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    lec09

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    Trisha trisha

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    lec09

    Uploaded by

    Trisha trisha
    3 views39 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    3 views39 pages

    lec09

    Uploaded by

    Trisha trisha

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 39

    Fourier series

    • powerful tools for representing any


    periodic function as a sum of sine and
    cosines series.

    • Means it has infinite Bandwidth


    (BW)

    • Provide inside information of the real


    time signal in frequency domain or
    reciprocal domain
    Fourier Series:
    Orthogonality conditions

    If n and m are different, then

    Cos n Sin m =0

    Cos n Cos m =0

    Sin n Sin m =0
    Replace sin and cos with complex function
    More than 25 harmonic fn
    required to rectangular wave

    Each circle represent a


    sinusoidal function and
    together (in fact you require
    infinite numbers) makes a
    rectangular function

    You all can try to verify by writing series of sinusoidal functions on this link
    https://www.desmos.com/calculator
    1. sin function

    1. Rectangular function

    Each single line represent a frequency


    Dirichlet Conditions

    » A periodic signal x(t), has a Fourier series if it satisfies the


    following conditions:
    1. x(t) is absolutely integrable over any period, namely

    a +T

    ∫ | x(t ) | dt < ∞,
    a
    ∀a ∈ 

    2. x(t) has only a finite number of maxima and minima over


    any period

    3. x(t) has only a finite number of discontinuities over any


    period
    Fourier Transform

    » We have seen that periodic signals can be represented with the


    Fourier series

    » Can aperiodic signals be analyzed in terms of frequency


    components?

    » Yes, and the Fourier transform provides the tool for this analysis

    » The major difference w.r.t. the line spectra of periodic signals is


    that the spectra of aperiodic signals are defined for all real
    values of the frequency variable 𝜔 not just for a discrete set of
    values
    Properties of the Fourier Transform

    » Linearity: x(t ) ↔ X (ω ) y (t ) ↔ Y (ω )

    α x(t ) + β y (t ) ↔ α X (ω ) + β Y (ω )

    − jω t0
    » Left or Right Shift in Time: x(t − t0 ) ↔ X (ω )e

    1 ω 
    » Time Scaling: x(at ) ↔ X  
    a a
    Properties of the Fourier Transform

    » Time Reversal: x(−t ) ↔ X (−ω )

    » Multiplication by a Power of t:
    n
    d
    t x(t ) ↔ ( j )
    n n
    X (ω )
    dω n

    » Multiplication by a Complex Exponential:


    jω 0 t
    x(t )e ↔ X (ω − ω 0 )
    Examples
    Fourier transform time and frequency domain
    Correction: At t=0, it should cross 1 in the y-axis. You may consider some kind of
    normalization
    6 terms of the series
    10 terms of the series
    20 terms of the series

    Sawtooth wave
    6 terms of the series
    10 terms of the series
    20 terms of the series
    Triangular wave

    Correction: At t=0, it should cross 1 in the y-axis


    Oscillations 2
    7
    8 terms of the series
    Wave packets and pulses
    Wave packet Pulses
    Short burst/envelope Non-sinusoidal waveform

    Displacement Displacement

    x x
    Wave packet propagation
    Let us synthesize a wave train by superposing
    a number of sinusoidal oscillations spanning a
    continuous of frequencies.

    Spectral density :
    Spectral density :
    Displacement

    Consider a pulse (here, Gaussian and Rectangular)

    Time
    Rectangle
    Gaussian

    Where,
    t

    At the nodes :

    Uncertainty product :
    For non-dispersive waves

    Signal emitted over a time interval

    Travels a distance

    Uncertainty product :

    = 4π

    The value of the product of Δω and Δt depends on the choice of ρ (ω)


    Physical significance of uncertainty product

    1. For wave packet which last long has very little spread in
    frequency
    2. A short sharp burst with a small spread in time has within it
    a large range of frequencies
    eg. Radio and TV signal

    Wave packet describe the signal received at a certain point in


    space as a function of time
    Model of dispersive medium y

    x
    0,0
    k0is spring constant per unit ∆x
    T
    length

    The vertical restoring force


    ∂2 y 2 ∂ y
    2
    T k0
    = c − ω 2
    0 y ; where c =
    2
    &ω =
    2

    ∂t ∂x µ µ
    2 s 2 s 0

    y = A e i (ω t − k x ) ω
    ⇒ ω 2 = cs2 k 2 + ω02
    Wave with large k almost non-dispersive propagation ω0
    Wave with small k curve deviate from linear behavior
    0 k
    Cut-off frequency ω0 below which no wave can propagate

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