WEEK 5 SS3

ALKANOL
Alkanols are compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups linked with an alkyl or aryl radicals. Alkanols
have a functional group of –OH and belong to homologous series with general molecular formula of C nH2n+1OH
where n= 1,2,3,4 …….. for successive member of alkanols. The first – two members of the series are both
liquids. They are methanol (CH3OH) and ethanol (CH3CH2OH). Alkanols are derived by replacing the –ane in the
parent alkanes by –ol.
NAMING OF ALKANOLS
The formular of individual members of alkanol are obtained by applying the general molecular formula
(CnH2n+1OH)
When General Molecular Name

n= Formulae CnH2n+1OH
1 C1H2x1+1OH CH3OH Methanol
2. C2H2x2+1OH = C2H5OH Ethanol
3. C3H2x3+1OH = C3H7OH Propanol
4. C4H2x4+1OH = C4H9OH Butanol
5. C5H2x5+1OH = C5H11OH Pentanol
MOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF ALKANOL
N ALKANOL STRUCTURAL FORMULAR MOLECULAR FORMULAR

1. CH3OH H CH3OH
Methanol H-C -OH
H
2. HH CH3CH2OH
C2H5OH H-C-C-OH
Ethanol HH
3. HHH CH3(CH2)2OH
C3H7OH H-C-C-C-OH
Propanol HHH
4. HHHH CH3(CH2)3OH
C4H9OH H-C-C-C-C-OH
Butanol HHHH
5. HHHHH CH3(CH2)4OH
C5H11OH H-C-C-C-C-C-OH
Pentanol HHHHH
6. HHHHHH CH3(CH2)5OH
C6H13OH H-C-C-C-C-C-C-OH
Hexanol HHHHHH
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANOLS
Alkanols are named using the IUPAC method by considering the functional group of alkanols (-OH) and the
position of attachment of other substituents on the carbon atoms. The lowest number is given
to –OH. For example:
H
(i) CH3-C-OH H
CH3 (ii) CH3CH2C- OH
Propan-2-ol CH3
Butan-2-ol
CH3 CH3
(iii) CH3-C-CH2OH (iv) CH3-C-CH2CH2CH3
CH3 OH
2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol 2-methylpent-2-ol
TYPES OF ALKANOLS
Alkanols may be classified into three types depending on the attachment of the alkyl radical to the functional
group (-OH).
1. PRIMARY ALKANOLS: These are alkanols in which the hydroxyl group (OH) is directly attached to a carbon
atom. E.g
H H H H H H H
H—C—OH H—C – C – OH H – C – C – C – C – OH
H H H H H H H
Methanol ethanol propanol
2. SECONDARY ALKANOLS: These are alkanols in which the hydroxyl group (OH) is directly attached to a
carbon atom which attaches itself further to two other carbon atoms. E.g
H H H
CH3—C—OH CH3—C – CH2CH3 CH3 – C – CH2CH2CH3
CH3 OH OH
Propan-2-ol Butan-2-ol Pentan-2-ol
3. TERTIARY ALKANOLS: These are alkanols in which the hydroxyl group (OH) is directly attached to a carbon
atom which attaches itself further to three other carbon atoms. E.g
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3—C—OH CH3—C – CH2CHCH3 CH3 – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
CH3 OH CH3
2-methylpropan-1-ol 2,4-dimethylpentan-1-ol 5,5-dimethylhexan-1-ol
CLASSES OF ALKANOLS
There are three classes of alkanols base on the number of hydroxyl groups in the molecule.
1.MONOHYDRIC ALKANOLS: These are alkanols that contains only one hydroxyl group (OH), e.g
CH3OH CH3CH2OH CH3CHCH3 CH3CH2CHCH3
OH OH
Methanol ethanol propan-2-ol butan-2-ol
2.DIHYDRIC ALKANOLS: These are alkanols that contains two hydroxyl group (OH), e.g
CH2CH2 CH3CHCH2CH2
OH OH OH OH
Ethan-1,2-diol Butan-1,3-diol
3.TRIHYDRIC ALKANOLS: These are alkanols that contains three hydroxyl group (OH), e.g
CH2CHCH2 CH2-CH-CH2-CH2
OH OH OH OH OH OH
propan-1,2,3-triol Butan-1,2.4-triol
LABORATORY PREPARATION OF ETHANOL
Ethanol is prepared in the laboratory by the process of ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION. This is a form of
anaerobic respiration during which simple sugar such as glucose (C6H12O6) is converted into ethyl alkanol
(C2H5OH) and carbon (iv) oxide (CO2) by an enzyme called zymase present in the yeast.
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + CO2
Glucose ethanol
PREPARATION OF ETHANOL FROM SWEET POTATO

