Updated_Margins_DISSERTATION_PUSHPA_MAHORI

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE,
HINDU COLLEGE OF DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

Affiliated to
DEEN BANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY, MURTHAL (SONIPAT), INDIA –131039
CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS
Dissertation Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of Bachelors in Architecture
PUSHPA MAHORI, 20025006021

December 2024
Supervisor
Prof. (Dr.) H.M. THAPLIYAL
HINDU COLLEGE OF DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE &
PLANNING
AFFILIATED TO
DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY MURTHAL (SONIPAT)
Declaration by the Candidate

I, Pushpa Mahori, Roll no. 20025006021, student of B.Arch hereby declare
that the
Dissertation titled “Climate responsive buildings” which is submitted by me in
2024 to the Department of Architecture, Hindu College of Design, Architecture
& Planning affiliated to Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science
&Technology (DCRUST), Murthal (Sonipat)- Haryana in partial fulfillment of the
requirement of the award of the degree of B.Arch has not previously formed basis
for the award of any Degree, Diploma Associateship, Fellowship or other similar
title or recognition.
Place:
Signature of Student
Date:
PUSHPA MAHORI
Prof. (Dr.) H.M. Thapliyal

(Name
of
Supervis
or)
Ar.
Ritika
Goel
Dissertation Coordinator
Prof. (Dr.)
H.M.
Thapliyal
Director
Principal
HINDU COLLEGE OF DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
AFFILIATED TO
DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY MURTHAL (SONIPAT)
Bonafide Certificate
Certified that this Dissertation titled ‘CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS’ is the

bonafide work of PUSHPA MAHORI, 20025006021 who carried out the work under
my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported
herein does not form part of any other Dissertation on the basis of which a degree or
award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.
Prof.
H.M.
Thapliya
l
Dissertat
ion
Supervis
or
Ar.
Ritika
Goel
Dissertat
ion
Coordin
ator
Prof. (Dr.)
H.M.
Thapliyal
Director
Principal
Certificate for Plagiarism
It is certified that the Dissertation Titled CLIMATE RESPONSIVE

BUILDINGS’ By PUSHPA MAHORI, 20025006021 has been submitted
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CONTENTS
Abstract .....................................................................................................................
.........5
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION (Aim, Objectives and Methodology)......................................................6
Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
PASSIVE TECHNIQUES.....................................................................................................9
Chapter 3
LITERATURE CASE STUDY OF DIFFERENT............................................................19
CLIMATIC ZONE BUILDINGS
Chapter 4
MATERIAL STUDY..........................................................................................................31
Chapter 5
ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES.......................................................................................41
REFERENCES/ BIBLOGRAPHY..................................................................................43
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Methodology
Figure 2. Internal Layout of spaces to reduce solar gains
Figure 3. Potential benefits of cool roofs on commercial buildings: conserving
energy
Figure 4. Heat transfer
Figure 5. The incorporation of the external and internal facade layers
Figure 6. Main types of air movement in DSF
Figure 7. Use of natural instead of mechanical ventilation when possible, using
the Double Skin Façade cavity
Figure 8. Air Flow Pathways A. interior vented, B. exterior vented, C. hybrid
supply air and D. hybrid exhaust air.
Figure 9. Heat transfer processes in a conventional sealed cavity façade.
Figure 10. CII - Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)
Figure 11. Courtyard
Figure 12. Roof garden
Figure 13. Double glazing
Figure 14. Trombe wall
Figure 15. Inside of classroom
Figure 16. Wind flow
Figure 17. Air circulation inside Indra Paryavaran Bhawan
Figure 18. Improved glass
Figure 19. SHC properties

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Key references and studies on climate-responsive buildings
Table 2. Detailed case study comparison
Table 3. Indoor air temperature for three typical in the climate is mild and humid
Table 4. Building energy consumption

A
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Energy, climate and architecture are actually associated with one another, the
greater is the energy use the even worse is actually the environmental reduction.
With rapid economic development & improvement of individuals' expectation
for comforts, the construction industry will continue on being the key power end
user. Consequently , energy conservation turns into an important in each
residential and commercial structures & hence, it becomes appealing to fashion
climate responsive buildings with passive methods. Climate responsive
buildings style is a principle which features the micro climate and architecture to
create a man winter casual situations.
This particular idea considers the sun, ventilation based passive methods, micro
climatic factors as well as winter casual situations which boost the framework
synthetic energy efficiency. Winter comfort not just makes the inside comfortable
but also determines the energy usage in the structure and hence the sustainability
of its. All through the planet, from early times individuals have passive strategies
which have developed through generations day by day. These buildings got
attention for precise research with the study at current occasions. Various
researchers had done considerable research on passive strategies with sustainable
components to create a climate responsive building. Developing climate
responsive buildings is actually challenging, to need understanding the
construction facade envelop, in addition to the way buildings are actually
designed, built as well as operated in a certain cultural context. Regrettably, it's a
lot easier to install air conditioners in electricity structures which boost the
structures price but in passive methods is lessen the structure cost.
This particular paper is actually based on a study to assess the passive
methods with sustainable materials to generate climate responsive structures.
We learned 6 case studies of many climatic conditions such as climate that is
moderate, chilly climate as well as composite climate zones. Collectively,
they integrated a range of passive style techniques with renewable materials,
which includes different shading systems, latest technology, cavity walls, day
as well as night time ventilation, and evaporation cooling.
we analysis with the base of literature studies along with exiting case studies
with various climatic zones to realize the connection between the indoor and
outdoor problems to figure out the dynamics of "climate responsiveness" of each
building.
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
Sustainable growth emphasizes meeting present needs without compromising future

generations' ability to fulfil their own, a principle increasingly integrated into the
built environment through energy-efficient building regulations. Climate-responsive
architecture seeks to create comfortable interiors while reducing dependence on
artificial energy by tailoring designs to local climatic conditions. These designs
account for weather patterns, sun intensity, wind, humidity, and rainfall, optimizing
building performance.
The building envelope, a critical interface between indoor and outdoor environments,
is central to energy efficiency. Its design must adapt to different climate zones to
minimize unnecessary energy loss. This principle echoes ancient practices where
solar energy was harnessed to heat and cool structures. Early humans used caves or
strategically oriented openings to capture warmth in winter and materials that
retained heat to release it after sunset.
Historically, designs focused on forms and materials that utilized natural energy
flows, offering thermal comfort and efficiency. Over time, modern reliance on fossil
fuels overshadowed these principles, despite the sophistication of solar technologies.
Solar energy, though abundant and free, struggled to compete with the initial low
costs of fossil fuels due to high capital investments. However, growing awareness of
environmental impacts has reignited interest in solar energy and sustainable design.
Recent advances focus on converting solar energy into cost-effective solutions for
building cooling and heating. Passive design strategies, such as optimizing
orientation, materials, and layouts, play a crucial role. These strategies leverage
natural ventilation, shading, and solar heat gain to enhance energy efficiency. By
incorporating these methods, buildings in varied climatic zones can achieve lower
energy consumption while maintaining comfort.
This research explores passive cooling techniques in different climates, assessing

their optimization potential. It aims to identify approaches that reduce total building
energy costs using sustainable materials and design strategies. Drawing from
literature and case studies, the study examines diverse scenarios and parameters,
highlighting the variability in environmental conditions. The secondary objective is
to consolidate valuable scientific insights into passive design, providing organized
guidelines that can benefit architectural practices.
In conclusion, climate-responsive architecture embodies a blend of historical wisdom

and modern innovation. It offers a pathway to sustainable, energy-efficient buildings
that respond to the challenges of today's environmental and energy demands while
safeguarding resources for future generations.
13 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

