ITTS (REVIEWER) Edge rails

- Late 18th century iron edge rails began

▪ Rail Transport (Week 7) to appear.
- Conveyance of passengers and goods by - British civil Engineer William Jessop
means of wheeled vehicles specially designed (designed the iron edge rails)
to run along railways or railroads. - 1803 – he opened Surrey Iron Railway
- Considered as one of the safest forms of in London. (world’s first horse-drawn
travel. public railways.)
• Major types of components: Wrought iron and steel rails
➢ Those that move. - 1805 – first wrought iron rails.
- Called rolling stock includes (Produced at Bedlington Ironworks
locomotives, passenger vehicles (or near Durham).
coaches), and freight-carrying - 1857 – 1st steel rails produced by
vehicles (good wagons). Robert Forester Mushet (laid in Derby
➢ Those that are fixed. station)
- Includes rail tracks (with their ▪ Development of Motive Power
supporting structures), and Steam Locomotives
ancillary buildings. - First locomotive train of wagon
▪ Development of Rails designed by Cornish engineer Richard
Stone Rails Trevithick, demonstrated by 1804.
- Earliest evidence of a railway found was - 1806 – horse-drawn railway built
the 6-kilometer (3.7 mi) Diolkos between Swansea and Mumbles.
wagonway. - 1807 – Swansea -Mumbles railway
- Diolkos wagonway transported boats began carrying fare-paying passengers.
across the Corinth isthmus in Greece - 1811 – John Blenkinsop designed the
during the 6th century B.C.E 1st successful and practical railway
- Diolkos ran for over 1300 years, until 900 locomotive.
C.E. - 1812 – Matthew Murray designed and
Wooden Rails built commercially viable steam
- Railways began reappearing in Europe locomotive, the twin cylinder
after the Dark Ages following the collapse Salamanca. (He is a English steam
of the Roman Empire. engine and machine tool
- 1550 - narrow gauge railways operating manufacturer.)
with wooden rails were common in mines - 1825 – Stockton and Darlington
in Europe. Railway opened in northern England.
- The First railway is the UK also known as o 5 years later it follows by
wagonways, that constructed in the early Liverpool and Manchester
17th century. (Transport coal from mines Railway considered as world’s
to canal wharfs) first Inter City line.
- Earliest recorded examples are the - 1869 – Symbolically important
Wollaton Wagonway in Nottinghamshire. transcontinental rail road was
Iron plate rails completed in the United State.
- 1768 – Coalbrookdale Iron Works laid Dieselization
cast iron plates on top of the wooden - Replacement of the steam locomotive
rails. with the diesel-electric locomotive that
- It was used by Benjamin Outram at his began in the 1930s, and now substantially
foundry in Ripley, Derbyshire. complete worldwide.
- Led name to the name “platelayer”. Electrification
(Workers on the permanent way.)
 - 1838 – Robert Davidson experiments an ▪ Types of Rails
electrical railway cat in Scotland. • Common railway
- 1839 – he completed and present a 4.8 m • Electrified railway
long carriage that weighed six tons, • High speed rail
includes the batteries. • Maglev
- 1883 – Magnus Volk opened his electric • Monorail
railway in Brighton. ▪ Types of Trains
- 1888 – Granville T. Woods invented the 1. Freight train – can be used for storing
wires conducting electricity. variety of goods, from solid items to
- 1892 – the development of electrified liquid and gasses.
railways, the first of which in the United 2. Inter-city trains – built for safe travel
States was operated at Coney Island. low speeds at both land-based railways
- Richmond, Virginia had the first successful and underground subway lines.
electrically-powered trolley system in the 3. Rapid transit – high speed trains that
US. are specially made with streamlined
- January 1888 – design by electric power design that offers as a little air
pioneer Frank J. Sprague, the trolley resistance as possible.
system opened its first time. 4. Short and Long-distance trains – used
- 1906s – many countries have adopted for traveling between cities and
high-speed railways. countries.
- April 3, 2007 - French TGV set a new train 5. Trams – powered by electricity and
speed record. almost exclusively used in highly
- August 24, 2005 - Qingzang railway congested urban zones.
became highest railway line in the world. 6. Mine trains - used for underground
Track was laid through the Tanggula excavations of rock and coal.