Sweet potato can be converted into ethanol by first crushing and pressure cooking it using a pressure cooker
for some time. The crushed potato releases starch granules and this starch granules are treated with malt for
an hour at temperature between 500C – 600C. malt is a partially germinated barley containing an enzyme
diastase. The starch contained in the potato is then converted by the enzyme diastase into maltose by
hydrolysis.
2(C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC12H22O11
Starch Maltose
At room temperature, yeast is added and an enzyme known as maltase or invertase which is presence in yeast
converts the maltose to glucose and fructose by catalytic hydrolysis process.
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
The resulting liquid mixture is subjected to fractional distillation to give aqueous ethaol.
NOTE: Other raw materials from which ethanol can be obtained through the process is alcoholic fermentation
are: palm wine, cassava, sugar cane and grains.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL

1. It is liquid at room temperature and pressure.
2. it is volatile and colourless
3. it has a characteristics smell
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL
1. Ethanol react with metals to liberate hydrogen gas and form metallic ethoxide.
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
Sodium ethoxide
2. ethanol react with concentrated tetraoxosulphate(vi) (H2SO4) in two stages to form ethene (C2H4)
STAGE 1:
C2H5OH + H2SO4 C2H5HSO4 + H2O
Ethylhydrogen tetraoxosulphate(iv)
STAGE:
C2H5HSO4 C2 H 4 .
3.ethanol can be oxidized in two ways to form ethanoic acid.

(i) reaction with KMnO4 to yield ethanal, CH3CHO.
C2H5OH CH3CHO
Ethanol Ethanal
(ii) reaction with KMnO4 to yield ethanal, CH3CHO with acidified potassium heptaoxodichromate (vi),
K2Cr2O7 to yield ethanioc acid
CH3CHO CH3COOH
Ethanal Ethanoic acid
It should be noted, that oxidation of a primary alkanol like propan-1-ol will produce corresponding alkanoic
acid (propanoic acid) while the oxidation of a secondary alkanol like propan-2-ol will produce an alkanoate
(propanone)
4. Ethanol react with chloride of phosphorous to yield ethylchloride and liberate steamy fumes of hydrogen
chloride.
C2H5OH + PCl5 C2H5Cl + PCl3 + HCl
Ethylchloride
5. Ethanol react with ethanoic acid CH3COOH, in presence of acid catalyst to form an ester (ethylethanoate)
and water. This process is called ESTERIFICATION reaction.
C2H5OH + CH3COOH H+ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethanol ethanoic acid ethyl ethanoate
TEST FOR ALKANOLS

1. Dip in litmus paper, alkanols is neutral to litmus
2. Add a very small piece of sodium metal to suspected compound in a test tube. Rapid effervescence with the
giving a ‘pop’ sound with a lighted splint indicates the compound is an alkanol.
USES OF ALKANOLS
1. As a methylated spirit
2. As a fuel
3. As organic solvent
4. In brewing industries during fermentation of beer
5. In the preparation of organic acid such as ethanoic acid.

WEEK 5 SS3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WEEK 5 SS3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WEEK 5 SS3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ALKANOL

When General Molecular Name

N ALKANOL STRUCTURAL FORMULAR MOLECULAR FORMULAR

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

PREPARATION OF ETHANOL FROM SWEET POTATO

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL

3.ethanol can be oxidized in two ways to form ethanoic acid.

TEST FOR ALKANOLS

You might also like