1.1 : CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE IN PERSPECTIVE
Architecture as well as climate has usually been connected in a pattern of mutual

impact. From the job of it’s as a provider of shelter, architecture deliberately
modifies the climate of an immediate area
as well as typically, the design of its continues to be formed by the stresses as
well as opportunities inherent in the regional climate. In the process, buildings &
cities have developed unintentional modifications to climate at various scales, out
of the local to the worldwide. In tandem with these trends, work have been
created in order to better understand the powerful interactions between the
created and natural locations, as well as to pursue paths for bringing them into
balance. This particular essay traces several of the milestones in these cross
disciplinary work, as well as examines the directions where leading edge analysis
is headed. Some ideas are actually provided on sustainable architecture of an era
of dwindling resources and questionable climatic stability.
1.2 : PASSIVE DESIGN
‘Passive design' is actually a style which takes advantage from the climate to keep
a comfortable temperature in buildings. Passive design basically protects from
heat and gives comfortable indoor climate to give cool from outdoor
temperature .The value of passive style can't be overstated. To pay attention to the
concepts of good passive style ideal for the climate of yours effectively' locks in'
thermal comfort, low cooling and heating bills, and decreased greenhouse gas
emissions for the life span of your home. Passive design utilizes natural energy
sources of heating & cooling, such as cooling breezes and the sunshine. It's done
by properly orientating the building of yours on the website of its and very
carefully developing the construction envelope (roof, walls, floors and windows
of a home). Well - designed building envelope minimizing an unwanted heat gain
as well as loss.The cheapest time to attain excellent passive look in a house
happens when originally designing as well as developing it. Nevertheless, sizable
renovations to a current home are able to additionally provide a cost effective
chance to update winter casual - perhaps little upgrades could send important
improvements. When you are purchasing a brand new house or maybe apartment,
evaluate the prospects of its for winter comfort and also ability to be cost
effectively upgraded to reflect excellent passive design concepts in its climate.
For best results,' passive' homes need' active' users - people who have a
fundamental knowledge of the way the house operates with the seasonal and daily
climate, like when to open and / or shut windows, and how you can use adaptable
shading.A number of different and interrelated techniques add to good passive
style, each the topic of an article in this particular section. Passive style
techniques differ with climate, as describe in much more detail of Design for
climate. The very best mix of passive style methods likewise varies based on the
specific characteristics of the website of yours. Select a designer who's
experienced in passive look for the climate of yours and even think about getting
a winter functionality authority to model various style alternatives using winter
functionality software. Good passive style is actually important to attaining a
lifetime of winter comfort, lower energy costs as well as minimal greenhouse gas
emissions. Passive Architecture is actually a climate responsive structure which

offers more comfortable indoor problems, without depending on artificial lighting
or physical cooling. For humid and hot tropics, the goal of Passive Architecture is
actually avoiding solar radiation, promote ventilation from the prevailing wind
and make sure daylight into the structure. The maximum effect could be
accomplished by strategizing the structure components for example orientation,
form, opening as well as sun shading products to get the said objectives.
1.3 : AIM
To study the techniques to design energy efficient buildings.
1.4 : NEED
The need to study climate- responsive buildings is to help know about the different
techniques in Climate-responsive architecture focuses on creating energy-efficient
buildings that optimize interior comfort while minimizing reliance on artificial
energy. This approach integrates passive design strategies and materials to reduce
energy consumption, thereby promoting sustainability. Passive heating and cooling
methods regulate indoor temperature and air quality by leveraging natural factors like
orientation, microclimate, wind, sun paths, and thermal mass.
The building envelope plays a critical role in balancing indoor and outdoor
conditions. In different climate zones, it requires tailored designs to reduce heat loss
and energy usage. Passive strategies include utilizing solar gain, thermal mass, and
airtight construction to control heat transfer and enhance efficiency. These designs
not only lower energy costs but also align with modern sustainable building codes.
Climate-responsive designs also adapt to specific weather patterns, accounting for

seasonality, sun intensity, humidity, and rainfall. Such an approach ensures buildings
perform effectively in their respective locations. Factors like glazing transmittance,
floor and wall exposure to sunlight, and insulation values are modeled to optimize
energy performance year-round.
Adopting these strategies reduces overall building costs, cuts reliance on fossil fuels,
and improves energy efficiency. By integrating passive techniques, modern
architecture achieves enhanced functionality while addressing environmental
challenges. This shift toward sustainable construction benefits occupants and
supports global energy conservation efforts.
1.4 : OBJECTIVE

 To study the sustainable techniques for modern buildings.
 This study will also focus on energy efficiency materials
 To study about advance techniques used in modern buildings and analyse
how much energy consume from techniques as well as materials.
1.5 : SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
1. This scope of the study is to introduce the passive techniques which are
beneficial for the human comfort different climatic zones.
2. In this study we will not be using any type technologies in cooling systems.
3. This study only applicable for the climatic zones which are present in India.
1.6 : METHODOLOGY
Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the six selected case
studies and literature studies, chosen from stratified random buildings in
different climate zone which were used to analyze the benefits for building’s
facade which is suitable for every climate and also analyse which material is
more benefits to make a climate responsive buildings. This study is adopted to
adoption of techniques and performance in materials with that particular climate
to make a future building.
This paper is study for all the climate zone in India .this study is done with the
secondary references with the internet website , government website as well as
Griha guidelines to know about which buildings is suitable for the case studies.
All the analysis data were comes from the answer of the key questions of this
paper. This qualitative and quantitative data is a conclusion of this study.

Figure 1. Methodology
KEY QUESTIONS
1. Is a building facade role play for climate responsive building?

2. Is the passive techniques helps to make a energy efficient building?
3. Is passive design building facade is interrelated with sustainable materials?

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE STUDY
KEY REFERENCES AND STUDIES ON CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE

BUILDINGS
S. AUTHOR' TITLE JOURNAL/ARTICLE/ YEA CONCLUSI INFERENC

N S NAME RESEARCH PAPER/BOOK R ON ES
O.
1 Olgyay, Design Book 1963 Highlights Fundamenta
Victor with the l principles
Climate: principles of of climate-
Bioclimati bioclimatic responsive
c design and design
Approach how
to architectural
Architectu forms adapt
ral to local
Regionalis climates for
m energy
efficiency
and
sustainabilit
y.
2 Givoni, Passive Book 1994 Discusses Importance
Baruch and Low passive of passive
Energy design cooling
Cooling of techniques strategies
Buildings like shading,
natural
ventilation,
and thermal
mass to
reduce
energy use
in buildings.
3 Hegger, Energy Book 2008 Focuses on Holistic
Manfred; Manual: integrating energy-
Fuchs, Sustainabl energy- efficient
Michael e efficient design
Architectu systems with approaches
re climate-
sensitive
architectural
designs to
reduce
environment
al impact.
4 Attia, Bioclimati Research paper 2011 Explores Adaptive
Shady; De c design bioclimatic design for
Herde, strategies strategies, hot climates
André for such as
residential building
buildings orientation,
in hot material
climates selection,
and
ventilation
methods, for

improving
thermal
comfort in
hot regions.
5 Kasmaee, The Role Journal article 2020 Investigates Urban
Mehrdad; of Urban how green greenery as
Kwok, Green roofs, a climate-
Alison Spaces in vegetation, responsive
Mitigating and water tool
Urban features in
Heat urban areas
Island contribute to
Effect reducing
urban heat
and
enhancing
climate
responsivene
ss.
6 Santamour Innovative Research paper 2022 Analyzes New
is, Mat Materials advanced materials
for materials for thermal
Building like phase- efficiency
Energy change
Efficiency materials
and cool
roofs to
enhance
thermal
performance
in climate-
responsive
building
designs.
7 Yao, Thermal Journal article 2013 Explores Adaptive
Runming; Comfort how thermal
Li, and occupant comfort
Baizhan Adaptive behavior and strategies
Behavior thermal
in comfort
Buildings influence
energy use
and the
design of
climate-
responsive
buildings.
8 Szokolay, Introducti Book 2014 Provides an Foundation
Steven V. on to introduction of
Architectu to sustainable
ral environment climate
Science: al controls, responses
The Basis thermal
of behavior of
Sustainabl materials,
e Design and climate-
specific
architectural
design.
9 Prieto, The Research paper 2019 Explores Practical