Mountain Pass at 5,072 (16,640.4 ft) ▪ Article: The World’s Fastest High-Speed
above sea level in the Tanggula Mountains Trains
Tibet. 1. Shanghai Maglev: 267 MPH
▪ Characteristics of Rail Transport - Runs nearly 19 miles from Shanghai
• P (Public Utility Service) Pudong International Airport to the
• H (Huge Investment) Longyang Metro Station.
• P (Privileges) 2. Fuxing Hao CR400AF/BF: 249 MPH
• S (Special Rate Fixation) - “Fuxing Hao” meaning Rejuvenation.
• N (Non-transferability) - CR400AF (Dolphin Blue), CR400BF
▪ Train (Golden Phoenix).
- is a form of transport consisting of a - CR stands for China Railway between
series of connected vehicles that Beijing South and Shanghai Hongqiao
generally runs along a railroad track to Station.
transport cargo or passengers. 3. Shinkansen H5 and E5: 224 MPH
- The word “train”, comes from the Old - 1964 Hikari high-speed train service
French “trahiner”, derived from the launched between Tokyo and Osaka.
Latin trahere meaning “to pull” or “to - H5 and E5 series Shinkansen running
draw”. the Tohoku and Hokkaido services.
▪ Types of Locomotives 4. The Italo and Frecciarossa: 220 MPH
• Steam - Shuttling passenger from Milan to
• Diesel locomotives Florence or Rome.
• Electric locomotives 5. Renfe Ave: 217 MPH
• Combined engines - Spain fastest train is the Velaro E by
Siemens.
 - Travelling from Barcelona to Paris. Line 1 south Extension, the 4-kilometer
6. Haramain Western Railway: 217 MPH Line 2 East Extension, the Metro
- Mecca-Medina high-speed link Manila Subway (Line 9) and first phase
stretches the 281 miles between Saudi of the 147-kilometer Nort-South
Arabia. Commuter Railway (PNR Clark 1)
7. Deutschebahn Ice: 205 MPH 1. Line 1 South Extension Project –
- Germany’s fastest train is another Baclaran to Bacoor Cavite.
Siemens design. 2. Line 2 East Extension Project –
- Newest route connecting Berlin and Santolan Station to Masinag, Antipolo.
Munich. (Last quarter of 2020).
8. Korail KTX: 205 MPH 3. Line 7 – San Jose del Monte Bulacan to
- South Korea’s high-speed rail network. under construction unified Grand
- KTX cuts the transport time to reach Central Station in Quezon City. (2016-
the ski slopes of PyeongChang from 6 2020)
hours by conventional train to under 4. Line 9 Metro Manila Subway –
two hours. Bonifacio Global City (BGC) to Quezon
9. Eurostar E320 and TGV: 200 MPH City. Costing about P358.25 billion,
- Both trains tied for next on the list, but approved by National Economic
the latter underwent a redesign in Development Authority. (Sept. 12,
2015. 2017).
- Eurostar trips around 2 hours between 5. North-South Commuter Railway – PNR
Brussels, Paris and London. Clark Project linking Tutuban to
10. Thalys: 186 MPH Malolos, Bulacan. (Pre-Construction
- Connecting Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris 2018, Expected finished 2021, the rest
and Cologne with multiple daily service. line open by 2023).
- Most important train lines for both - December 22,2017 DOTr Secretary
leisure and business travelers. Arthur Tugade signed contract with
▪ Rail Transport in the Philippines JICA for construction supervision.
- mostly to transport passengers within ▪ Train Travel (Week 8)
the Metro Manila and the nearby - Fast, convenient and usually cheaper
province of Laguna. than flying.
- 79-kilometer (49 miles) LRT 1 and 2, - Offers a view to some of the world’s
MRT and PNR commuter line. most breathtaking scenery.
- PNR state-owned system in the ▪ Train Travel in USA
Philippines, organized under the AMTRAK
Department of Transportation. - National Railroad Passenger
- Established during Spanish colonial corporation, that provides medium-
period, PNR developed only in 1984. and long-distance intercity service in
- 479 kilometers of track on the island of the contiguous United States and 9
Luzon. Canadian Cities.
