Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

Listening
Part 1

You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentences

1. A. Sure, just a moment

B. Hello, I can help you
C. Yes, we’ll contact you

2. A. I didn’t look at it once

B. I really enjoyed it there
C. I managed to relax at last

3. A. I haven’t mended that yet

B. I’m afraid that’s too much
C. I am sorry that you did that

4. A. Certainly, sir. I’ll find the time.

B. Alright, love. I’ll do it for you.
C. No way, mate. I’m really busy.

5. A. I’m very happy working here now.

B. I don’t mind working with anyone here.
C. I’ve always dreamed of working here
.
6. A. Yes, That chair looks comfortable.
B. Great, thanks for your advice
C. Well, I never liked his style.

7. A. I don’t know how to do it

B. I can leave that for you
C. I’ll go and check for you

8. A. In the dressing room

B. I’d like to try this on.
C. Sometimes appropriate for summer.
Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

Part 2

Questions 9-14
Complete the form below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

HOMESTAY APPLICATION

Example Answer
Surname: Yuichini
First name: 9 …………………………
Sex: Female Nationality: Japanese

Passport number: 10 …………….. Age: 11………..

Present address: Room 21C, Willow College
Length of homestay: Approx 12 ……………………..
Course enrolled in: 13 …………………………………..
Family preferences: no 14 …………………………
no objection to 15 ………………………….

Part 3
You will hear people speaking in different situations. Match each speakers (15-18)
to the place where the speaker is (A-F). There are TWO EXTRA places which you
do not need to use.

A. How to get to his /her house.

16. Speaker 1 … B. Global environmental problems.
17. Speaker 2 …
C. Why we should sort waste.
18. Speaker 3 …
D. His/her recent trip.
19. Speaker 4 …
E. How to avoid health problems.
F. How to make a handmade present.
Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

Part 4

Choose the exact location for the following places on the map

20 Joe Tremain sculptures

21 Giorgio Catalucci bird sculptures

22 Garden Gallery
23 Long House
Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

Part 5

You will hear three different extracts. For questions 24-29 choose the answer (A,B
or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each
extract.

Extract One

24. How did the woman feel when she first heard about the event was planned?
A)hopeful that she might be able to attend it
B) concerned that she might be inconvenienced by it
C) pleased about the benefits it would bring

25. What does the latest announcement about the event upset the man?
A) He feelsthat a lot of money has been wasted.
B) He thinks that the venue may not be completed on time.
C) He believes that the wrong people are in charge of organizing the event.

Extract Two

26. What has caused the man most annoyance?

A) the lack of clarity in the tutor’s instructions
B) the change in the deadline for submission of the work
C) the amount of support hehas received from his group

27. What is the woman’s attitude to his problem?

A) She is sympathetic to hisposition.
B) She feel that he is exaggerating the problem.
C) She thinks he will learn from the experience.

Extract Three

28. The speakers agree that

A) the plot was convincing.
B) the casting was appropriate.
C) the film was thought-provoking.
29. What did the woman enjoy most about the film?
A) the camerawork
B) the music
C) the characterisation
Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

Part 6

You will hear a part of a lecture. For each question, fill in the missing information
in the numbered space.
Write no more than ONE WORD for each answer.

A SIGNIFICANT FIND

Several fossil skulls were dug up in Ethiopia last

(30)………………………………………
There were at least (31)................................................................... adult skulls and one that
belonged to a child.
Anthropologists now believe that Homo sapiens is not
(32)… ............................................................. from Neanderthals.
The people whose skulls have been found probably used (33)
………………………………………….
They also lived in (34) ................................................................. , a factor which probably
helped them to survive.
The early days of human revolution are still a
(35)… .............................................................. to modern scientists.

