ELLIPSE

Pre Calculus
Prepared by: Ms. Dannah Kate Bautista
Ellipse and its
Parts
Ellipse and Its Parts
An ellipse is the set of
all points in a plane
such that the sum of
their distances from
two fixed points is
constant. The fixed
points are known as
the foci, which are
surrounded by the
curve. 𝑃1𝐹1 + 𝑃1𝐹2 = 𝑃2𝐹1 + 𝑃2𝐹2 = 𝑃3𝐹1 + 𝑃3𝐹2
Parts of an Ellipse
1. Foci – an ellipse has
two foci; these are
the fixed points of
the ellipse, which
are located on the
major axis.
Parts of an Ellipse
2. Center – it is the
point of intersection
of the minor and
major axes; also the
midpoint between
the two foci.
Parts of an Ellipse
3. Vertex – an ellipse
has two vertices;
these are the points
of intersection of the
ellipse with the
major axis.
Parts of an Ellipse
4. Co-vertex – an
ellipse has also two
co-vertices; these
are the points of
intersection of the
ellipse with the
minor axis.
Parts of an Ellipse
5. Major Axis – it is the
line segment joining
the two vertices.

6. Minor Axis – it is the

line segment joining
the two co-vertices
 Standard Equation
of an Ellipse (Center
at the origin)
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
We use:
▪ “a” to denote the distance
from the center to a vertex
▪ “b” to denote the distance
from the center to a co-vertex
▪ “c” to denote the focal
distance (distance from center
to a focus)

Take note that 𝑎 > 𝑏 and

𝑐 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 .
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
The standard form of the equation of an ellipse if the center is at the
origin are:

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚
𝟐
+ 𝟐
= 𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚
𝟐
+ 𝟐
= 𝟏
𝒃 𝒂
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
𝑥2 𝑦2
2
+ 2=1
𝑎 𝑏

Major Axis: Horizontal

Center: (0,0)
Vertices: 𝑎, 0 and (−𝑎, 0)
Co-vertices: 0, 𝑏 and 0, −𝑏
Foci: 𝑐, 0 and (−𝑐, 0)
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
𝑥2 𝑦2
2
+ 2=1
𝑏 𝑎

Major Axis: Vertical

Center: (0,0)
Vertices: 0, 𝑎 and (0, −𝑎)
Co-vertices: 𝑏, 0 and −𝑏, 0
Foci: 0, 𝑐 and (0, −𝑐)
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
Examples: Major Axis: Horizontal
Center: (𝟎, 𝟎)
1.
𝑥2
+
𝑦2
=1 Vertices
25 9
𝑉1 : 𝑎, 0 → (𝟓, 𝟎)
2 𝑉2 : (−𝑎, 0) → −𝟓, 𝟎
𝑎 = 25
Co-vertices
𝒂=𝟓
𝐶𝑉1 : 0, 𝑏 → (𝟎, 𝟑)
2 𝐶𝑉2 : 0, −𝑏 → (𝟎, −𝟑)
𝑏 =9
𝒃=𝟑 Foci
𝐹1 : 𝑐, 0 → (𝟒, 𝟎)
𝒄 = 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟒 𝐹2 : (−𝑐, 0) → (−𝟒, 𝟎)
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
Examples: Major Axis: Horizontal
Center: (𝟎, 𝟎)
2.
𝑥2
+
𝑦2
=1 Vertices
49 25
𝑉1 : 𝑎, 0 → (𝟕, 𝟎)
2 𝑉2 : (−𝑎, 0) → −𝟕, 𝟎
𝑎 = 49
Co-vertices
𝒂=𝟕
𝐶𝑉1 : 0, 𝑏 → (𝟎, 𝟓)
2 𝐶𝑉2 : 0, −𝑏 → (𝟎, −𝟓)
𝑏 = 25
𝒃=𝟓 Foci
𝐹1 : 𝑐, 0 → (𝟐 𝟔, 𝟎)
𝒄 = 𝟒𝟗 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟐 𝟔
𝐹2 : (−𝑐, 0) → (−𝟐 𝟔, 𝟎)
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
Examples: Major Axis: Vertical
Center: (𝟎, 𝟎)
3.
𝑥2
+
𝑦2
=1 Vertices
9 36
𝑉1 : 0, 𝑎 → (𝟎, 𝟔)
2 𝑉2 : (0, −𝑎) → 𝟎, −𝟔
𝑎 = 36
Co-vertices
𝒂=𝟔
𝐶𝑉1 : 𝑏, 0 → (𝟑, 𝟎)
2 𝐶𝑉2 : −𝑏, 0 → (−𝟑, 𝟎)
𝑏 =9
𝒃=𝟑 Foci
𝐹1 : 0, 𝑐 → (𝟎, 𝟑 𝟑)
𝒄 = 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟗 = 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟑 𝟑
𝐹2 : (0, −𝑐) → (𝟎, −𝟑 𝟑)
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
Examples: Major Axis: Vertical
Center: (𝟎, 𝟎)
4.
𝑥2
+
𝑦2
=1 Vertices
16 64
𝑉1 : 0, 𝑎 → (𝟎, 𝟖)
2 𝑉2 : (0, −𝑎) → 𝟎, −𝟖
𝑎 = 64
Co-vertices
𝒂=𝟖
𝐶𝑉1 : 𝑏, 0 → (𝟒, 𝟎)
2 𝐶𝑉2 : −𝑏, 0 → (−𝟒, 𝟎)
𝑏 = 16
𝒃=𝟒 Foci
𝐹1 : 0, 𝑐 → (𝟎, 𝟒 𝟑)
𝒄 = 𝟔𝟒 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟒𝟖 = 𝟒 𝟑
𝐹2 : (0, −𝑐) → (𝟎, −𝟒 𝟑)
 Standard Equation
of an Ellipse (Center
at point (h,k))
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
The standard form of the equation of an ellipse if the center is at
point (h,k) are:

