. The only record
that shows that an earthquake was felt in the municipality of Tota
was in 1957, a year that exceeds the time that Miles describes the
earthquake event.

12
 Map of the earthquakes that have been felt in the department of Boyacá throughout
history and their level of impact and damage Colombian Geological Survey.Consulted in
Nooviember 2021

13
 Source: Map of earthquakes by region. Boyacá Department.
http://sish.sgc.gov.co/visor/sesionServlet?metodo=irADepartamento&idDepartamento=15&idMunicipio=&cuadranteXMin=&cuadranteXMax=&cuadranteYMin=&cuadranteYMax

14
 On the other hand, the same author affirms that the death of the
fish caused by the earthquake was such that: “it served admirably to
burn in lamps; but despite having collected enough specimens to fill
many barrels of oil, there were still leftovers and they rotted on the
beaches, to such an extent that for a time they made it impossible to
approach them due to the smell “(Miles 1945, in Camargo 1982).

This description definitely describes an event not only tragic but also
memorable for the people of the community, who would remember it.
Such an event would have required an earthquake of great magnitude
and depth, which, according to the evidence, never existed at that
time in the Tota region. However, the news about these earthquakes
only describes the damage to the infrastructure of some municipalities
and the injuries or human deaths. But it does not describe the
consequences for animal species, particularly fish.

On the other hand, it should be clarified that Lake Tota has a depth
of 61 meters, approximately (CARO, 2007., CORPOBOYACÁ & Pontificia
Universidad Javeriana, 2005. And Alvarez, 2017). The Chorographic
Commission in 1852 had carried out the survey del Lago to determine
its depth and determined that it was 80 meters (Triana, 1922), later,
Miguel Triana in 1888 carried out a new survey in which he determined
that its depth was 56 meters (Triana, 1922). The measurements, despite
the age of their record, were not so far from the actual measurement
currently established. However, for some reason in 1942 Miles makes
this description, in which he assures that there are more than 300
meters of depth in the lake information preceded by the description
of the fatal earthquake for the fatty fish At least in this respect, the
information provided by Miles is not as reliable.

15
 REFERENCES
Anónimo (1620). Descripción de la ciudad de Tunja, sacada de las informaciones hechas por la justicia de
aquella ciudad en 30 de mayo de 1620 años Transcrito en: Cespedesia No4. (1983): 339-372.

Alvarez, Johana (2017) “Diagnóstico del funcionamiento del Consejo de Cuenca del Lago de Tota -Depar-
tamento de Boyacá y Lineamientos para la construcción de su Plan de Gestión Ambiental y Gobernanza”.
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Tesis de la Maestría en Gestión Ambiental. Bogotá, Colombia.

Camargo, G (1982)Tota bendición de Nemqueteba. Defensa y salvación de un lago colombiano. Bogotá: Im-
prenta Nacional.

CARO, B. ANDREA P. (2007) Caracterización del sistema de pesca artesanal y reglas del uso en el lago
de Tota, Boyacá Colombia, con base en la experiencia de la ONG ambientalista lago de Tota. Universi-
dad Javeriana. Bogotá.

Corpoboyacá y Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (2006) PLAN DE ORDENACIÓN DE LA CUENCA DEL

LAGO DE TOTA. Editor Alberto Ramírez. Bogotá Colombia.

Miles, C. (1945)- Descripción sistemática del pez graso del Lago de Tota (Boyacá). Caldasia 5 (5):53-58.

Langebaek, C(1987). Mercados, poblamiento e integración étnica entre los Muiscas. Siglo XVI. Banco de la
República, Bogotá.

Triana, M. (1922) La civilización Chibcha. Edit: Salesiana, Bogotá.

Servicio Geológico Colombiano (2020) Sismisiad histórica: http://sish.sgc.gov.co/visor/

16
 HISTORIAN AREA

19
 We focused on the colonial period of the actual Colombia territory
(between the 16th and 18th centuries). In order to analyze the
transformation that the region had once the conquest project was
established. In these centuries we could find the first vestiges
of information that allow us to identify the social structure and
configuration of the area before the Spanish conquest.

At the same time, we can analyze how Muiscas (the predominant

indigenous group in the central region of Colombia, the Altiplano
Cundiboyacense) communities transformed their relationship with
lake Tota after the arrival of the colonizers the way in which their
economic relations were developed. The main objective: confirm if
there was fishing at the lake, and, to get a historical perspective of
the Fat Catfish search and to provide tools that allow us to formulate
hypotheses about it.