- Light Rail Transit System is the main - It was formed on May 1, 1971.
metropolitan rail system serving the - For over 40 years, this railway services
Metro Manila. of the highest quality.
• LRT two lines: - Amtrak is required by law, and has
✓ Line 1 – Yellow Line presence in 46-48 contiguous states
✓ Line 2 - Purple Line except for Wyoming and South Dakota.
▪ Under Construction • Three Groups:
- On-going railway projects are the 22.8- 1. Short-haul service on
kilometer Line 7, the 11.7-kilometer Northeast Corridor.
 2. State-supported short Touring - Available in Skeena only in
haul service outside the peak travel month. Includes 3 meals
Northeast Corridor. per day.
3. Medium and long-haul Sleeper Plus
service known within Prestige – Via’s latest premium service
Amtrak as the National offering available on the Canadian
Network. only.
- As of 2015, it offers 4-classes of service: ▪ Rail Travel in Europe
1. First Class - European trains are fast, reliable and
- Have access to Club Acela lounges frequent.
located at select stations. - More spacious and comfortable
- Acela Express trains are the fastest interiors than airplanes.
train sets in the Americas; they attain Eurostar
150 miles per hour (240 km/h) on - International high-speed railway
33.9 miles (54.6km) of the route. service connecting London with
2. Sleeper Service Amsterdam, Avignon, Brussels, Bourg-
- Have access to all passenger Saint-Maurice, Disneyland Paris, Lille,
facilities aboard the train. Lyon, Marseille, Paris and Rotterdam.
- Classified into roomettes, - Train travel through the Channel
bedrooms, accessible bedrooms, and Tunnel between the United Kingdom
family bedrooms. and France, owned and operated
3. Business Class separately by Getlink.
- Specific features vary by route, Channel Tunnel
many include extra legroom and - Used by Eurostar, and second-longest
complimentary non-alcoholic drinks. railway tunnel in the world joining
4. Coach Class Great Britain and European mainland.
- Standard class of service on all - On May 16, 2006, Eurostar set a new
Amtrak trains except the Acela record for the longest non-stop high-
Express. speed journey.
▪ The USA Rail Pass Eurail Pass
- Possibility to see almost the entire USA. - Single travel document that allows you
- Have the chance to visit more than 500 to travel by train in one or more
cities served by Amtrak. European countries.
3 Versions: - Can explore up to 31 countries without
1. 8 segments in 15 days. having to buy point-to-point tickets.
2. 12 segments in 30 days. - Access to 38 railways and ferry
3. 18 segments in 45 days. companies in 31 countries.
- All versions are available year-round - Activation is required within 11 months
without seasonal variations. of the issuing date.
▪ Train Travel in Canada The Trans-Siberian Railway
- Virial or Via rail Canada mandated to - Connecting Moscow with the Russian
operate intercity passenger rail service Far East.
across the country and subsidized by - Connecting branch lines into Mongolia,
Transport Canada China and North Korea.
- Operates over 500 trains per week - Since 1916 it has connected with
across 8 Canadian provinces. Moscow and Vladivostok.
Class of Services - 1891 and 1916 under the supervision of
Economy Russian Government minister
Business personally appointed by Tsar Alexander
 III and his son, the Tsarevich Nicholas • Great Southern Rail – Indian Pacific
(later Tsar Nicholas II) between Sydney and Perth.
▪ Train Travel in Japan • Queensland Rail - the high-speed Spirit of
- Japanese rail services are fast, Queensland service between Brisbane and
frequent, clean and comfortable. Cairns.
- Predominant operator is Japan • NSW TrainLink Trains – from Sydney to
Railways or “JR” Brisbane, Melbourne and Canberra.
- JR runs the Shinkansen (bullet train) ▪ Trains as Tourist Attractions
routes. - Can provide a romantic and intriguing
• Two Classes: Japanese term for 1st way to spend a holiday.
class. 1. Palace on Wheels – India
❖ Ordinary Class 2. Blue Train – South Africa
❖ Green Cars – indicated by a 3. Glacier Express – Switzerland
green clover symbol next to 4. Orient Express – France and
the entrance door. And has Australia
more leg and elbow room 5. Copper Canyon – Mexico
with seats arranges 2+2 across 6. Rocky Mountaineer – Canada
the coach width on 7. Royal Scotsman – Scotland
shinkansen or 2+1 on the 8. Hiram-Bingham Express – Peru
classic network. - Railway is the most economical,
Japan Rail Pass convenient and popular mode of travel
- May well save you money over point- especially for long distance travel all
to-point tickets. over the world.