𝟐 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒉) (𝒚 − 𝒌)
𝟐
+ 𝟐
= 𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒉) (𝒚 − 𝒌)
𝟐
+ 𝟐
= 𝟏
𝒃 𝒂
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒉) (𝒚 − 𝒌) (𝒙 − 𝒉) (𝒚 − 𝒌)
𝟐
+ 𝟐
=𝟏 𝟐
+ 𝟐
=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒃 𝒂

Major Axis: Horizontal Major Axis: Vertical

Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) Center: (ℎ, 𝑘)
Vertices: ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 & (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) Vertices: ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎 & (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
Co-vertices: ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏 & ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏 Co-vertices: ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 & ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘
Foci: ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 & (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) Foci: ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐 & (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐)
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
Examples: Major Axis: Horizontal
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) → (𝟓, 𝟒)
1.
(𝑥−5)2
+
(𝑦−4)2
=1 Vertices
49 25
𝑉1 : ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 → (−𝟐, 𝟒)
2 𝑉2 : ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 → 𝟏𝟐, 𝟒
𝑎 = 49 𝒉=𝟓
Co-vertices
𝒂=𝟕 𝒌=𝟒
𝐶𝑉1 : ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏 → (𝟓, −𝟏)
2 𝐶𝑉2 : ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏 → (𝟓, 𝟗)
𝑏 = 25
𝒃=𝟓 Foci
𝐹1 : ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 → (𝟎. 𝟏, 𝟒)
𝒄 = 𝟒𝟗 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟒. 𝟗 𝐹2 : (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) → (𝟗. 𝟗, 𝟒)
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
Examples: Major Axis: Vertical
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) → (−𝟑, 𝟔)
2.
(𝑥+3)2
+
(𝑦−6)2
=1 Vertices
25 100
𝑉1 : ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎 → (−𝟑, −𝟒)
2 𝑉2 : ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎 → −𝟑, 𝟏𝟔
𝑎 = 100 𝒉 = −𝟑
𝒌=𝟔 Co-vertices
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎
𝐶𝑉1 : ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 → (−𝟖, 𝟔)
2 𝐶𝑉2 : ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 → (𝟐, 𝟔)
𝑏 = 25
𝒃=𝟓 Foci
𝐹1 : ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐 → (−𝟑, −𝟐. 𝟕)
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟖. 𝟕 𝐹2 : (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐) → (−𝟑, 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕)
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
Examples: Major Axis: Horizontal
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) → (𝟐, 𝟕)
3.
(𝑥−2)2
+
(𝑦−7)2
=1 Vertices
36 9
𝑉1 : ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 → (−𝟒, 𝟕)
2 𝑉2 : ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 → 𝟖, 𝟕
𝑎 = 36 𝒉=𝟐
𝒌=𝟕 Co-vertices
𝒂=𝟔
𝐶𝑉1 : ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏 → (𝟐, 𝟒)
2 𝐶𝑉2 : ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏 → (𝟐, 𝟏𝟎)
𝑏 =9
𝒃=𝟑 Foci
𝐹1 : ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 → (−𝟑. 𝟐, 𝟕)
𝒄 = 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟗 = 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝐹2 : (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) → (𝟕. 𝟐, 𝟕)
Transforming Equation
of an Ellipse from
Standard to General
Form
Standard to General Form
(𝑥−2) 2 (𝑦−3)2
Example 1: + =1
25 4