Antonio Influence strategies solutions
of Local like cross- for tropical
Climate ventilation, climates
on deep
Building overhangs,
Design in and shading
Tropical devices to
Regions improve
building
performance
in tropical
climates.
10 Wang, Liz; Modeling Journal article 2021 Examines Simulation
Chen, and the role of as a tool for
Qingyan Simulation computation responsive
in al tools in design
Climate- optimizing
Responsiv building
e Design performance
for different
climates and
predicting
energy
savings.
11 Emmanuel Designing Journal article 2005 Highlights Tailoring
, Rohinton Buildings natural designs for
for ventilation, humid
Comfort building regions
in Hot- geometry,
Humid and material
Climates choices for
achieving
thermal
comfort in
humid
climates.
12 Brager, Thermal Research paper 1998 Demonstrate Human-
Gail S.; de Adaptatio s the centric
Dear, n in the adaptability design
Richard Built of occupants adaptations
Environm to varying
ent temperatures
in buildings,
promoting
passive
design
solutions for
energy
savings.
13 Hyde, Climate Book 2000 Analyzes Case
Richard Responsiv case studies studies of
e Design: of climate- warm-
A Study of responsive climate
Buildings buildings to designs
in Warm derive best
Climates practices for
warm
regions.
14 Hassan, Integration Journal article 2017 Investigates Solar
Asif; of Solar how shading shading

Ramzan, Shading in devices strategies
Qamar Building improve
Design thermal
performance
, reduce
cooling
loads, and
enhance
building
aesthetics.
15 Kershaw, Future Research paper 2012 Evaluates Climate
Tom; Climate the impact resilience in
Eames, Scenarios of future building
Matthew and climate design
Building changes on
Performan building
ce performance
and
adaptation
measures.
16 Brown, Sun, Book 2001 Provides an Incorporatin
Graham Wind, and extensive g natural
Z.; DeKay, Light: guide to elements
Mark Architectu using solar
ral Design orientation,
Strategies wind
patterns, and
daylighting
for
sustainable
building
design.
17 Baker, Energy Book 2000 Explores the Integrated
Nick; and relationship approach to
Steemers, Environm between energy and
Koen ent in energy, environmen
Architectu environment t
re , and
architectural
form to
achieve
climate-
sensitive
designs.
18 Peters, Passive Research paper 2015 Examines Passive
Terri House Passive House
Design for House strategies
Different design for diverse
Climates principles climates
and their
adaptability
to varying
climatic
conditions
for
achieving
net-zero
energy
goals.
19 Nicol, Adaptive Journal article 2002 Focuses on Adaptive

Fergus; Thermal adaptive models for
Humphrey Comfort thermal energy-
s, Michael in the comfort efficient
Built models for buildings
Environm climate-
ent responsive
design,
emphasizing
flexibility in
building
systems.
20 Chokhachi The Research paper 2020 Studies how Urban
an, Alireza Impact of urban planning for
Urban morphology, climate
Morpholo such as responsiven
gy on building ess
Microclim density and
ate and orientation,
Building affects
Energy microclimat
Use es and
energy
consumption
in urban
areas.
HISTORY
The history of climate-responsive buildings spans from ancient times to the modern
era, driven by the need to adapt to local climates for comfort and sustainability.
1. Ancient Civilizations: Early buildings used natural materials and design

features like thick walls, courtyards, and strategic orientations to respond to
climate. In hot regions, thick walls and small windows provided thermal
mass, while in colder areas, steep roofs and southern-facing windows helped
conserve heat.
2. Industrial Revolution: The advent of central heating and industrial materials
like brick and iron marked a shift in building design, with an increased focus
on controlled indoor environments. However, this period also introduced
inefficiencies in energy use.
3. Early 20th Century: Modernist architects like Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd
Wright integrated buildings with nature, using large windows and open plans,
while also emphasizing passive solar heating and natural ventilation.
4. Mid-20th Century (Energy Crisis): The 1970s oil crises highlighted the
need for energy efficiency. Passive solar design, thermal mass, and green
roofs emerged as key strategies, leading to the rise of sustainable architecture.
5. 21st Century: With growing environmental concerns, climate-responsive
buildings became a standard in architecture. The focus shifted to zero-energy
buildings, renewable energy integration, and advanced technologies, with
certifications like LEED and Passive House promoting sustainable design.

In short, climate-responsive architecture has evolved from simple passive strategies
in ancient times to advanced, sustainable design solutions aimed at reducing energy
use and mitigating climate change.
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
2.1 : INTRODUCTION
An important step in optimizing a building design for energy efficiency is
through passive design measures. These strategies include site planning as well
as building design. The general design strategies pertain to orientation, building
form and layout, shading, day lighting and natural ventilation. The strategies
that are specific to the building use and typology revolve around the building
envelope design.
2.2 GENERAL DESIGN STRATEGIES
 ORIENTATION BUILDING FORM

 INTERNAL LAYOUT SHADING
A. Form &Orientation
Orientation is a crucial passive design technique for reducing energy consumption

and enhancing thermal comfort. It significantly influences the amount of sunlight on
surfaces, daylighting, and wind direction. Toward net-zero energy goals, orientation
and building type play a pivotal role in harnessing natural sunlight and winds for
efficiency, making them essential interventions.
Building designs vary based on climate and location. However, the core principle
remains: maximizing solar radiation in winter and minimizing it in summer. Warm
regions require orientations that reduce sun gains, while cooler areas benefit from
orientations that increase sun exposure. Wind direction also plays a vital role in
determining effective building orientation.
The building's shape influences its thermal performance, dictating the volume of
space requiring heating or cooling. Compact forms reduce unnecessary heat gains
and losses. For hot, cool, and dry climates, lightweight forms minimize thermal
inefficiency, enhancing the building's overall energy performance.

Figure 2. Internal Layout of spaces to reduce solar gains
B. SHADING AND DAYLIGHTINGS
Shading from direct sun rays and its reflection in the surrounding is important.
Shading can be through neighboring buildings, self-shading from the building
shape, vegetation or special shading devices such as louvers or perforated
screens, lattices, grills, etc. will be required on the East and West facade to
protect against the low sun angles, high intensity solar radiations and direct
Design Guide glare. Internal spaces can also be shaded using gallery or
balcony spaces.
Special shading devices such as louvers or perforated screens, lattices, grills, etc.
will be required on the west and east facade to protect against the low sun angles,
high intensity solar radiations and direct glare. The north and South facades can
be protected by an overhang. The North facade gets exposed to the sun only
during the monsoons, when it is predominantly overcast, thus, shading is not
required. A simple overhang is adequate to block the sun in the south orientation.
The East facade requires boxed shading, whereas, Special shading devices such
as louvers or perforated screens, lattices, grills, etc. will be required on the West
facade to protect against the low sun angles, high intensity solar radiations and
direct glare.

2.3 BUILDING ENVELOPE
 ROOF
 EXTERNALWALL
 FENESTRATION
A. ROOF
Cool Roofs
A high reflective and light-colored roof can be an effective strategy in

minimizing solar gains by reducing the roof surface temperatures A cool roof
can remain almost 380C cooler than a traditional dark roof (NZEB). A cool roof
coupled with insulation can provide higher savings.

Figure 3. Potential benefits of cool roofs on commercial buildings:
conserving energy
Green Roofs
The green cover over roofs function as a second skin having significant
insulation due to its composition. It helps in protecting the roof surface
against direct solar radiation, and there is also regulating effect on humidity.
and ambient temperature

Figure 4. Heat transfer

B. DOUBLE SKIN FACADE
 Thermal comfort
 Possibility to use solar control all year
 Avoidance of overheating the offices
 Acceptable internal surface temperatures during the winter and summer
 Visual comfort
 Possibility to use solar control all-the-year-round
 Improved visual comfort (such as avoiding glare)
 Acoustic comfort
 Improved acoustical performance of the envelope
 Ventilation
 Use of natural instead of mechanical ventilation when possible, using the
Double Skin Façade cavity
 Energy Use
 Reduction of heating demand during winter
 Reduction of cooling demand during summer
 Reduction of peak heating/cooling loads
 Use of natural daylight instead of artificial as much as possible
 Construction costs
 Fire regulations
 Maintenance of the façade
Figure 5. The incorporation of the external and internal

facade layers

Figure 6. Main types of air movement in DSF
Figure 7. Use of natural instead of mechanical ventilation when

possible, using the Double Skin Façade cavity
 IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF DOUBLE SKIN FACADE
A. Airflow in the cavity
The environment flow within the two-fold epidermis cavity is actually among
the most crucial facet of this method, because the high temperature transferred
throughout the façade shall figure out the big energy intake of the structure. The
wall space may be regarded as ventilated facades.There is actually 3 breath
which are identified: outdoors ventilated, within ventilated as well as hybrid car
ventilated. Outdoors ventilated wall space carry exterior air flow directly into
the interleaf cavity as well as vent back again to the exterior. Within ventilated
facades carry air flow out of room that is busy via the cavity as well as deplete it
to the grow. Crossbreed methods carry air flow out of possibly the outside or
maybe the microwave's interior as well as vent it to the complete opposite
aspect.
A. B. C.
D.
Figure 8. Air Flow Pathways A. interior vented, B. exterior