READING
Part 1
Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is
somewhere in the rest of the text.
Polar bears

Polar bears are decreasing in number because of climate change. Polar bears depend on
Arctic sea 1 to hunt for their food. In a warming climate, sea ice is disappearing.
Because of this, many polar bears around the Arctic are expected to disappear. Are there
any places in the 2 where polar bears might have a chance to survive when the
3 ice disappears? What would those habitats look like? Would the polar bears
that live there look or act differently?

We 4 a group of polar bears in Southeast Greenland that live in fjords. They

use ice from glaciers as well as sea ice to hunt. We conducted a study looking at their
movement, genetics, and demography. We found that Southeast Greenland polar bears
don’t travel much because of the rugged environment. 5 bears have been isolated
from other polar bears for about 200 years and are a genetically distinct 6 .
Future studies of these polar bears will help with conservation efforts for the species.
Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

Part 2
Read the text below and answer Questions 7-13.
Look at the five online reviews of the Wellington Hotel, A-E.
Which review mentions the following?
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

7 liking the view from the bedroom window

8 finding the receptionists welcoming
9 being pleased with the bedroom
10 becoming confused when booking a room
11 being impressed by the wide choice of food
12 staying in the hotel regularly
13 finding it inconvenient that the hotel was crowded

Five reviews of the Wellington Hotel

A
My husband and I first stayed at the Wellington a few years ago, and we’ve returned
every year since then. When we arrive and check in, we’re always treated like old friends
by the staff, so we very much feel at home. Our one disappointment during our last visit
was that our room overlooked the car park, but that didn’t spoil our stay.

B
The hotel hardly seems to have changed in the last hundred years, and we prefer that to
many modern hotels, which tend to look the same as each other. The Wellington has
character! Our room was very comfortable and quite spacious. We can strongly
recommend the breakfast, though we had to wait for a table as the hotel was so full. That
was a bit annoying, and there was also nowhere to sit in the lounge.

C
We made our reservation by phone without problem, but when we arrived the
receptionist couldn’t see it on the computer system. Luckily there was a room available.
It wasn’t quite what we would have chosen, but it was a pleasure to sit in it with a cup of
tea, and look out at the swimmers and surfers in the sea.

D
We’d be happy to stay at the Wellington again. Although there’s nothing special about
the rooms, the view from the lounge is lovely, and the restaurant staff were friendly and
efficient. Breakfast was a highlight – there was so much on offer we could hardly decide
what to eat. We’d stay another time just for that!

E
The staff all did their jobs efficiently, and were very helpful when we asked for
information about the area. The only difficulty we had was making our reservation online
– it wasn’t clear whether payment for our deposit went through or not, and I had to call
the hotel to find out. Still, once we’d arrived, everything went very smoothly, and we had
a delicious dinner in the restaurant.
Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

Part 3
Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of
headings below. There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of
them. You cannot use any heading more than once.

Questions 14-20
The reading passage has seven sections, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings
i A decrease in the zebra population
ii An obstruction on the traditional route
iii An unknown species
iv Some confusing information
v Staying permanently in the Makgadikgadi
vi Nearly a record in the zebra world
vii Three different ways of living
viii The original aim of the work
ix How was the information passed on?
x Why it is important to study zebras

14 Section A
15 Section B
16 Section C
17 Section D
18 Section E
19 Section F
20 Section G

The Zebras’ long walk across Africa

James Gifford investigates some interesting new research into migration patterns of
zebras living in Botswana in southern Africa.

A
For any animal to travel over 270 km in Botswana partly across the sand and low bush
terrain of the Kalahari Desert is a remarkable achievement. But to do so in 11 days and
without any obvious motivation, as this zebra population does, is quite extraordinary. On
average their journey involves an exhausting round-trip of 588 km – between the
Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

Makgadikgadi salt pan area and the Okavango river – making it second only to the great
trek undertaken by the zebra herds in the Serengeti National Park. However, what is even
more incredible still in my view is that until recently it was completely unheard of.

