QT all question

Dr.
Vikas Kumar
Assistant Professor
Shri JJT University
UNIT 1
1. Discuss the importance of quantitative techniques in decision-making within a business context.
Provide examples of different quantitative methods and explain how they can be applied to solve
real-world business problems.
2. Discuss the differences between the mean, median, and mode. In what scenarios is each measure
most appropriate to use?
3. For the numbers 16 and 64, find the AM, GM, and HM. Verify the relationship between these
means: AM ≥ GM ≥ HM.
4. Given the numbers 4, 8, and 12, calculate the Arithmetic Mean (AM), Geometric Mean (GM), and
Harmonic Mean (HM).
5. Compare and contrast absolute and relative measures of dispersion. Why might a researcher choose
one over the other in a given situation?
6. Explain why the standard deviation is considered a more reliable measure of dispersion compared to
the range. How does the standard deviation provide a better understanding of the spread of data?
7. Find the variance and standard deviation for the data set: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13.
8. Given the data set: 12, 15, 17, 20, 24, calculate the mean and standard deviation. How would the
standard deviation change if all the values were increased by 5?
Unit 2
1. Describe the characteristics of a normal distribution. Why is it important in statistics?
2. Explain how the mean and standard deviation influence the shape and position of a normal
distribution curve.
3. Explain the significance of the empirical rule (68-95-99.7 rule) in the context of a normal
distribution. How can it be applied in practical data analysis?
4. A normal distribution has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. What is the probability that
a randomly selected value is between 85 and 115?
5. If 95% of the values in a normal distribution lie below a certain value, and the mean is 60 with a
standard deviation of 8, find this value.
6. A sample of 50 students’ test scores is normally distributed with a mean of 78 and a standard
deviation of 6. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the population mean.
7. A researcher wants to estimate the mean weight of a certain population within a margin of error of 2
units with 95% confidence. The population standard deviation is estimated to be 10. What sample
size is required?
8. Discuss the difference between point estimation and interval estimation. Provide examples of each
and explain their respective advantages and limitations.
9. 1000 light bulbs with a mean life of 120 days are installed in a new factory and their length of life is
normally distributed with standard deviation of 20 days.
(a) How many bulbs will expire in less than 90 days?
(b) If it is decided to replace all the bulbs together, what interval should be allowed between
replacements if not more than 10 per cent should expire before replacement?
Unit 3
1. What is forecasting, and why is it important? What are some common types of forecasting methods?
2. What is a time series in forecasting, and how is it used?
3. Using exponential smoothing with an alpha (smoothing constant) of 0.3, and the last forecasted value
of 150 and the actual value of 160, what is the new forecast?
4. If a weighted moving average forecast is calculated using the last four periods of data: 80, 85, 90,
and 95, what is the forecast for the next period?
5. How do you calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient between two variables? Walk through the
steps with a basic example.
6. What is a scatter plot, and how can it help visualize the correlation between two variables? Describe
how you would interpret different patterns in a scatter plot.
7. What is correlation, and how is it different from causation? Explain the concept using simple
examples.
8. Given the data points (2, 5), (4, 8), (6, 10), (8, 12), (10, 15) plot these points and calculate the
Pearson correlation coefficient.
9. For the data X: 5, 8, 6, 9, 7 and Y: 7, 10, 8, 12, 9 compute the Spearman rank correlation coefficient.
10. How do you interpret the slope and intercept in a simple linear regression model?
11. Given the following data points: (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 5), (4, 7), calculate the slope and intercept of the
best-fit line using simple linear regression.
12. What is meant by correlation? Distinguish between: (a) Positive and negative correlation (b) Linear
and non-linear correlation (c) Simple, partial and multiple correlations.
13. Calculate Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation from the data given below:
Roll No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Marks in physics 20 35 42 37 13 39 24
Marks in statistics 32 37 50 30 25 24 40
Unit 4
1. Explain the process of hypothesis testing in detail, including the formulation of hypotheses, selection
of significance level, and interpretation of results.
2. Discuss the concept of Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing. How do these errors affect the
interpretation of results, and what can be done to minimize each type of error?
3. What is a confidence interval, and how does it relate to hypothesis testing? Explain how to construct
a confidence interval and how it can be used to assess the validity of the null hypothesis.
4. How do you determine whether to use parametric or non-parametric tests in hypothesis testing?
Provide examples of scenarios where non-parametric tests would be more appropriate than
parametric tests.
5. A manufacturer claims that their light bulbs have an average lifespan of 1,000 hours. A sample of 30
light bulbs is tested, and the sample mean lifespan is found to be 980 hours with a population
standard deviation of 50 hours. Test the manufacturer's claim at the 0.05 significance level.
6. A company claims that its new phone battery lasts on average 300 hours with a population standard
deviation of 15 hours. A consumer group tests a sample of 40 batteries and finds that the average
battery life of this sample is 295 hours. Perform a Z-test at the 5% significance level to determine if
there is enough evidence to reject the company’s claim that the average battery life is 300 hours.

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