vented, C. hybrid supply air and D. hybrid exhaust air.
In order to provide air which is actually new before as well as during working
hours, different types of double epidermis facades ventilation might be used in
climates that are actually different, orientations, locations and building types to
reduce the energy usage as well as improve the coziness conditions of the
passengers. The atmosphere conduct in the ventilated façade differs from the
standard facades.
As tend to be present in figure 2, the rises on the whole cavity level gaining heat
by convection from the tiles too as out of the interior wall structure. To the tile
region the outside airs enters through the bottom part joints and in addition keeps
rising as it heats up. When gets to a sufficient temperature (higher when
compared with the ecosystem temperature) the starts to exist cavity with the most
effective joints, extracting winter energy coming from the cavity. The air close to
the brick wall rises by chimney's outcome absorbing heat out of that wall. The
atmosphere average temperature of the cavity is in fact in between the outside air
temperature along with the temperature of the strong surfaces (tiles in addition
brick wall) on each side of the chamber. Using this façade, the cavity air
temperature is really lower in comparison to the temperature reached in a regular
façade with a sealed air chamber. The winter power extracted by ventilation is
actually determined by the mass flow rate of air which circulates to the cavity.
This specific flow, been pushed by healthy convection, is really a characteristic of

the temperature discipline, The practical use of the ventilated façade relays on the
amount of the amount of power assimilated by the ambiance as it rises in the
cavity. The extracted energy does not get into the framework and consequently
the cooling winter load is really decreased. In the areas of higher sunshine
irradiation the described mechanism is very rigorous, although the angle between
the sun position and the facade (time of day, season, latitude) is in addition a
considerable component.

Figure 9. Heat transfer processes in a conventional sealed cavity
façade.
B. Depth of cavity
The assortment of cavity depths varies drastically. In present buildings, the

stove tends to remain between 200mm as well as1400mm as calculated facial
skin to face between the outer and inner skins. In the brand new buildings
you will find 3 predominant styles:
i. The compact design is generally aproximatelly 200mm to 500mm, the
eventually allowing sufficient room to allow for maintenance profession of
the cavity principally to support cleaning up of this surface area to the
cavity.
ii. The large design is usually aproximatelly 1m wide, that provides for the
area to be utilized as being a fire egress corridor. Additionally, there are
architectural and sunlight implications.
iii. The third design is actually the expanded layout which has atrium areas
as well as structures with in buildings.
A. Functioning of Double Skin Facades
Atmosphere is actually introduced straight into the cavity to transport away

heating which would be normally built up in the cavity as well as be partly
transferred into the adjacent busy room. Heat of the inner membrane is actually
maintained lower than without having the airflow. It reduces radiation,
convection, and conduction coming from the occupied room within. As a result,
less heat is actually transferred from outdoors to the interior, and a lesser amount
of power is actually necessary cooling the room. Sun shading products
positioned between the skins absorb or even mirror undesirable solar radiation.
The heat assimilated by the sun shading unit can easily be eliminated by
convection when air is moved on the surface area of the screens and then
eliminated from the cavity.
B. Heating Season
2 scenarios can be found with the heating season:
a) The brother pc connectable labeling system is actually closed without any

air action with the cavity. Cavity is permitted
to heat up, raising the heat of the internal pane, reducing radiant, convective, and
conductive losses.
b) Warm air is actually introduced straight into the cavity from the microwave's
interior to warm the internal pane of glass and realize precisely the same
outcome. This particular air flow is then ducted to the developing methods plant
wherever it might be run by way of a heat exchange to per heat the new air
I. DOUBLE GLAZED GLASSES
Double glazing cups are actually nothing though a mix of several glass panes
largely 2 in quantity and could be 3 sometimes, these panes are actually having a
splitting up by a spacer and a continue to level of vacuum or maybe gasoline
which brings down the heat transfer while developing a component of creating
envelope. The winter resistance offered decreases the synthetic heating needed
resulting in a decrease in the complete price and additionally the ecological
footprint. These glasses are usually called as the manufacturing and insulation
glasses of the very same comes in that has a thickness which range from 3mm to
12mm or perhaps more based upon the application of its
ADVANTAGES
1. Energy price savings. The airtight building of double glazed windows

produces winter insulation. This brings down the flow of outgoing and incoming
temperature. A lesser amount of power can be used to heat up or perhaps cool
down the room, leading to lower energy costs.
glass panes
2. Adding a fourth or third level of glass raises the insulation worth of the window
of yours. Each
level of cup traps a considerable quantity of heat which passes through, raising
the house windows protection from heat loss.
3. Limited condensation. Moisture on a comfortable floor styles droplets of h2o,

what freeze into frost. This could make the space feel colder, which causes the
individuals within to set the heat. The atmosphere between the 2 panes of glass,
and the airtight seal, stops condensation via gathering by blocking moisture in
weather that is cold.
4. Sound insulation. Double glazed windows get better good insulation by

producing a screen between the house and the planet outside.
5. Safety. Double glazed windows are actually tougher to break than

individual pane windows, therefore they improve the security of the house.
Since they are sealed tighter compared to some other windows, it's likewise
tougher to pressure them open from the exterior.
6. Reduce harm to furnishings. Double glazed windows are able to bring

down the quantity of sunshine plus heat entering the space. It will help
decrease sun damage to your other, carpet, furniture, and paintings items
around the house.

DISADVANTAGES
1. Can't be repaired. The room between the 2 panes of cup traps air, developing a
level of insulation. In case the seal is not airtight, condensation is going to appear
between the panes. As soon as sealed, the panes cannot be pulled apart and fixed.
The window is going to have to be replaced.
2. Trap heat. During the winter season, the heat trapping advantage is actually a
benefit, but throughout the summer time months, trapping heat within is able to
result in an uncomfortable and stuffy room. Numerous home owners tint the
windows to obstruct the temperature, but this additional function is going to costs
additional.
2. Not a great fit for more mature homes. Double glazed windows are
contemporary looking, so they are able to clash with older types. And in the event
that a homeowner makes a decision to not change each windows with double
glazed house windows, the general look of the house look mismatched.

CHAPTER 3 : LITERATURE CASE STUDY
3.1: ( CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad)
Figure 10. CII - Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has announced its plans to
popularise ‘Net-Zero Energy Building Movement’ in India, which is aimed at
promoting energy efficiency.Coinciding with the completion of 15 years of CII-
Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (CII - Godrej GBC) in Hyderabad, it
announced that it has become a ‘Net-Zero Energy’ Platinum rated building.This
building is a sustainable design through a glazing window partition , green roof,
courtyard planning etc.This building is cut the heat through his techniques used in
building as well as shape of the plan.
CLIMATE : Tropical wet and dry

Summers: Average Maximum
Temperature: 40 deg
C Average
Minimum
Temperature: 25 deg
C
Winters: Average Maximum
Temperature: 28 deg
C Average
Minimum
Temperature: 13 deg
C
TECHNIQUES
 Courtyard
The courtyards act as "light wells," illuminating adjacent work areas. When this
light is not sufficient, sensors trigger the deployment of efficient electric lights.
Dimmers automatically control the illumination levels, turning the lights off
when they're unnecessary. Also, occupancy sensors prevent a light from being
switched on at an unoccupied workstation.
i. Internal Lighting: Difficult in the lower storey.

ii. Ventilation: Difficult conduction of supply air.
iii. In summer: Danger of over heating in the upper storey.
iv. Particular characteristics: Access zone.
v. Open to one side
vi. Lighting: Good.
vii. Ventilation: Good.
viii. In summer: Effective shading required. Particular characteristics: Sound
insulation. In this set of courtyards the wind enters in one direction. The other
courtyard may be hot because of the temperature as a result the cool air
replaces it. The hot air being lighter than cold air rises up making the place
cooler and above the terrace gardens keep the temperature down forcing the
hot air to rise up further.
Figure 11. Courtyard
 Roof Garden
The green cover over roofs function as a second skin having significant
insulation due to its composition. It helps in protecting the roof surface
against direct solar radiation, and there is also regulating effect on humidity.
and ambient temperature.
Absorbing heat and radiating it within the structure. This minimized from the roof
gardens covering 55 % of the roof area.
Rain water harvesting. Seepage into the soil were installed in pedestrian areas
as well as parking. Heat absorbed Rain water absorbed utilized for various
functions Rain drinking water Water filter Slope provided for the water flow
Outlet for water collection.

