EEE/ECE 365

Microprocessor

Lecture #3-4
Embedded C Language

Md Rakibul Hasan, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE

BRAC University

Slide Courtesy of Imtiaz Ahmed, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, BRAC University

 Setting Clock Speed, Sprint Features and Adding an
LCD Display in CodeVisionAVR
1 2

2
Connecting an LCD with the uC

3
1

Three Settings in uC drawn

in Proteus 4
 List of Reserved Words

You MUST NOT choose the name of a VARIABLE as one of the above 5
Variables

6
 Scope of the Variables
unsigned char globey; //a global void main()
{
void function_z (void) unsigned char main_loc; //local
{ globey = 34; //global
unsigned int tween; //local tween = 12; //local to function_z
tween = 12; //local while(1) // do forever..
globey = 47; //global {
main_loc = 12; // local to main() ……….

} }
} 7
 Constants
• Numeric constants can be declared in many ways by indicating their
numeric base and making the program more readable.
• Integer or long integer constants may be written in
– Decimal form without a prefix (such as 1234)
– Binary form with 0b prefix (such as 0b101001)
– Hexadecimal form with 0x prefix (such as 0xff)
– Octal form with 0 prefix (such as 0777)
Identifying a variable as a constant will cause that variable to be stored
in the program code space rather than in the limited variable storage
space in RAM. This helps preserve the limited RAM space.

8
 “Define”
• Suppose you have connected a buzzer in pin 2 of Port A.
• In order to make the buzzer ON you write PORTA.2=1;

• Would it not better if you could write the statement like buzzer=1 because it
is close to what you really meant?
• To do this you define buzzer as PORTA.2 by writing
#define buzzer PORTA.2
• The “#define buzzer PORTA.2” line causes the compiler to substitute the
label PORTA.2 wherever it encounters the word buzzer.

9
 Arithmetic Operators
• Table 1–4 shows the typical arithmetic operators.

10
Bitwise Operators

Assume that an unsigned character

y = 0xC9.
0xC9=11001001

11
 Logical Operators
• Logical and relational operators are all binary operators but yield a result
that is either TRUE or FALSE. TRUE is represented by a nonzero value,
and FALSE by a zero value.

12
 Relational Operators
• Relational operators use
comparison operations.
• As in the logical operators, the
operands are evaluated left to right
and a TRUE or FALSE result is
generated.
• They effectively “ask” about the
relationship of two expressions in
order to gain a TRUE or FALSE reply.

13
 Increment, Decrement and Compound
Assignment
Increment or Decrement: a |= 3; // a = a OR 3
i = 1; b &= 2; // b = b AND 2
k = 2 * i++; // k = 2 and i = 2
c ^= 5; // c = c ex-ORed with 5
i = 1;
k = 2 * ++i; // k = 4 and i = 2 PORTC &= 3;
A compound assignment: // Write the current value on
a += 3; // a = a + 3 //PORTC ANDed with 3 and
b -= 2; // b = b – 2
// back to PORTC.
c *= 5; // c = c * 5
d /= a; // d = d / a

14
 Operator Precedence

What is the result?

8/2 × (2 + 2)

15
Operator Precedence

16
 Array
• An array is a data set of a declared type, arranged in order.
• An array is declared like any other variable or constant, except for the
number of required array elements:
int digits[10]; // this declares an array of 10 integers
char str[20]; // this declares an array of 20 characters
• The referencing of an array element is handled by an index or subscript.
• The index ranges from 0 to the length of the declared array less 1.
• str[0], str[1], str[2], . . . . . str[19]

17
 if statement
An if statement has the following form:

if (expression) or if(expression)
{ statement;
statement1;
statement2;
...
}

18
 if … else statement
if(expression) or if(expression)
{ statement1;
statement1; else
statement2; statement2;
...
}
else
{
statement3;
statement4;
...
}

19
if … else if … else statement
if(expr1)
statement1;
else if (expr2)
statement2;
else if(expr3)
statement3;
else
statement4;

20
 void main(void)
An Example of {
“if … else” statement lcd_init(16);
if (k==0)
/* if_statement.c
j=10;
BRACU
else
*/
#include <mega32.h> j=20;
#include <alcd.h> sprintf(lcd,"j = %d",j);
#include <delay.h> lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
#include <stdio.h> lcd_puts(lcd);
int k=0, j; delay_ms(1000);
char lcd[16]; lcd_clear();
}
21 21
 switch … case switch (expression)
{