- Available for 7, 14 and 21 days in - Revolutionized transportation and mass
neither ordinary or green car. movement of people seen in the 19th
- Unlimited travel on JR trains across the and 20th centuries.
whole Japan. - Railways have promoted tourism by
- Even Narita Express between Narita introducing a special tourist train.
Airport and Tokyo and the monorail to ▪ Sea Transportation (Week 9)
and from Haneda Airport. - Transport of people or goods via
▪ China Rail Travel waterways.
- One of the cheapest and most Evolution of Water Transportation
comfortable ways to travel around - Raft made by tying several logs
China. together with creepers, was the first
- Trains in China are classified into high- water transport.
speed trains and ordinary trains. - Frame boat built like a basket and
- Also known as bucket trains. covered with animal skins was another
- It can be categorized into 3 types: G, D very early boat.
and C with different running speeds. - 4000 BC – ancient Egypt used reeds to
Shanghai Maglev build the first sailing boat.
- Operates in Shanghai. - 2500 BC – Egyptians were building
- 3rd commercially operated maglev line wooden boat that can sail across
in history (after the British Birmingham oceans.
Maglev and German M-Bahn.) - 1000 AD – Viking boats was used.
- Fastest commercial electric train in the - 1100 AD – Chinese junks were sailing
world. boats with a rudder for steering the
▪ Train Travel in Australia boats.
- Most notable long-distance rail - 1800 – Fast sailing ship called clipper
journeys in Australia are run by: ship were built.
 - 1819 – first steamships to across the Secondary Maritime Transport
Atlantic (Combination of steam and
wind power) 1. Barge – flat-bottomed boat, mainly for river
- 1845 – first ocean-going liners made of and canal.
iron. 2. Tugboat – primarily by towing or pushing
- 1910 – coal burning sailing ships were other vessels in harbors.
converted to diesel power. 3. Ferries – carrying passengers and sometimes
- 1911 – Hydroplane was invented in vehicles.
United States. 4. Dreger – used to excavate in shallow seas or
- 1955 – N.S Savannah one of the first freshwaters.
nuclear powered cargo ships.
- 1980s – Used as ferries or water taxis. Segments of Sea Transport Systems
- 1990s – Cruise liners are ships that
carry hundreds of people. 1. Bulk Shipping
2. Liner Shipping
The Power of Maritime Transport 3. Specialized Shipping
▪ Ports
- 71% of the Earth’s surface is water-covered, - Transport from land to sea or vice
and the oceans hold about 96.5% of all versa.
Earth’s water. Kinds of Commercial Ports:
- Sea transportation moves the vast majority of 1. General ports – serve all kinds of vessels.
cargo around the globe. 2. Bulk ports – solid bulk cargo such as coal.
Ores or grains.
Category of Ships by Operation 3. Container ports – cargo containers are
transshipped between different transport
1. Liner – regular run and operate to a schedule. vehicles.
2. Tramp – no fixed run but will go wherever a Maritime Transport in the Philippines
suitable cargo takes it. - Notable companies in the Philippines;
Primary Maritime Transport Types 2GO Travel (successor to Superferry and
1. Bulk Carries – carry items such as ore or food Negros Navigation) and Trans-Asia
staples and similar cargo. Shipping Lines.
2. Container ships – also known as “Box boats”, - River Ferries - Pasig Rover Ferry that
carry their entire load in truck-size containers servers Metro Manila. Has 17 stations
or containerization. operational and 2 lines.
3. Cruise ships – used for pleasure voyages. First line – Pasig River Line
Cruise has become major part of the tourism which stretched from Plaza
industry. Mexico in Intramuros to
4. Ocean Liner – transport people from one Nagpayong station in Pasig.
seaport to another. Second Line – Marikina River
5. Refrigerated Ships – called “REEFERS”, cargo Line which served the
ship typically used to transport fruits, meats, Guadalupe station in Makati
fish, etc. up to Santa Elena in Marikina.