Figure 12. Roof garden
 DOUBLE GLAZING
Use of Light Glazing as well as Vision Glazing Usage of Light Glazing as well as
Vision Glazing The two-fold glazed cup will simply let the diffused sunshine to
pass through and can radiate the solar radiation returned. It's placed in the western
path because the suns rays is extremely radiant when it's setting.? This comprises of
2 sheets of glass with room in between, occasionally loaded with air or maybe
vacuum.Variations, or other gases in thickness have a particular effect, up to a
particular limit, on the portion of radiation permitted to penetrate and on winter
conductance of this composition.? The primary benefit of this particular kind of
cross part is the power of its to reduce heat transfer through a single pane to the
various other, both by conduction as well as by radiation. Double glazed cup
Double glazedglass.
Figure 13. Double glazing
3.2: | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE APARTMENT PALI PALMS , MUMBAI

CLIMATE : Tropical wet and dry climate
Temperature average annual maximum
temperature is: 31.8° C
average annual minimum
temperature is: 23.0° C

The architectural built form has developed in reaction to the tropical climate,
accessibility and lifestyle of material. Where shading to minimize excessive heat
and keeping the interiors of homes great becomes the most crucial aspect in
developing a design.
In this particular building the usual masonry facade mechanism is actually
replaced with screens and constant openable glazing for giving freedom of
planning.
 Aluminium mesh :The expanded Aluminium mesh in the facade act as

Climate Responsive Apartment, for its intrinsic value, to reduce heat gain and
to dematerialize the facade by breaking it into a Myriad of different elements
thus reinterpreting the traditional Indian Jali. It’s angular and cut in a linear
pattern while elsewhere it’s vertical, somewhere single and somewhere

double height. The screen is required at the podium levels to reduce the
view.
3.3 : ICICI BANK TOWERS , MUMBAI

ICICI bank towers situated in Mumbai's Bandra Kurla Complex, have an area
of around 631476 ft. The house was completed in 1998 and incorporates the
green construction
Materials and concepts. Building has been sponsored by IBMS (Integrated
Building Management System), which has aided in our energy saving efforts. The
system has demonstrated that efficient energy management strategies can achieve
energy savings. The original design of the buildings includes numerous energy-
efficiency features including daylight, green rooftops, and low-emission double
glazed windows. In addition, constant upgradation were done with energy-
efficient system and equipment. In high-rise buildings, especially in situations
where the upper floors are subject to wind pressure and noise pollution, the use of
Double Skin Façade using natural ventilation features is very safe and reliable.
The design of these facades is directly influenced by factors such as noise
insulation required, air flow velocity in the cavity, exterior building condition,
type , number and location of external and internal openings in each layer. Only
economic considerations should not be considered in light of the nature and
evaluation of double skin. Other issues such as occupants' thermal comfort and
beauty should be treated equally. The second skin is specifically designed for the
rebuilding of an old building. Additionally, performance improvements to the
exterior façade are presented with a new perspective on buildings.
 CLIMATE : Wet and dry climate

 ORIENTATION
ICICI Tower is oriented North East — South West. The maximum Area of the
building is exposed to west side. Usually in warm & humid climates the
orientation should be exposed to wind direction, but due to buildings security
reasons it’s sealed from all sides by glass envelope the orientation will maximizes
heat gain. Due to orientation it shades path way on Road sides in morning &
evening.
Also they Control all lights by zoning the office area and operation of the
same through lighting control system.
 Wall Envelope:
Wall envelope consists of the Structural Glazing, Aluminum cladding, White color
luster paint inside, and with walls of Gypsum block. Structural Glazing systems are
a , cost effective solution for contemporary glass design. Structural Glazing
methods be made up of a partially or fully framed
inner finish, with the cup structurally glazed/adhered to the exterior face. In the
ICICI Bank the Structural Glazing is actually be made up of 6mm delicate coated
Double Glazed Units coming from VIRACON as well as this could minimizes
radiation.

3.4 : DRUK WHITE LOTUS SCHOOL ,LEH LADAKH
The Druk White Lotus School is located in Shey, Ladakh, in northern India. The
master plan and school buildings, designed by architects and engineers from
Arup and Ove Arup & Partners, combine local building techniques and materials
with leading edge environmental design to make them effective in the extreme
climate. Alternative style examples include ventilation improved pit latrines,
passive sun heating, a gravity feed drinking water program as well as seismic
security designs.
Climate : cold and dry climate

Average temperature : summer ( -3° C to 30° C )
Winter (-20° C to 15° C )
Orientation :
 30° south-east orientation, combined with fully-glazed solar façades that
gather the sun‟s energy and store heat in high thermal mass walls.
 The Residences are actually oriented due south, as well as make use of
Trombe Walls, that are coated externally with dim, heat absorbing material
and are actually confronted with a two-fold level of glass. High
temperature is actually kept in the wall and done inwards to the
dormitories during night time.
Techniques
TROMBE WALLS :
A Trombe wall is essentially a sun-facing structure divided by a cup from the outside
of the building, as well as an air room, which absorbs solar power and selectively
generates it inward atnight.
1. The simplest type of Trombe wall structure is a cup panel that is placed
from a wall and has an air region at the back of it. In fact, there are 2 vents,

1 at the top and one at the bottom of the air room, which link this particular
air area with the inner space.
2. 3.The Sun heats the atmosphere in this particular room initially during the
daytime, then the strong wall behind it. It rises as well as enters the area after
the air flow is heated, thus giving it extra heat. Alternatively the rising air
pulls down to be warmed up with cooler air coming from below home. But
for some time right after the sun goes down by today 's attractive wall
structure will really keep heating atmosphere and exchange which high heat
in space.
3. In summer time, the roof overhang is used to keep the trombe wall space
from heating up the kitchen. If it is heavy enough, the greater summer
sun will be able to heat up the glass. Vents used in a winter mass wall
structure should be closed for night.
4. Thermal wall thickness must be approximate 10 14 inches for brick, 12 18
for concrete, 8 12 for some other planet material or adobe and also a
minimum of six inches for water.?
5. Furthermore, Trombe walls can be used to create airflow in sub-floor
spaces. Therefore, when the sub-floor room has ample height, the best
ventilation moves into the sub-floor room and the bottom is actually able to
consider the outside (inside instead). A sun chimney is produced in effect,
feeding straight into the room on the sub-floor. This can generate the typical
temperature within the sub floor location that will bring down the relative
humidity.
6. Material :Timber ,Fly ash

Figure 14. Trombe wall
Figure 15. Inside of classroom

3.5 BIHAR MUSEUM , PATNA
CLIMATE : Composite climate

 In fact, the exterior of the Museum is recognized by the considerable use of
weathering metal, a solid information that complements its context and
creates a dignified distinction for the surrounding greenery. The weathering
steel represents India 's historic achievements in metallurgy along with its
current prominence in the international steel sector (of which Bihar has
played a crucial role in abundant natural resources). It is complemented by
stone, terracotta and cup finishes – a contemporary content palette with
distinct junctions to the past of Bihar as well as long-term.
 Energy Consumption Reduction : 53% reduction in energy consumption
compared to GRIHA benchmark
 Fly ash bricks with 60% fly ash content by volume have been used in the
project. Kota stone, sandstone, rubber tile, carpet and vitrified tiles were
used as a flooring material in the building.

Open courtyard planning for exterior exhibition area as well as for ventilation
and feel openable space .This building envelope is cut the heat and enter the

sunlight in the building through its local material weathering steel as well as
using of openable louvers to enter the sunlight as well as ventilation around the
open exhibition area using of different open cut out area to enter sunlight .

