menstrual cycle

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
COURSE TITLE: General Embryology

LECTURER: Dr Sabiu B. Soja
UNIT: Epigenetics and Neurodevelopmental Anatomy
DATE : 24th September, 2024
2 Outline
• Background
• Phases of Menstrual Cycle
• Follicular phase
• Luteal phase
• Other phases
• Signs of Ovulation
• Clinical Consideration
3 Background
• The menstrual cycle is the time from the first
day of a female's period to the day before their
next period
• The length of a menstrual cycle varies, but on

average is 28 days. But ranges from 21-35 days
• Females typically reach puberty and start

experiencing menstrual periods when they are
11–14 years old.
4 Background
• Is a complex, coordinated sequence of events that
involves the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary,
ovary, and endometrium.
• It typically lasts 3 to 7 days, with a total blood loss

of up to 80 Ml
• The mean age of menarche occurs around age 12
• menopause (the end of the reproductive phase)

usually occurs between ages 45 to 55
5 Background
• Consists of four stages; the menstrual phase,
follicular phase, ovulation phase, and luteal phase
6 Phases of Menstrual Cycle
• Consists of two phases; follicular phase and luteal
phase
7 Follicular phase
Follicular (Preovulatory) Phase
• The follicular phase begins with the first day of

bleeding and extends to the day before the
preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge
• Further Subdivided into two stages or phases:

• Menstrual phase(days 0-5)
• Proliferative phase(days 6-13)
8 Follicular phase (Cont’d)
• The length of the

follicular phase is more
variable .
• In many women older
than 40, the length of
the follicular phase
decreases from about
14 days to about 10
days.
Menstrual
phase
• During this
phase, the
endometrium
is sloughed
because of
low levels of
estrogen.
0
Proliferative phase
• Is described as the time
between menses and
ovulation
• Characterized by rising
levels of estrogen, while
progesterone levels
remain low.
Proliferative phase
• As estrogen levels
rise, the endometrial
lining thickens with
proliferation of
stroma, glands, and
elongation of the
spiral arteries.
Proliferative phase
• The endometrium itself is composed of two
layers, the functionalis,
• which is responsive to ovarian steroids and is
shed with each cycle during menstruation, and
the basalis,
• which serves as the source of endometrial
regeneration
• E2 levels dominate in the proliferative phase,
which regenerates the functionalis layer after
menstrual shedding
13 Luteal(Secretory) Phase
• The secretory phase is the time between
ovulation and the next menses.
• The phase is about 14 days in length and ends

with the onset of menses(days15-28)
• After ovulation, progesterone levels rise, leading

to the secretion of glycogen and mucus and the
endometrium becomes receptive to a fertilized
embryo.
14 Luteal(Secretory) Phase (Cont’d)
• In the late luteal phase, in the absence of

pregnancy and with the fall in both estrogen and
progesterone levels,
• The spiral arteries vasoconstrict and the

endometrium involutes, resulting in menses
• This phase includes the functional lifespan of the corpus
luteum, which supports the released ovum by secreting
progesterone.
• Progesterone secretion increases up to 8 days after the

LH surge.
• Progesterone decreases before menses unless the ovum is

fertilized and pregnancy results.
• A serum progesterone level higher than 10 ng/mL 1 week

before menses is probably diagnostic of normal ovulation.
17 Other Phases
• Ovulatory Phase(OP)
• During this phase, the ovum is released from the
mature graafian follicle about 32 to 34 hours after
the preovulatory LH surge.
• The OP extends from 1 day before the LH surge
to 1 day after the LH surge .
• During the ovulatory phase, a rapid rise in plasma
LH in response to positive estrogen feedback
leads to ovulation.
• As peak LH levels are reached, estradiol levels
drop, but progesterone levels increase
18 Other Phases
19 Signs of Ovulation
• Some women experience unilateral pelvic pain
near the time of ovulation, termed mittelschmerz,
• which occurs before or after ovulation.
• Increased basal body temperature
• Rise in libido
• Spotting may occur

20 Signs of Ovulation (Cont’d)
• Cervical fluid changes
• Senses becomes heightened
21 Signs of Ovulation (Cont’d)
22 Clinical Consideration
• Irregular Cycle
• PCOS
• Determination of ovarian reserved and

oocyte/egg retrieval in IVF
• Contraception
• Determination of fertile period in infertility

23 Clinical Consideration (cont’d)
24 Clinical Consideration (cont’d)

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE

COURSE TITLE: General Embryology

• The length of a menstrual cycle varies, but on

• Females typically reach puberty and start

• It typically lasts 3 to 7 days, with a total blood loss

• The mean age of menarche occurs around age 12

• menopause (the end of the reproductive phase)

• The follicular phase begins with the first day of

• Further Subdivided into two stages or phases:

• The length of the

• The phase is about 14 days in length and ends

• After ovulation, progesterone levels rise, leading

• In the late luteal phase, in the absence of

• The spiral arteries vasoconstrict and the

• Progesterone secretion increases up to 8 days after the

• Progesterone decreases before menses unless the ovum is

• A serum progesterone level higher than 10 ng/mL 1 week

• which occurs before or after ovulation.

• Increased basal body temperature

• Spotting may occur

• Determination of ovarian reserved and

• Determination of fertile period in infertility

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