6. Roll on/Roll off (Ro-Ro) – carry wheeled - Ferry Services – used from larger cargo
cargo such as automobiles. ships to small pump boats.
7. Tankers – transport fluids suck as crude oil, Ports and Harbors
petroleum products, LPG and chemicals. - Busiest port in the Port of Manila.
8. Multi-purpose Ship – transport a variety of - Philippine Ports Authority –
goods from bulk commodities to break bulks government-owned and controlled
and heavy cargoes.
 corporation under the Department of 7. Gamblers
Transportation as an attached agency. 8. Those celebrating an event.
- MARINA (Maritime Industry Authority) Cruise Market Segments
Presidential Decree NO. 474. 1. Contemporary/value segment – Mass
▪ Cruise Ship (Week 10) market cruise lines. (Carnival, Royal
Cruise Tourism Caribbean, Norwegian)
- Growing market sector around the 2. Premium Segment – less passenger per
world not only to travel to a destination ton (Princess, Celebrity, Holland
but as an experience. America)
- Successful cruise destinations must 3. Luxury Segment – least number of
provide a unique experience for passengers per ton (Seabourn, Crystal,
visitors. Cunard)
What is Cruise Ship? 4. Specialty Lines – niche destinations
- Passenger ship used for pleasure (Sea Dream Yacht Club, Windstar)
voyages Types of Cruises
Why People Prefer to do Cruise? 1. Ocean Voyages – one-way passage
- Hassle-free holiday from one point to another.
- Something new and fashionable 2. Standard Cruise – open water cruise
- Offers a wide variety of activities, may be one-way or round-trip.
events and meals 3. River / Canal Cruises -closely linked to
- Easy to meet people and make friends the cultural and heritage of the
on cruise. country.
The Cruise Experience 4. Destination / Expedition Cruises –
- All-inclusive vacations. based on the destination to be visited.
- Includes transport, meals, lodging, 5. Day Cruises – experience for 15 hours
recreation, and entertainment. or less.
- Service is equal for all passengers. 6. Contemporary Cruises – have resort-
- Itineraries, destinations, and cabin style facilities.
locations are the main factor 7. Luxury Cruises – offering high style
segmenting the cruise industry. luxury.
The 5A’s of Cruising 8. Specialty Cruises – adventure-style
1. Attractions cruising.
2. Activities Common Nautical Vocabulary
3. Access 1. Aft or Stern – Back of the ship.
4. Accommodation 2. Berth – docking spot / allocated bed.
5. Amenities 3. Bow or Fore – front of the ship
Elements of a Cruise 4. Bridge – control or navigation center of
1. Embarkation the ship.
2. Cashless System 5. Decks – floors of the ship
3. Security checks 6. Galley – ship’s kitchen
4. Meals 7. Muster station – area where everyone
5. Daily programs gathers in case of emergency.
Who are the Cruise Passengers? 8. Port – left side of the ship.
1. International travelers 9. Porthole – round window in a ship.
2. Those who wish to relax 10. Starboard – right side of the ship.
3. Single Accommodation in the Cruise
4. Those with special interest - Location of a cabin on a cruise ship may
5. Active be the only distinction that separates
6. Families passengers.
- Larger staterooms are on upper decks. ✓ Purser
Some rooms on top deck gave a ✓ Technical
terrace. ✓ Deck
- Upper decks are the most expensive. ▪ Air Travel (Week 11)
- Located outside of the upper decks The Rise of Air Transportation
have portholes. - 1903 – air transport was slow to take
- Located in inside and lower decks have off after the Wright Brother
no windows. breakthrough at Kitty Hawk.
- Designed for efficient use of space. - January 1, 1914 – world’s inaugural
Largest Cruise Line Corporation in the scheduled flight with a paying
World passenger hopped across the bay
1. Carnival Cruise Line separating Tampa and St. Peterburg
- International cruise line with - Airline industry had a symbiotic
headquarters in Doral, Florida. relationship with military aviation.