In building facade different punctures are create with different shape as well as
different sizes for ventilation. Using of wooden louvers to make a sustainable
building which help to make a claimte responsive building.
3.6 : INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAWAN , NEW DELHI
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, the sets of new Ministry of Environment and

Forest (MoEF) office

building, is a drastic shift from traditional building design.
By providing adequate natural light, shading, landscape to reduce ambient

temperature, and energy- efficient active building systems, the project team
placed particular emphasis on strategies to reduce energy demand. Several
energy saving initiatives were implemented to reduce the building's energy
loads and the remaining demand was met by generating high installed energy
from the site Solar panels efficiency to meet the Net Zero criteria. Indira
Paryavaran Bhawan uses 70 percent less energy than conventional
construction. The project implemented green design principles including water
management and optimisation by extracting waste water from the site.
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan is now the highest designated green building in India.
GRIHA 5 Star and LEED Platinum have been received at the project. The
building has already won awards including GRIHA
 CLIMATE TYPE : COMPOSITE
 ORIENTATION
Figure 16. Wind flow
Building is north south oriented, with separate blocks connected through

corridors and a huge central court yard. Orientation minimizes heat ingress.
Optimal window to wall ratio.
 Landscaping: The location outside the structure is actually covered more
than 50 % with plantation. Circulation roads and pathways are very soft
paved to allow recharge of the ground water.
 Day lighting: Around 75% of the building floor space is illuminated by
working days, thus reducing reliance on synthetic lighting energy sources.
Offers indoor courtyard as a gentle well.
 Ventilation: The central courtyard should aid in the movement of the air
because there is good ventilation due to the impact of the stack. Windows

and jaalis are equipped for ventilation

.
Figure 17. Air circulation inside Indra Paryavaran Bhawan
 Building Envelope and Fenestration:

1. Optimized building envelope-set of windows (U-value 0.049 W / m2 K), VLT
0.59, SHGC 0.32
2. UPVC double glazed, hermetically sealed windows with low heat transmission
index glass
3. Isolating rock fur
4. Glass Strong Performance
5. Cool roofs: use of high reflectance terrace tiles for heat intake, high resistance,
hard wear.
 Materials and construction techniques :
1. AAC fly ash-blocks
2. Fly ash
based plaster
& mortar
3.Stone
cement and
Ferro jaalis
4.Local
flooring in
stone
5. Jute composite bamboo screens, frames and flooring

6. High performance, high VLT, low SHGC & low U-value, optimized by suitable
shading.

DETAILED CASE STUDY COMPARISON
Building Name Climate Zone Passive Techniques Notable Features

CII-Sohrabji Godrej Composite Double glazing, High energy
Green Business cavity walls, efficiency achieved
Centre, Hyderabad shading systems, through advanced
natural ventilation design strategies,
consistent thermal
comfort, and
reduced operational
energy use.
Climate Responsive Moderate Orientation-based Integration with
Apartment, Pali design, large urban surroundings
Palms, Mumbai windows for using renewable
daylighting, materials, effective
external shading management of
devices heat gain.
ICICI Bank Moderate Double-skin façade, Use of thermal
Towers, Mumbai thermal mass, buffering and smart
advanced energy systems
insulation, solar enhances energy
heat gain control performance.
Druk White Lotus Cold High insulation, Adaptation to high-
School, Leh Ladakh solar heating, altitude climate
thermal mass, wind challenges using
protection local materials and
passive solar
heating.
Bihar Museum, Composite Evaporative A blend of
Patna cooling, natural traditional methods
light optimization, with modern
external shading architectural
practices ensuring
comfort and
sustainability.
Indira Paryavaran Composite/Hot & Green roofs, India's first net-zero
Bhawan, New Dry double-skin façade, energy building
Delhi advanced leveraging cutting-
insulation, solar edge technologies
shading for sustainable
energy use.

CHAPTER 4 : MATERIAL STUDY
4.1 : PAPER INSULATION

Recycled paper insulation, an ecofriendly product, is actually a great choice for
both brand new construction p rojects and renovations. Usually recognized as
cellulose, and more often called isolation from newsprint, it is a natural
alternative to isolate.
Environmental and Health Factors

Recycled paper insulation is environmentally friendly, using other paper
items and processing newsprint which would usually wind up in a landfill.
1.Paper insulation consists of up to 85% recycled content, based on the
Association of Cellulose Insulation Manufacturers (CIMA).
2. The manufacture of cellulose insulation uses less energy than any other
isolating factor, including foam and fiberglass.
The CIMA also calls for the elimination of greenhouse gases by the use of
cellulose insulation that would normally be created by paper in landfill sites

ADVANTAGES
For many homeowners, cellulose insulation is a great option, whether they
are dying, or paying someone else to install it.
1) Good characteristics for soundproofing when used in walls , floors and ceilings.
2) By blowing it in through the holes made in the walls, cellulose can be

packed into existing cavities. This can
3) be done without removing existing wall coverings like old plaster, which
makes it a good choice for older homes.
4) Air flows better than fiberglass, with thick cellulose blocks.
5) Cellulose has a high resistance to fire with a Class I rating.
DISADVANTAGES
1. The paper insulation is sprayed under pressure (dense packed) into the wall
cavities. Plaster wall s, such as cracking or entire sections of the wall coming
loose, may suffer damage.
2. Cellulose is heavy and, when applied to depths needed to achieve high
Rvalues, can cause ceilin g parts to collapse. Before installation it is
necessary to ensure the ceiling structure can support extra weight.

4.2 :FERROCK
It is actually made from waste steel dust that is normally discarded from
manufacturing operations, and from ground up glass silica.
The iron reacts with C02 to steel dust, and rusts to develop iron carbonate. This has
this incorporated

into Ferrock 's matrix because, like concrete, once it's cooled, it can't be melted
back into a liquid shape, but it maintains its rough, rock-like quality.
ADVANTAGE
1) Low-maintenance cost -
Ferrock construction requires less maintenance and also has an
extended shelf life vis-a- vis steel structures.
2) Lighter weight- Ferro cement construction weighs ten to twenty-five per
cent less than brick structure.
3) Renewable processes-The Ferrock development task does not harm the
planet as opposed to unsustainable cement production processes.
DISADVANTAGE
Ferrock involves high cost - In fact, the content is thought to be much more
suitable for niche products but will not be a cost-effective option for large-
scale projects such as roads and highway developments. Many industry
veterans think that if the steel dust goes straight from becoming a waste to
becoming a useful building material, the expense of producing Ferrock will be
exponentially high , making the construction process all the more expensive.
"Ferrock isn't an extended, cost-effective building material. In the face of rapid

expansion of the real estate and infrastructure, green construction is in reality the
only way to maintain declining environmental resources. As of today, however,
Ferrock is not a favorite building material in India, it is expected to be one of the
important building materials with the many advantages of exceeding its debated
high cost.
4.3 :TIMBERCRETE
Timbercrete is indeed an award-winning, environmentally sensitive building

material that has many advantages over clay and concrete bricks. Whether used as
bricks , blocks, pavers or panels, its extensive performance is remarkable and

benefits for the planet. This unique product can be moulded or even pressed into a
wide variety of sizes , shapes, textures and colours. It can be used for residential,
industrial , and commercial construction, as well as landscaping and a variety of
other

uses. Please read on to find out just how Timber Crete stands out from the
majority of the items available on the market.
 In fact, timber Crete is the only structural brick or perhaps block

commodity on the Australian market that absorbs carbon that would
normally end up in our atmosphere as greenhouse gases.
 The embodied energy is significantly lower compared to the clay fired bricks.
 Compared to regular solid masonry blocks and frames, it is a higher insulation
value (R).
 It is a workable thermal mass capable of storing and releasing winter energy
gradually.
 It boasts special and enhanced engineering qualities in some conditions,
including increased durability and load resistance to breakage compared to
concrete products and unreinforced clay (as tested).
 Lighter weight (up to 2.5 X lighter than concrete, or maybe clay).
 Unique workability, it can be nailed and screwed into love wood, but it
retains all the advantages of typical masonry.
 Higher fire resistance-190 mm thick, superior to regular concrete blocks,
clay, wood and steel. It's the best fire rating exceeding.
What is Timber Crete Made Of?
Timber Crete is made of a unique blend of cellulose (timber waste), cement,

sand, binders, and other materials.
Recycled Waste
•As the name suggests, "Timbercrete" is made primarily from timber waste, such
as sawdust and wood chips. No tree was ever cut specifically for manufacturing
Timbercrete. Instead, we use the excess sawmill waste from plantation timbers
which would otherwise be burned or used to cause it to degrade, releasing
greenhouse gasses into our atmosphere.
Other Components
• Sand – Mixed sands carefully selected to maximize their load capacity (MPA)
and minimize water intake.
• Binders - Cement binder such as Portland cement and other cement material,
along with a special non-toxic "defloc" is currently considered to be much more
suitable for niche products but would not be a cost-effective choice for large-
scale projects such as roads and highway developments. Many industry veterans
think that the cost of manufacturing Ferrock would be enormously high if the
steel dust goes straight from being a waste to being a valuable building material,
making the construction cycle even more costly.
 Performance