Statement case const1:

statement1;
The switch … case statement is used statement2;
to execute a statement, or a group of break;
case const2:
statements, selected by the value of
statement3;
an expression. statement4;
break;
The form of this statement is as case constx:
statement5;
shown:
statement6;
break;
default:
statement7;
statement8;
}
22
 A for loop can be described as an initialization, a test, and an action
that leads to the satisfaction of that test.
The format of the for loop statement is as follows:
for (expr1; expr2; expr3) or for(expr1; expr2; expr3)
{ statement;
for statement1;
loop statement2;
...
}
• expr1 is typically an initialization statement.
• expr2 is a conditional control statement
• expr3 is an increment/decrement statement
23
 An Example of “for” Loop
/* void main(void)
* For_Statement.c {
lcd_init(16);
*
for (k=0; k<10; k++)
*/ {
#include <mega32.h> lcd_clear();
#include <alcd.h> lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
#include <delay.h> sprintf(lcd, "k = %d", k);
lcd_puts(lcd);
#include <stdio.h>
delay_ms(1000);
int k; }
char lcd[16]; lcd_clear();
24
}
24
 while loop
• The while loop appears early in the descriptions of C language
programming.
• It is one of the most basic control elements. The format of the while
statement is as follows:
while (expression)
while (expression) {
statement;
statement1;
statement2;
...
}
25
An Example of “while” Loop
/* void main(void)
* While_Statement.c {
*/ lcd_init(16);
while (k<10)
#include <mega32.h>
{
#include <alcd.h> lcd_clear();
#include <delay.h> lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
#include <stdio.h> sprintf(lcd, "k = %d", k);
int k=0; lcd_puts(lcd);
k++;
char lcd[16];
delay_ms(500);
}
lcd_clear();
} 26
 do … while loop
The do … while loop is very much like the while loop, except that the
expression is tested after the loop has been executed one time.
The format of the do … while statement is as follows:

do
do {
statement1
statement; statement2;
while (expression); ...
} while (expression);

27
 break Statement
for (val =1; val<10; val++)
{
if (val==6)
break;
printf(“%d”,val);
}
❑ In the ‘for’ loop there are two statements, one is ‘if’
statement and other is ‘print’ statement.
❑ For val=1 to 5 print statement will be executed,
❑ But for val=6, the ‘for’ will be broken and the program will
come out of the for loop.
❑ That means for val=7 to 9 ‘for’ loop will not be executed.

28
 continue Statement
• The continue statement will allow the program to start the next
iteration of a while, do … while, or for loop.
• The continue statement is like the break statement in that both stop
the execution of the loop statements at that point.
• The difference is that the continue statement starts the loop again,
from the top, where break exits the loop entirely.
for (val =1; val<10; val++)
{
if (val==6)
continue;
printf(“%d”,val);
}
29
 Program with continue and break k=0;
delay_ms(1000);
Statement while (k<10)
#include <mega32.h> while (k<10) {
#include <alcd.h> { k++;
#include <delay.h> if (k==4)
k++;
break;
#include <stdio.h> if (k==4) sprintf(lcd,"k = %d", k);
continue; lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
int k=0; lcd_puts(lcd);
sprintf(lcd,"k = %d", k);
char lcd[16]; delay_ms(1000);
lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
lcd_clear();
lcd_puts(lcd);
}
delay_ms(1000); lcd_clear();
lcd_clear(); } 30

}
 Functions
• A function is an encapsulation of a block of statements that can be
used more than once in a program.
• Some languages refer to functions as subroutines or procedures.
• A function may perform an isolated task requiring no parameters
whatsoever.
• A function may accept parameters in order to have guidance in
performing its designed task.
• A function may not only accept parameters but return a value as well.
• Even though a function may accept multiple parameters, it can only
return one.

31
 Standard form of a function
type function_name (type param1, type param2, ... )
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
...
statement x;
}

32
 Use of function
#include <alcd.h> void main(void)
#include <delay.h> {
#include <string.h> DDRC=0xFF;
while (1)
void led_glow(unsigned int value) {
{ if (PIND.2==0)
PORTC=value; led_glow(0x04);
delay_ms(1000); if (PIND.3==0)
PORTC=0; led_glow(0x08);
}
}
} 33
Thanks
34