HINDI_163_STUDY

Robert Taylor
HINDI
HINDI_163_STUDY
By the end of the decade, most scientists agreed that evolution occurred, but only a minority
supported Darwin's view that the chief mechanism was natural selection.The Origin of
Species was translated into many languages, becoming a staple scientific text attracting
thoughtful attention from all walks of life, including the "working men" who flocked to
Huxley's lectures.Darwin's theory resonated with various movements at the time[V] and
became a key fixture of popular culture.[VI] Cartoonists parodied animal ancestry in an old
tradition of showing humans with animal traits, and in Britain, these droll images served to
popularise Darwin's theory in an unthreatening way.While ill in 1862, Darwin began
growing a beard, and when he reappeared in public in 1866, caricatures of him as an ape
helped to identify all forms of evolutionism with Darwinism.Othniel C. Marsh, America's
first paleontologist, was the first to provide solid fossil evidence to support Darwin's theory
of evolution by unearthing the ancestors of the modern horse.In 1877, Marsh delivered a
very influential speech before the annual meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, providing a demonstrative argument for evolution.For the first
time, Marsh traced the evolution of vertebrates from fish all the way through
humans.Sparing no detail, he listed a wealth of fossil examples of past life forms.The
significance of this speech was immediately recognized by the scientific community, and it
was printed in its entirety in several scientific journals.=== Descent of Man, sexual selection,
and botany ===

Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work
continued.Having published On the Origin of Species as an abstract of his theory, he pressed
on with experiments, research, and writing of his "big book".He covered human descent
from earlier animals, including the evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as
explaining decorative beauty in wildlife and diversifying into innovative plant
studies.Enquiries about insect pollination led in 1861 to novel studies of wild orchids,
showing adaptation of their flowers to attract specific moths to each species and ensure
cross fertilisation.In 1862 Fertilisation of Orchids gave his first detailed demonstration of
the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable
predictions.As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive
experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants.Admiring visitors included Ernst
Haeckel, a zealous proponent of Darwinism incorporating Lamarckism and Goethe's
idealism.Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to
Spiritualism.Darwin's book The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
(1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful
hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity.It sold briskly at first, despite its
size, and was translated into many languages.He wrote most of a second part, on natural
selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.Lyell had already popularised human
prehistory, and Huxley had shown that anatomically humans are apes.With The Descent of
Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex published in 1871, Darwin set out evidence from
numerous sources that humans are animals, showing continuity of physical and mental
attributes, and presented sexual selection to explain impractical animal features such as the
peacock's plumage as well as human evolution of culture, differences between sexes, and
physical and cultural racial classification, while emphasising that humans are all one
species.According to an editorial in Nature journal: "Although Charles Darwin opposed

slavery and proposed that humans have a common ancestor, he also advocated a hierarchy
of races, with white people higher than others."His research using images was expanded in
his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, one of the first books to
feature printed photographs, which discussed the evolution of human psychology and its
continuity with the behaviour of animals.Both books proved very popular, and Darwin was
impressed by the general assent with which his views had been received, remarking that
"everybody is talking about it without being shocked."His conclusion was "that man with all
his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence
which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like
intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system –
with all these exalted powers – Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his
lowly origin."His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on
Insectivorous Plants, The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom,
different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and The Power of Movement in
Plants.He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific
correspondents all over the world, including Mary Treat, whom he encouraged to persevere
in her scientific work.He was the first person to recognise the significance of carnivory in
plants.His botanical work[IX] was interpreted and popularised by various writers including
Grant Allen and H. G. Wells, and helped transform plant science in the late 19th century and
early 20th century.=== Death and funeral ===
In 1882, he was diagnosed with what was called "angina pectoris" which then meant
coronary thrombosis and disease of the heart.At the time of his death, the physicians
diagnosed "anginal attacks", and "heart-failure"; there has since been scholarly speculation
about his life-long health issues.He died at Down House on 19 April 1882.

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Robert Taylor

popularise Darwin's theory in an unthreatening way.While ill in 1862, Darwin began

helped to identify all forms of evolutionism with Darwinism.Othniel C. Marsh, America's

Advancement of Science, providing a demonstrative argument for evolution.For the first

humans.Sparing no detail, he listed a wealth of fossil examples of past life forms.The

and botany ===

continued.Having published On the Origin of Species as an abstract of his theory, he pressed

explaining decorative beauty in wildlife and diversifying into innovative plant

experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants.Admiring visitors included Ernst

Haeckel, a zealous proponent of Darwinism incorporating Lamarckism and Goethe's

idealism.Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to

Spiritualism.Darwin's book The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication

species.According to an editorial in Nature journal: "Although Charles Darwin opposed

lowly origin."His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on

Plants.He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific

early 20th century.=== Death and funeral ===

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