However, not all the information found in this research corresponds

to the colonial period because we did an inventory of cartographies
of Lake Tota dated from the beginning of the Colonial Period to the
first half of the 20th century. Within this broad time frame, a search
was carried out in official archives of Colombia (the General Archive
of the Nation, and the collections of the Banco de la República and the
National Library) and published books and chronicles. In this sense,
we are going to present the main findings.

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 1.
Lake Tota’s Cartographies
Taking as a starting point the need to give ourselves an idea of ​​how
the Lake looked previously, the search for all kinds of maps of both
the Lake and the surrounding regions was advanced. And later, a
chronological inventory of them was developed. The first map in
which Lake Tota is detailed is one of the two cartographies made by
Diego de Torres made in 1585 (forty years after the Spanish conquest),
which also corresponds to the first map made of the central region of
Colombia. In this map the city of Tunja and all the towns surrounding
it, freshwater rivers, and lakes are drown.

Image of the Map (edited) of the Tunja region from 1586 that rests in the General Archive
of the Indies (Seville, Spain). Lake Tota is barely visible in the upper right part of the map,
with an extensive river that flows out of it towards the eastern region of the country.

21
 During the period spanning the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries,
no maps of Lake Tota were found, although there is represented the
Laguna de Guatavita despite its size, the cause of this is the symbolic
relevance of Guatavita in the Muisca worldview, and in the imaginary
of the Spanish, due to the rituals celebrated in it.

The following map in chronological order is a series of three maps

from 1799-1800 where the lake and Pueblo viejo (currently Aquitania
that is the closest town to the lake) are represented, in this map, the
islands and the source of the Upía River were also identified

General Archive of the Nation (Colombia), Maps of Puebloviejo and the

Lake of Tota. Map Library 4, Reference 363-A and 365-A. (1799-1800)

Later, we cataloged maps of the republican period made by the recently

created Colombian State, the first, from 1824, and two additional
maps from the middle of the century. In these maps, it’s hard to find
the morphology of the lake and nearby creeks.

22
 Cartographic chart of the State of Boyacá [1864]. Cartographic Collection of the Bank of the Republic. Refe-
rence H165.

Finally, we found a 1929 map of the Lake in which each one of the
creeks that flow into it is drawn with enormous precision.

23
 General Archive of the Nation (Colombia), Geological Plan of the Laguna de Tota [1929]. Map Library 2,
Reference 1062-5.

After the map search, we entered into the conquest period, following
information sources. In first place, the colonial chronicles, a series
of books made by conquerors or Catholic priests whose purpose was
to describe the exploits of those who founded cities and towns in
America. And, in the second place, we consult official documents
made by the Spanish government in the New Kingdom of Granada
(the name this region had during the colonial period).

24
 2.
Chronicles and colonial
documents.
We looked for chronicles about the conquest of the area around Lake
Tota, made out during the years of 1539 to 1539. A good example
is Juan Rodriguez Freile’s chronicle named El Carnero, where the
writer mentions five lagoons that served as a sanctuary for the
Muisca populations (Guatavita, Guasca, those of Siecha, Teusacá, and
Ubaque). Although there are no mentions of Lake Tota, this fragment
exemplifies indigenous practices around water bodies and their role
within their worldview.

.We want to emphasize in the chronicle made by Lucas Fernandez de

Piedrahita (1676). This one is the most important chronicle for our
research because in this one the author not only describes the Lake,
but also affirmed the existence of a monster within it:

“Tota [lake], placed on the highest point of a moor, has six leagues in perimeter, formed in a
perfect circle, so deep that air can hardly go through it; Its clear and soft waters are sea-green
in the center, it’s like a gulf, and continually make on the shores the noisy sound that the Ocean
does on the sands. Referring to it that times ago it was discovered a blackfish was discovered
with the head like an ox and larger than a whale. Quesada says that in his time people of great
credit affirmed it and the Indians said that it was the devil; and for the year six hundred and
fifty-two [1662], while I was in that place, Doña Andrea de Várgas, a lady of that country, told
me that she had seen it. “

Consider that, in the Muisca worldview (the legends around its origin),
there are no “diabolical” representations of the Lake or any monster
living on it, but rather, this corresponds to an interpretation of
Christian civilizing order, results of the evangelization project carried
out by Spain in all America. In these chronicles and other ones the
authors mention the fishes species that inhabited the watersheds of
the Cundiboyacense Altiplano.