B
Hattie Bartlam, a researcher, discovered this migration while she was tracking zebra
groups, officially known as harems, by the Okavango River for her PhD, Each harem
consists of a stallion and his seven or eight mares with juvenile foals. There is no loyalty
between zebras beyond this social group, though harems often gather together into so-
called herds. For her study, Hattie had planned to compare the small-scale movement
patterns of 11 different zebra herds in the area.

C
In December, when the annual rains had transformed the roads into rivers, Hattie was,
therefore, more than a little surprised when she checked the data sent by the radio collars
she fits to the zebras she is tracking to find that six of the harems were 270 km away on
the edge of the Makgadikgadi, a huge mineral-rich area where salt has collected over the
years as water evaporates in the heat. Then, when the last of the moisture from the rains
had disappeared in May the following year, five of those harems came wearily back to
the Okavango. This raised the question: why, despite a plentiful supply of food and
water, were the zebras being drawn eastwards to the salt pans? Even more difficult to
understand was what made six of the groups travel so far, while the other five remained
by the Okavango.

D
This discovery created quite a buzz in the research community. I decided to visit Hattie
and she explained that a century ago the large number of Botswana’s zebra and
wildebeest herds and the resulting competition for grass made migration essential. One of
the migration tracks went from the Okavango to Makgadikgadi. But in the late 1960s,
giant fences were put up to stop foot and mouth and other diseases spreading between
wildlife and domestic cattle. One of these went across the migration track. Though the
animals could get round the obstacle, each leg of their journey would now be 200 km
longer – an impossible distance given the lack of permanent water on the extended route.
Even today, with the fence gone (it was taken down in 2004), there is dangerously little
drinking water to support the zebras on the return journey to the Okavango.

E
As a zebra can live up to 20 years, the migration must have skipped at least one
generation during the 40 or so years that the fences were up. This prompts another
question: it has always been assumed that the young of social herbivores like zebras learn
migratory behaviour from their parents, so how did the latest generation learn when and
where to go? Not from their parents, who were prevented from migrating. Did they
follow another species, such as elephants? We may never know.

F
Hattie’s data points to the conclusion that there are several zebra populations adopting
different behaviour. The first, like the vast majority of the Okavango zebras, take it easy,
spending the entire year by the river. The second group, 15,000-20,000 strong, work a bit
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harder. They divide their time between the Makgadikgadi salt pans and the Boteti River,
which is reasonably nearby. They sometimes struggle to find water in the Boteti area
during the dry season, often moving 30 km in search of fresh grazing. Their reward: the
juicy grass around the Makgadikgadi after the rains. The final group of zebras, whose
numbers are more modest (though as yet unknown), must surely be considered as among
the animal kingdom’s most remarkable athletes. By moving between the Okavango and
the salt pans, they enjoy the best of both worlds. But the price they pay is an
extraordinary journey across Botswana.

G
Endangered species naturally tend to grab the headlines, so it’s refreshing for a relatively
abundant animal like the zebra to be the centre of attention for once. Zebras are a vital
part of the food chain: understanding their migration, in turn, helps us to interpret the
movements of their predators, and Hattie’s research has shed light on the impact of
fences on migratory animals. So what triggered her interest in zebras? She explains that it
is easier to get funding to study exciting animals like lions. Crucial as that undoubtedly
is, she believes that herbivores like zebras are key to understanding any ecosystem. The
scientific community is fortunate that people like Hattie are willing to take the hard
option.

Part 4
Read the following text for questions 21-29

How bacteria invented gene editing

This week the UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority okayed a proposal to
modify human embryos through gene editing. The research, which will be carried out at
the Francis Crick Institute in London, should improve our understanding of human
development. It will also undoubtedly attract controversy - particularly with claims that
manipulating embryonic genomes is a first step towards designer babies. Those concerns
shouldn't be ignored. After all, gene editing of the kind that will soon be undertaken at
the Francis Crick Institute doesn't occur naturally in humans or other animals.