1. The unique density and matrix of timbercrete achieves impressive sound
qualities and up to six times that of conventional brick thermal insulation. It
has fantastic toughness and a very high load-bearing power, but it still allows
you to nail or screw a wood into it. It also has less accumulative expansion
and shrinkage than concrete and clay bricks. Construction is easier and faster
because the blocks are typically larger and lighter.
2. Density and Matrix : Dry density of timbercrete is 900 to 1000 kg / m3,
with water being the product closest to this density followed by timber.
The Timbercrete matrix is a proprietary

combination of (mainly) low-density soft woods and a smaller
component of special binding sands, cement, and other non-toxic
materials.
3. Sound Qualities :3. While testing is still required, acoustic experts agree
that the unique density and matrix of Timbercrete will achieve superior
acoustic values in relation to sound absorption and sound transmission
resistance. In effect, Timbercrete has a unique ability to absorb and diffuse
sound, as well as prevent sound transfer, allowing it to acoustically
outperform bricks, blocks, and cement walls. That's shown clearly by
anecdotal evidence.
4. Load-bearing Capacity : Timbercrete is strongly load-bearing. A single
standard Timbercrete block 200 mm thick supports more than 30 tones.
5. Accumulative Shrinkage & Expansion: Timbercrete has less expansion
and shrinkage than concrete and clay bricks. This is due in part to an
extended healing time and a unique method of mounting bricks , blocks and
panels into the wall.
6. Ease and Building Simplicity: Tradesmen enjoy working with
Timbercrete because it is lightweight, coming in at just 900kg / m3
(approx.).
7. Timbercrete can be handled much easier: Timbercrete can be nailed and
screwed without the need for pre-drill. It is like nailing into a piece of wood.
Unlike other lightweight building materials such as aerated concrete,
Timbercrete stays attached to the nails and screws. This makes life
incredibly simple when it comes to mounting different fixtures on the walls.
 Cost Effective
1) Cost Competitive to Construct
• Easier and faster to construct, which reduces construction costs.
• Timbercrete is typically more competitive than traditional alternatives per square

meter of wall.
• Timbercrete has just launched a new panel system which is considerably more
cost-effective than any other Australian construction system.
2) Year Round Savings
• The incredible thermal efficiency of timbercrete saves you money on heating

and cooling year in year out.
• Exceptionally low maintenance of single skin walls, without the need for
patching or repainting porous internal gyprock walls; Superior value for
resale
• Since Timbercrete is cheaper to build, you'll immediately boost your resale

income.

• Timbercrete is a unique, handcrafted and visually pleasing product. This
look is associated more often with sandstone or limestone. In the center of a
street full of houses with rising brick veneer (cookie cutter),
4.4 :TRIPLE GLAZED WINDOW
1. Triple Pane Windows have more gas fill

Since two chambers have triple-pane glass, both can be filled with either argon
or krypton gas. That contributes significantly to a higher output in energy
efficiency.
Here is an example of a real life at an Ecoline window:

A double panel window with 1 coat Low-E 180 has an ER score of 28, while an
ER score of 34 has a triple panel window with the same design.
This means an extra 2-chamber glass panel filled with argon gas raises the
window's ER value by 20 percent.
2. Extra Pane of Glass means more Low-E

Due to the additional glass panel, triple panel glazed windows offer an option to
add an extra Low-E layer for better home efficiency.
A triple panel window with 1 coat Low-E vs. the same window with 2 coats Low-
E translates into an increase in ER rating of 12 per cent.
3. Triple Pane Windows are more soundproof
4. Triple Pane windows reduce condensation on glass

Triple pane windows have a better chance of condensation reduction. It's all
about the dew point, the temperature at which the airborne water vapor condenses
on surfaces for a given relative humidity. When the window's inner pane surface
temperature is below the dew point, condensation will occur on the glass surface.
The point of dew is dependent on both temperature and relative humidity. The
greater the window insulation performance, the higher the interior glazing surface
temperature, the less likely the vapor can condense or freeze on the glass.
Condensation and damp and mould problem on the inside of a double glazed
window.
5. Some benefits of triple-pane windows cannot be quantified.

If the temperature is below freezing, you can sit next to a triple-glazed window in
a chair and not feel as cold, this comfort advantage is something worth
remembering.
Triple pane windows obtain a higher ER value overall. They deliver
more energy-efficient improvements, and achieve higher overall output

values than a double panel window.
 Energy Performance
 The rough and ready method of comparing windows' energy
performance is to use the measurement of the U value, just as we
do with walls , floors and roofs.
 The art of coating and tinting glass has been mastered by glass manufacturers
with all kinds of finishes that can keep the heat in, remove unwanted
sunlight, reduce glare and even self-clean. The net effect of this glass
innovation implies a dramatic decrease in the U values of the glazing.
 Single glazed windows can have a U value of about 5.0W / m2window
that you are currently installing should have a U value of no less than 1.6
Figure 18. Improved glass
4.5 : SOLAR TILES

Solar tiles work in the same manner as the photo voltaic panels already
commonly used in construction. The key difference between them lies in their
assembly: while photo voltaic panels are connected to an existing roof, from the
beginning solar tiles are part of the roof design, taking the place of standard
tiling's. The tiles are formed by photo voltaic cells that, when receiving sunlight,
create an electric field capable of providing electrical energy for use inside the
building. Each tile is connected to the power distribution board via cables.
The amount of energy obtained from solar energy is directly related to the amount
of sunlight to which the tiles are exposed, which is of course related to the
environment and location of the project. Sunny days are of course more energy
efficient than rainy days. To ensure optimum efficiency the tiles must be
preserved and washed. In addition, it is preferable to use solar tiles that are
arranged next to each other rather than overlapping (as opposed to traditional
ceramic tiles), as this avoids the formation of shadow areas that do not capture
sunlight.
ADVANTAGES
1. Solar tiles are a perfect source of renewable energy for regions with high rates
of sunshine.
2. They are visually more attractive and discreet than traditional photovoltaic
panels because they are part of the style of the roof and are not later
installed. There are several options for solar tiles which even mimic the look of
slate stone tiles or probably ceramic tiles, going completely unnoticed.
3. They are a good choice for building rehabilitation in conservation areas and
also in historic area.
DISADVANTAGES
1) They are a marketplace novice and are therefore much more expensive
than traditional photovoltaic panels.
2) There are still few solar tile companies and a few skilled workers to install
their tiles. The Tesla Solar, Hanergy, and Eternit are probably the biggest

producers on the market.
3) Unlike solar power panels, they can't be installed at angles other than the
first roof layout, so in some cases it's much harder to improve energy
capture effectiveness. However, this is always a advantage in case the top
was properly generated because of this reason, accounting for the tiles
within the very definition of the project.
4.6: Self cleansing concrete
This latest concrete in the making cleans itself and filters out air pollutants. The
concrete maintains its texture and color in the same group for much longer than
the concrete, owing to its self-cleaning properties
Many materials that need to be replaced and this leads to less air emissions.
The Luigi Cassar, an Italian chemist at Italcementi cement manufacturer,

invented this. He sought to produce a building material that would retain a bright
white color even under polluted conditions, using a technique called
"photocatalysis," which uses the energy of the light to extract the dust.