25
 Now, the most significant finding of the colonial period about Lake
Tota is a description made by an anonymous official Spanish about
the region in 1620: in this, he states the following:

“There are two main lagoons in the district of this city, one on the western side, which they call
Tinjacá [Laguna de Fúquene] because they are near the town of this name; the other is to the east
and is called Guaquira [Lake of Tota] because it is close to another of this name, Tinjacá is seven
leagues from the city and Guaquira eight.

The Tinjacá lagoon will be eight leagues long and six wide and twenty in circumference, and in-
depth it will have more than twenty states: people navigate it with rafts made of reed to fish and
hunt ducks, and they pass through it in the rafts of millstones from one town to another.

Guaquira will be five leagues long and four wide and nine in circumference; It is very deep, but
nobody navigates it because there is no reason for doing it, and very large waves rise in it.
In both lagoons, many creeks of water enter, and they have many springs in themselves. Each
one has a large drain: Tinjacá runs north and enters the Rio de Oro; that of Guaquira runs east
and will enter the Meta River, which is the Boyacá River.

Some fish raised in the Tinjacá lagoon; one that they call captain, another that they call bagre,
others that they call sardines, which are smaller; The Indians who live around the lagoon take
advantage of these fish; in Guáquira, fish are not raised because it has very cold water”.

This description provides us invaluable information regarding fatty

fish research. In the first place, it seems that there were no fish in
Lake Tota because the water was too cold for it, and, therefore, it was
not fished in its surroundings, in turn, it wasn’t sailed for the same
reasons. It is necessary to make a critical reading of this document
because the statement that there is no fish does not imply it was true.
Secondly, it reaffirms the importance of the Fúquene Lagoon as a
place where there was extensive fish activity.

At the same time, the search in documents of the General Archive of

the Nation allows us to conclude that in the towns around the lake the
economy was based on agriculture (mainly, the sowing of wheat and
corn), and to a lesser extent, livestock (swine and cattle). And if there
had been fishing in the period before the introduction of trout in the
1940s, this was on a very small scale.

26
 General Archive of Indies (Seville, Spain),
SANTA FE, 169, N32. F13r and 24v, [1632]
 3.
Paintings of daily life.

At the same time, the search in documents of the General Archive of

the Nation allows us to conclude that in the towns around the lake the
economy was based on agriculture (mainly, the sowing of wheat and
corn), and to a lesser extent, livestock (swine and cattle). And if there
had been fishing in the period before the introduction of trout in the
1940s, this was on a very small scale.

In turn, European and American explorers and travelers stepped on

Colombian soil and left, in addition to the memories of their travels,
incredible paintings of the mountains, valleys, rivers, lakes, and other
geographical features of the nation, which were an inspiration to the
national artists of the time. With this background in mind, the art
collections where these images rest were consulted to find illustrations
of Lake Tota and the inhabitants of its nearby areas.

In turn, European and American explorers and travelers stepped on

Colombian lands and left not only memories of their trips, but also
incredible paintings of the mountains, valleys, rivers, lakes, and other
geographical features of the nation, which were an inspiration to the
national artists of the time. With this background in mind, the art
collections where these images rest were consulted in order to find
illustrations of Lake Tota and the inhabitants of its nearby areas.

The main finding is the Edward Walkhouse Mark expedition made in

1846, in which he made an outstanding painting, a Watercolor that
shows the immensity of Lake Tota in this period, and where peasants
also appear dressed in the typical ruana and hat, witnesses of its
ecosystem transformation. In turn, Mark painted the people who
lived in the Sogamoso region, where Lake Tota is, characterizing the
customs and costumes of the local peasants.

29
 Edward W. Mark. Lagoon Tota near Bogotá [1846] Banco de la República Art Collection

30
 Manuel María Paz (Chorographic Commission). Guatavita Lagoon: Province of Bogotá [1855],
Colection National Library of Colombia. Reference 551.482. Watercolor

In turn, we consulted the entire collection of the Comisión Corográfica,

In which Siecha and Guatavita Lagoons paintings and other
hydrographic resources of the Colombian Andes were found. Finally,
the pieces of the main costumbrismo painters was consulted with the
purpose of find images about the relationship between peasants and
indigenous people with fishing, having this in mind, a painting was
obtained by the most prominent Colombian painter of this period:
Ramón Torres Méndez, who shows us how the indigenous people of
the highlands continued with the tradition of Captain fishing in the
Sabana of Bogotá.