𝑥−2 2𝑦−3 2
+ = 1 (25)(4)
25 4
2 2
4(𝑥 − 2) +25(𝑦 − 3) = 100
2 2
4 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 25 𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 100
2 2
4𝑥 − 16𝑥 + 16 + 25𝑦 − 150𝑦 + 225 = 100
2 2
4𝑥 + 25𝑦 − 16𝑥 − 150𝑦 + 16 + 225 − 100 = 0
𝟐 𝟐
𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓𝒚 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒚 + 𝟏𝟒𝟏 = 𝟎
Standard to General Form
(𝑥−7)2 (𝑦+5)2
Example 2: + =1
16 49

𝑥−7 2
𝑦+5 2
+ = 1 (16)(49)
16 49
2 2
49(𝑥 − 7) + 16(𝑦 + 5) = 784
2 2
49 𝑥 − 14𝑥 + 49 + 16 𝑦 + 10𝑦 + 25 = 784
2 2
49𝑥 − 686𝑥 + 2401 + 16𝑦 + 160𝑦 + 400 = 784
2 2
49𝑥 + 16𝑦 − 686𝑥 + 160𝑦 + 2401 + 400 − 784 = 0
𝟐 𝟐
𝟒𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 − 𝟔𝟖𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒚 + 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎
Standard to General Form
(𝑥 + 4)2 (𝑦 − 5)2
+ =1
64 9

𝑥+4 2 𝑦−52
+ = 1 (64)(9)
64 9
2 2
9(𝑥 + 4) +64(𝑦 − 5) = 576
2 2
9 𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 16 + 64 𝑦 − 10𝑦 + 25 = 576
2 2
9𝑥 + 72𝑥 + 144 + 64𝑦 − 640𝑦 + 1600 = 576
9𝑥 2 + 64𝑦 2
+ 72𝑥 − 640𝑦 + 144 + 1600 − 576 = 0
𝟐 𝟐
𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔𝟒𝒚 + 𝟕𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔𝟒𝟎𝒚 + 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟖 = 𝟎
Transforming Equation
of an Ellipse from
General Form to
Standard Form
General to Standard Form
Example 1: 16𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 32𝑥 − 16𝑦 − 32 = 0

16𝑥
+ 2 4𝑦 2
− 32𝑥 − 16𝑦 = 32
2 2
(16𝑥 −32𝑥) + (4𝑦 − 16𝑦) = 32
2 2
16 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + ___ + 4 𝑦 − 4𝑦 + ___ = 32
2 2
16 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 4 𝑦 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 32 + 16 + 16
2 2
16 𝑥 − 1 + 4 𝑦 − 2 = 64
𝒙−𝟏 𝟐 𝒚−𝟐 𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟒 𝟏𝟔
General to Standard Form
Example 2: 4𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 + 32𝑥 − 300𝑦 + 864 = 0

4𝑥
+ 2 25𝑦 2
+ 32𝑥 − 300𝑦 = −864
2 2
(4𝑥 +32𝑥) + 25𝑦 − 300𝑦 = −864
2 2
4 𝑥 + 8𝑥 + ___ + 25 𝑦 − 12𝑦 + ___ = −864
2 2
4 𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 16 + 25 𝑦 − 12𝑦 + 36 = −864 + 64 + 900
2 2
4 𝑥 + 4 + 25 𝑦 − 6 = 100
𝒙+𝟒 𝟐 𝒚−𝟔 𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟒
General to Standard Form
9𝑥 2 + 49𝑦 2 + 54𝑥 + 784𝑦 + 2776 = 0

9𝑥 2 + 49𝑦 2 + 54𝑥 + 784𝑦 = −2776

2 2
(9𝑥 +54𝑥) + 49𝑦 + 784𝑦 = −2776
2 2
9 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + ___ + 49 𝑦 + 16𝑦 + ___ = −2776
2 2
9 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 49 𝑦 + 16𝑦 + 64 = −2776 + 81 + 3136
2 2
9 𝑥 + 3 + 49 𝑦 + 8 = 441
𝒙+𝟑 𝟐 𝒚+𝟖 𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟒𝟗 𝟗