Working
When light reaches the surface of the concrete, such as titanium oxide catalysts
use the energy to break down the particles of dust into the molecules of oxygen,
water, carbon dioxide, sulphates and nitrates. Because all of these broken-up
molecules are gasses, they float away from the concrete surface.
Using the same process also the concrete breaks off the pollutants that
come into contact with it.
But, there are some issues -
1. Some percentage of nitrates that are by-products of dust breakdown, stick to

the concrete surface and, if washed, may be mixed in water or inhaled by
humans and cause harmful effects by reducing the levels of water-oxygen in the
human body.
2.Titanium dioxide reacts with ammonia in areas with low humidity at low
pollution levels, which increases the percentage of nitrogen oxide in the
atmosphere.
3. This cement building contains a lot of nitrites and sulfides. The fact that the
concrete cleanses more pollutants than the amount of pollutants it produces at
the time of its construction is debatable topic.
Figure 19. SHC properties

CHAPTER 5 : ANALYSIS / INFERENCES
The analysis is done into a two levels.
I. The techniques which are study in literature review also achieve in

secondary case studies i.e. double skin facade and green roof which help
to consume energy, provide cooling indoor climate and natural light.
II. Comparison between climate responsive between to non-climate
responsive building to see which are more beneficial for a building.
 Double skin facade
A) Analysis between double skin facade and brick wall opening window
1. (N) Consisting of the North Facade only a double glass facing both in the
situation of use of 4 facades consumes a large amount of cooling power. In
fact , energy cooling is reduced by about 8 per cent
2. If a double glass façade is used on the 4 sides, the structure would need to
increase the cooling power by 6%, however when dealing with the shading
on the North Facade (NS) only the energy would decrease by around 2%.
After the use of double glass facing and shading on the north facade, the
entire electricity decrease can be 10%.
3. (N) Consisting of the North Side, just a double glass covering all 4
facades absorbs a considerable amount of cooling power when used. In
fact, cooling energy is reduced by about 8%
4. If a double glass façade is used on the 4 sides, the structure would need to
increase the cooling capacity by 6%, but only the energy would decrease by
around 2% when dealing with the shading on the North Facade (NS).
Following the use of double glass facing and shading on the north façade,
all electricity can decrease by 10%.
Brick wall facade with glazing
1) The total cooling energy of part three seemed to be reduced by approximately

28 percent.

2) There appeared to be a decrease in cool energy for part one and two
approximately 50 percent as well as 20 percent In this particular situation
there was a decrease in peak and annual cooling loads, part three shows
probably the highest decrease of approximately 26 percent, part one and two
shows a decrease of 8 percent and fourteen percent respectively.
3) The annual energy consumption breakdown shows that the power required
for lighting is actually about 30 per cent less. The two and three options
also show reductions of 13% as well as 19% in space cooling and 34% as
well as 31%.
Source: The researcher,

2019.
B) GREEN ROOF:
Indoor air temperature for three typical in the climate is mild and humid
Green roofs minimize the heat absorption with the ceiling resulting in lower
temperature inside and increase in buildings' winter comfort. In this particular
table shows green roofs reducing the mean interior temperature in buildings up
to 2 ° C. This shows that green roofs have a negligible effect on power
consumption in cold months, but on the other hand they are able to reduce the
cool power demand by up to 6 percent in the summer.
III. Table shows how much climate responsive building is consume
more energy through techniques as well as materials which

applicable for all climate :-

FINAL CONCLUSION
Climate responsive building is varying with different climate to adopted with

different techniques and materials which also shows in six building example.
There are many passive techniques available in societies according to India
climatic zone but some are applicable for maximum climatic zone which cut
the heat to enter the building and makes building cool.
This technique is used in residential as well as commercial and office buildings.
But more applicable in commercial building because in this building more need
to adopt climate responsive building to ignore active technology and consume
energy
Climate responsive building make to consume maximum energy but there are
disadvantage in cost It will consume cost in terms of energy but some
techniques are very costly like green roof installation , double skin facade
structure but it will also prevent from the heat .

REFERENCE / BIBLOGRAPHY
Bureau of Energy Efficiency(2017)”Energy Conservation Building

Code”4th Floor, Sewa Bhawan, R. K.Puram, New Delhi - 110066 (
8/04/2020)
Windows, E. “Measuring Performance: Solar

Heat Coefficient (SHGC).” from
http://www.efficientwindows.org. (8/04/2020)
Levinson R, Akbari H. 2010. Potential benefits of cool roofs on commercial

buildings: conserving energy, saving money, and reducing emission of greenhouse
gases and air pollutants. Energy Efficiency. ( 10/04/2020)
https://www.grihaindia.org/case-study (10/04/2020)
6 U.S. EPA Environmental Protection Agency Green Building Home, Retrieved

November 28, 2009, from http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding (16/04/2020)
_x000F x000F_
7.https://fmlink.com/articles/green-roofs-a-sustainable-solution-for-energy-savings/
(22/04/2020)
.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_building#India
Bhagat Singh, P. (2017), First Net Zero
Energy Government Building.
http://cpwdpims.nic.in/display_cpwd/technica
l_ltr/tech.aspx
https://worldarchitecture.org/articles/cmzhm/
maki_associatesdesigned_bihar_museum_at_patna_is_now_fully
_operational.html online (22/04/2020)
Murat Aygun(2015) “Evaluation of Double Skin Glass Facades in terms of

Cost Efficiency with respect to Energy Consumption”,Ikbal Cetiner, Delhi
(05/05/2020)
Rimzadeh, A. &Shahriari, Sh.(2011). “Thermal Behavior of Green Roofs In

Different Climates” National Conference on Engineering and Sustainable
Development. Branch Estahban.(06/05/2020)
Author links open overlay panelMohamed Ahmed Alaa El Din AhmedSayed
(2019) “Impact of glass facades on internal environment of buildings in hot arid
zone” Alexandria Engineering Journal (16/05/2020)
BUILD ABROAD, (2016). FERROCK: A STRONGER, GREENER

ALTERNATIVE TO CONCRETE?. [ONLINE]
71 |HTTPS://WWW.BUILDABROAD.ORG/2016/09/27/FERROCK/
CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS [22/05/2020].

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE,

HINDU COLLEGE OF DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

Dissertation Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the degree of Bachelors in Architecture

PUSHPA MAHORI, 20025006021

Declaration by the Candidate

Prof. (Dr.) H.M. Thapliyal

Certified that this Dissertation titled ‘CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS’ is the

It is certified that the Dissertation Titled CLIMATE RESPONSIVE

a. The Dissertation has significant new work/knowledge as compared already

Name & Signature of the

INTRODUCTION (Aim, Objectives and Methodology)......................................................6

LITERATURE CASE STUDY OF DIFFERENT............................................................19

CLIMATIC ZONE BUILDINGS

ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES.......................................................................................41

Figure 2. Internal Layout of spaces to reduce solar gains

Figure 3. Potential benefits of cool roofs on commercial buildings: conserving

Figure 4. Heat transfer

Figure 5. The incorporation of the external and internal facade layers

Figure 6. Main types of air movement in DSF

Figure 7. Use of natural instead of mechanical ventilation when possible, using

the Double Skin Façade cavity

Figure 8. Air Flow Pathways A. interior vented, B. exterior vented, C. hybrid

supply air and D. hybrid exhaust air.

Figure 9. Heat transfer processes in a conventional sealed cavity façade.

Figure 10. CII - Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)

Figure 11. Courtyard

Figure 12. Roof garden

Figure 13. Double glazing

Figure 14. Trombe wall

Figure 15. Inside of classroom

Figure 16. Wind flow

Figure 17. Air circulation inside Indra Paryavaran Bhawan

Figure 18. Improved glass

Figure 19. SHC properties

Table 1. Key references and studies on climate-responsive buildings

Table 2. Detailed case study comparison

Table 4. Building energy consumption

Sustainable growth emphasizes meeting present needs without compromising future

This research explores passive cooling techniques in different climates, assessing

In conclusion, climate-responsive architecture embodies a blend of historical wisdom

13 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

Architecture as well as climate has usually been connected in a pattern of mutual

1.2 : PASSIVE DESIGN

14 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

To study the techniques to design energy efficient buildings.

Climate-responsive designs also adapt to specific weather patterns, accounting for

15 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

1.5 : SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

16 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

1. Is a building facade role play for climate responsive building?

17 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

KEY REFERENCES AND STUDIES ON CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE

S. AUTHOR' TITLE JOURNAL/ARTICLE/ YEA CONCLUSI INFERENC

18 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

19 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

20 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

21 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

1. Ancient Civilizations: Early buildings used natural materials and design