31
 Ramón Torres Méndez. Fishermen Indians of Funza [1860 C.a], Banco de la República Art Collection.
Reference AP1357. Watercolor.

32
 4.
Comparison of the Lake maps

Once we found the geological map of the lake from 1929, I made a
comparison between it and the current lake in Google Maps to make
a list of all the creeks represented in the cartography and search for
the possible disappearance of someones, framed in the formulation
of hypotheses about the origin and destination of the Fat Catfish.
The 1929 map was chosen because it predates Cecil Miles’ 1942 Fat
Catfish description.

Upper course of the Upía River, located in the Municipality of Aquitania, and the main tributary of
Lake Tota.

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Laguna+De+Tota/@5.4894296,-72.936058,808m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x8e6a59f21d23516f:0xedea6fa8bc3482ee!8m2!3d5.5446101!4d-72.9283391!5m1!1e4?hl=es

33
 Of 16 streams identified on the 1929 map, 11 remain as of 2021.
A considerable number taking into account the ecosystem changes
around the lake as a result of human intervention. They can be seen
both on the map and in the Google Street View tool. The most important:
the source of the Upía River, the Tobal River are still identifiable.

In conclusion, although the search for files and maps has not identified
a specific mention of the Fat Fish, the information presented here
allows interesting conclusions about its origin.

34
 REFERENCES
AGN (Bogotá) Tota y Guáquira: diligencias de visita fiscal (1601) VISITAS-BOY:SC.62,4, Documento.3. Available in: http://con-
sulta.archivogeneral.gov.co/ConsultaWeb/imagenes.jsp?id=3038974&idNodoImagen=1653302&total=200&ini=1&fin=20

AGN (Bogotá) Tota y Guáquira: solicitud de relevo de indios (1655) VISITAS-BOY:SC.62,12, Documento.10. Available in: http://
consulta.archivogeneral.gov.co/ConsultaWeb/imagenes.jsp?id=3039330&idNodoImagen=1653421&total=11&ini=1&fin=11#-
fakelink

Anónimo, “Descripción de la ciudad de Tunja sacada de las informaciones hechas por la justicia de aquella ciudad en 30 de mayo
de 1620 años”, in Cespedesia 4 (1983): 339-372.

Carta cartográfica del Estado de Boyacá [1864]. Available in: https://babel.banrepcultural.org/digital/collection/p17054coll13/

id/31/rec/2

De Torres, Diego. Provincia de Tunja [1586]. Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/jatsRepo/2790/279054997001/279054997001_

gf4.jpg y https://www.revistacredencial.com/sites/default/files/images/8888.jpg

Fernandez de Piedrahita, Lucas. Historia general de las conquistas del Nuevo Reino de Granada [1676], Bogotá: Biblioteca Luis
Ángel Arango, Colección digital Banrep. Available in: https://web.archive.org/web/20151218113059/http://banrepcultural.org/blaa-
virtual/historia/hisgral/hisgral3.htm

Illera, Carlos Humberto. Nuestras cocinas desde el Nuevo Reino de Granada (siglo xvi) hasta la República (siglo xix), a la luz de los
escritos de algunos cronistas y viajeros. Bogotá: Ministerio de Cultura, 2012. Available in: https://www.mincultura.gov.co/Sitios/
patrimonio/bibliotecas-de-cocinas/tomos/tomo04.pdf

María Paz, Manuel (Comisión Corográfica). Laguna de Guatavita [1855]. Available in: https://catalogoenlinea.bibliotecanacional.
gov.co/client/es_ES/bd/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:3044/ada?rw=60&rm=COLEC-
CI%C3%93N+OBRA0%7C%7C%7C1%7C%7C%7C3%7C%7C%7Ctrue&d=ent%3A%2F%2FSD_ASSET%2F0%2FSD_ASSE-
T%3A3044%7EASSET%7E65&te=ASSET&lm=F_COROGRAFICA_DIG&isd=true

Plano geológico de la laguna de Tota [1929]. Available in: http://consulta.archivogeneral.gov.co/ConsultaWeb/imagenes.jsp?i-

d=3251751&idNodoImagen=3251752&total=7&ini=1&fin=7

Pueblo viejo y la Laguna de Tota [1799-1800]. Available in: http://consulta.archivogeneral.gov.co/ConsultaWeb/imagenes.jsp?i-

d=3254190&idNodoImagen=3254191&total=1&ini=1&fin=1 and http://consulta.archivogeneral.gov.co/ConsultaWeb/imagenes.
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