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    PHY PROJECT

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    Shreyesh Vishal

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PHY PROJECT

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    PHY PROJECT

    Uploaded by

    Shreyesh Vishal

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    FREEDOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,

    CUTTACK

    PHYSICS PROJECT
    Session: 2024-25

    A Project Report On
    “TRANSFORMERS”

    Submitted by- Silky Swikruti Mohanty


    Class-XII (Science)
    Regd No. (CBSE)-B/2/25/……….

    Under the Guidance of


    ………………….
    PGT(Physics)
    Table of Contents
     Declaration

     Certificate

     Acknowledgement

     Aim of Project

     Principle

     Introduction

     Construction

     Theory and Working

     Law

     Efficiency

     Types of Transformers

     Apparatus Required

     Procedure

     Uses of Transformers

     Sources of Error

     Precautions

     Conclusion

     Bibliography
    FREEDOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, CUTTACK

    Declaration

    I hereby declare that the project work entitled “TRANSFORMERS”

    submitted to Department of Physics, Freedom International School is

    prepared by me

    Silky Swikruti Mohanty


    Class-XII (Science)
    FREEDOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, CUTTACK
    Certificate
    This is to certify that SILKY SWIKRUTI
    MOHANTY, student of class-XII (Sci) has
    successfully prepared the report on the
    project entitled “title of project” under the
    guidance of ………………. (PGT, Physics).
    The report is the result of his/her effort &
    endeavors. This report is found worthy of
    acceptance as final project report for the
    subject physics of class XII (Sci).

    Signature of Physics Teacher Signature of External


    Examiner
    ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------
    --
    Signature of Principal
    -----------------------------

    Acknowledgement
    I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude my project

    guide for guiding me immensely through the course of the project. He

    always envinced keen interest in my project. His constructive advice &

    constant motivation have been responsible for the successful completion

    of his project.

    My sincere thank goes to our principal Mr. Gangadhar Behura for his co-

    ordination in extending every possible support for the completion of this

    project.

    Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who had helped

    directly or indirectly towards the completion of this project.

    Silky Swikruti Mohanty

    Class-XII (Sci)
    AIM OF THE PROJECT

    To Investigate the relation between the ratio of-


    1. Input and Output Voltage.
    2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self- made
    transformer.

    PRINCIPLE

    It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying current is set-


    up in a circuit, then induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighbouring circuit. The
    varying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f.
    in the neighbouring circuit.
    INTRODUCTION

    The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a


    high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating
    voltage. It is astatic electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling
    between its winding circuits. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized
    coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing
    hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect portion of
    the power grid. All operate on the same basic principles, although the range of
    designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for
    transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in many
    electronic devices. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power
    transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically practical.
    A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit.
    In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another
    circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer which
    increases the voltage is called a step-up transformer. A transformer
    which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
    Transformer is. Therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high
    and low current circuits. Close-up of single-phase pole mount
    transformer.

    Close-up of Single-phase pole mount Transformer.


    CONSTRUCTION
    A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated
    sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are
    wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that the
    both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is
    connected to p1 p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s1 s2,
    the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no current
    through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we
    assume that the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is negligible.
    Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible. For
    operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is
    insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to
    reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary, and
    the output circuit is called secondary.

    *An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of the
    secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance.

    *The ideal transformer as a circuit element.


    THEORY AND WORKING
    When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1 p2, an alternating
    current start falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a
    changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well
    as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked
    with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
    induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
    primary. Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in
    the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
    secondary coils of the transformer and, Dфь / d+ = rate of change of flux in each
    turn of the coil at this instant, we have
    Ep = -Np Dфь/d+ (1)
    Es = -Ns Dфь/d+ (2)

    Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

    Es / Ep = -Ns / Np (3)

    As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1 , so


    the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep) in the
    instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance
    o, p1 p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

    I =E – Ep / Rp

    E – E p = Ip R p
    When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore

    E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

    Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f


    Hence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f =
    Ns / Np = K
    Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

    In a step up transformer
    Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

    In a step down transformer


    Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
    If Ip =value of primary current at the same instant +
    And Is =value of sec. current at this instant, then Input power at the instant + =
    Ep Is and Output power at the same instant = Es Is
    If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power = output
    power or
    Ep Ip = Es Is Or
    E s / E p = Ip / I s = K
    In a step up transformer
    As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
    I.e., current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence,
    whatever we gain in voltage, we lose incurrent in the same ratio. Similarly, it
    can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
    gain in current in the same ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
    down the current & a step down transformer steps up the current.
    LAW
    According to OHM’s Law: -

    PRIMARY CURRENT = DC APPLIED VOLTAGE


    RESISTANCE OF PRIMARY COIL

    The resistance of the primary coil is very low, and the primary
    current is high. So, this current is much higher than the rated full
    loaded primary coil current. Hence, as a result, the amount of
    heat produced will be greater and therefore eddy current loss will
    be more. Because of this, the insulations of the primary coil will
    get burnt, and the transformer will be damaged. Turn ratio: - It is
    defined as the ratio of no of turns in the primary coil to that of the
    secondary coil.

    Turn ratio = N1 /N2

    If N2 >N1 the transformer is called step up transformer.

    If N2 <N1 the transformer is called step down transformer.

    EFFICIENCY
    Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input
    power i.e., η = output power / input power = E s I s / E p I p Thus in an ideal
    transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there
    are many power losses; therefore, the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

    ENERGY LOSSES
    In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input
    energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained
    below.

    1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So,
    whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up with
    the secondary coil.

    2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy currents are
    produced. The magnitude of eddy current may, however be small. And a part of
    energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron core.

    3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess resistance. So a


    part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
    4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core through
    complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
    5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the Transformer may be set its
    parts in to vibrations and sound may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a
    part of energy may be lost due to humming.

    TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

    Power Transformers: These kinds of transformers are used for high voltage
    power transfer applications (more than 33 KV). They are usually bigger in size
    and can occupy larger space.

    Distribution Transformers: These types of transformers are used to distribute the


    generated power to distant locations. It is used for distributing electricity at low
    voltage that is less than 33 KV in industry or 220-440 V for household
    purposes.

    Measurement Transformers: This kind of uses of transformer helps in


    measuring voltage, current, and power, etc. According to the place of use,
    transformers are classified into: Indoor Transformers: These are covered with
    roofs and shelters just like the industry types.

    Outdoor Transformers: These are mainly kept outside and are used as
    distribution type transformers.

    APPARATUS REQUIRED
    IRON ROD

    COPPER WIRE

    VOLT METER
    AMMETER

    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
    PROCEDURE
    1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of
    turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of
    the transformer.

    2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
    number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
    secondary coil. Itis a step down transformer.

    3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using
    A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

    4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through S1 and S2.

    5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current
    through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.

    6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing number of


    turns in primary and secondary coil.

    USES OF TRANSFORMERS
    * In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.

    * In the induction furnaces.

    * A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

    * A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

    * A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON


    advertisement.

    * Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.

    * Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances.

    * Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and
    electric bells etc.
    SOURCES OF ERROR
    1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

    2. Eddy current can change the readings.

    PRECAUTIONS

    1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

    2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should
    remain constant.

    CONCLUSION

    1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil


    depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage

    2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil


    depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage

    3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a


    transformer.
    BIBLIOGRAPHY

     NCERT Textbook Class 12


     NCERT Physics Lab Manual class 12
     Google Websites.

    THE END

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