- Largest cruise line in the world. - Air transport mostly occurred after
2. Royal Caribbean Cruise Ltd. World I and II.
- Global cruise holding company - October 1958 – Boeing 707, maiden
incorporated in Liberia and based in commercial flight with Pan American
Miami, Florida. World Airways route from New York to
- World’s second-largest cruise line. Paris.
3. Genting Hing Kong Limited - Jet Age – Commercial aircraft have
- Operates cruise and resort businesses. advanced markedly in capacity and
- Member of the Malaysian Genting range.
Group and 17.8% owned by Genting - Jumbo Jets – have revolutionized
Berhad. travel.
- They own Crystal Cruises, Dream - 2010 – majority of B747s were being
Cruises, Star Cruises, Resorts World retired and replaces by longer range
Manila and the MV Werften shipyards. and more fuel-efficient twin-engine
The Cruise Manpower aircraft such as the B777 and the A330.
- Divided into 2 teams; - Air transportation – is now
Shoreside – main office functions. overwhelmingly dominant in
Shipboard team transcontinental and intercontinental
Shoreside travel.
- Executive Management - Low-cost carries (LCCs) – been
✓ Public Relations instrumental in extending aviation’s
✓ Legal reach to short-haul markets.
✓ Marketing 2 types of Airlines
✓ Sales Scheduled – operate as regular
✓ Finance schedules.
✓ Information Technology Chartered – non-schedules airlines
✓ Human Resources operate only when there is demand,
✓ Operations during the tourist seasons.
Shipboard International Air Transportation
- Master (Captain) Association (IATA)
✓ Medical - international air travels.
✓ Revenue Areas - 105 major lines of the world as its
✓ Entertainment members.
✓ Housekeeping - Regulate price on different sectors of
✓ F&B travel.
- Concerned government decides the ✓ Airline Code: Z2 (Domestic) or AK
domestic fares. (international)
International Civil Aviation Organization ✓ Main Hub: Kuala Lumpur (KUL)
(ICAO) Best Airlines in the World 2019
- Intergovernmental organization 1. Qatar Airways
established in the year 1945. 2. Singapore Airlines
Categories of Airlines 3. ANA (All Nippon Airways)
- Classified into 2; 4. Cathay Pacific Airways
Small Carrier 5. Emirates
- Known as commuter airlines has less 6. Eva Air
than 30 seats. 7. Hainan Airlines
Large Carrier 8. Qantas Airways
- Known as major airlines fly direct 9. Lufthansa
routes between the major cities. 10. Thai Airways
- 100 to 800 passengers. 11. Japan Airlines
Pitch 12. Garuda Indonesia
- the distance between seat rows. 13. Swiss international Airlines
- Called as Legroom. 14. China Southern Airlines
- 31 – 32 inches. 15. Austrian Airlines
Width 16. Air New Zealand
- average seat on an aircraft is merely 17 17. Bangkok Airways
– 18 inches wide. 18. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
Recline 19. British Airways
- some seats can be reclined by 10%, 20. Air Asia
45% or even full. Top 10 best airlines (based on the video)
Seat configuration – refers to the way 1. Qatar Airways – Doha, Qatar
seating is arranged within the aircraft. 2. Singapore Airlines - Singapore
Wide-Body Jets – B747, B777, Airbus A330, 3. ANA – Tokyo, Japan
Airbus A340, A300. 4. Emirates – Dubai, UAE
Narrow Body Jets – B super 80, B727, B757, 5. Japan Airlines – Shinagawa City, Tokyo,
B717. Japan
TRAVEL CLASS 6. Cathay Pacific Airways – Hong Kong
• First Class – front of the plane. 7. EVA Air – Luzhu District, Taiwan
• Business Class – Distinguished from 8. Qantas Airline – Mascot, Australia
other travel. Denoted as J or C. 9. Hainan Airlines – Haikou, China
• Premium Economy Class – also known 10. Air France – Tremblay-en-France, France
as elite economy class / economy plus
class. WE CAN DO IT GUYS AJA!!
• Economy Class – standard level of
service.
Airline Companies in the Philippines
- Philippine Airlines
✓ Airline Code: PR
✓ Hub: Manila (IATA Code: MNL)
- Cebu Pacific
✓ Airline Code – 5J
✓ Hub: Manila (MNL, CEB)
- Air Asia