It is, however, a lot more common in nature than you might think, and it's been going on
for a surprisingly long time - revelations that have challenged what biologists thought
they knew about the way evolution works. We're talking here about one particular gene
editing technique called CRISPR-Cas, or just CRISPR. It's relatively fast, cheap and easy
to edit genes with CRISPR - factors that explain why the technique has exploded in
popularity in the last few years. But CRISPR wasn't dreamed up from scratch in a
laboratory. This gene editing tool actually evolved in single-celled microbes.

CRISPR went unnoticed by biologists for decades. It was only at the tail end of the 1980s
that researchers studying Escherichia coli noticed that there were some odd repetitive
sequences at the end of one of the bacterial genes. Later, these sequences would be
named Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats - CRISPRs. For
Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

several years the significance of these CRISPRs was a mystery, even when researchers
noticed that they were always separated from one another by equally odd 'spacer' gene
sequences.

Then, a little over a decade ago, scientists made an important discovery. Those 'spacer'
sequences look odd because they aren't bacterial in origin. Many are actually snippets of
DNA from viruses that are known to attack bacteria. In 2005, three research groups
independently reached the same conclusion: CRISPR and its associated genetic
sequences were acting as a bacterial immune system. In simple terms, this is how it
works. A bacterial cell generates special proteins from genes associated with the CRISPR
repeats (these are called CRISPR associated - Cas - proteins). If a virus invades the cell,
these Cas proteins bind to the viral DNA and help cut out a chunk. Then, that chunk of
viral DNA gets carried back to the bacterial cell's genome where it is inserted - becoming
a spacer. From now on, the bacterial cell can use the spacer to recognise that particular
virus and attack it more effectively.

These findings were a revelation. Geneticists quickly realised that the CRISPR system
effectively involves microbes deliberately editing their own genomes - suggesting the
system could form the basis of a brand new type of genetic engineering technology. They
worked out the mechanics of the CRISPR system and got it working in their lab
experiments. It was a breakthrough that paved the way for this week's announcement by
the HFEA. Exactly who took the key steps to turn CRISPR into a useful genetic tool is,
however, the subject of a huge controversy. Perhaps that's inevitable - credit for
developing CRISPR gene editing will probably guarantee both scientific fame and
financial wealth.

Beyond these very important practical applications, though, there's another CRISPR
story. It's the account of how the discovery of CRISPR has influenced evolutionary
biology. Sometimes overlooked is the fact that it wasn't just geneticists who were excited
by CRISPR's discovery - so too were biologists. They realised CRISPR was evidence of
a completely unexpected parallel between the way humans and bacteria fight infections.
We've known for a long time that part of our immune system "learns" about the
pathogens it has seen before so it can adapt and fight infections better in future.
Vertebrate animals were thought to be the only organisms with such a sophisticated
adaptive immune system. In light of the discovery of CRISPR, it seemed some bacteria
had their own version. In fact, it turned out that lots of bacteria have their own version.
At the last count, the CRISPR adaptive immune system was estimated to be present in
about 40% of bacteria. Among the other major group of single-celled microbes - the
archaea - CRISPR is even more common. It's seen in about 90% of them. If it's that
common today, CRISPR must have a history stretching back over millions - possibly
even billions - of years. "It's clearly been around for a while," says Darren Griffin at the
University of Kent.

The animal adaptive immune system, then, isn't nearly as unique as we thought. And
there's one feature of CRISPR that makes it arguably even better than our adaptive
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immune system: CRISPR is heritable. When we are infected by a pathogen, our adaptive
immune system learns from the experience, making our next encounter with that
pathogen less of an ordeal. This is why vaccination is so effective: it involves priming us
with a weakened version of a pathogen to train our adaptive immune system. Your
children, though, won't benefit from the wealth of experience locked away in your
adaptive immune system. They have to experience an infection - or be vaccinated - first
hand before they can learn to deal with a given pathogen.

CRISPR is different. When a microbe with CRISPR is attacked by a virus, the record of
the encounter is hardwired into the microbe's DNA as a new spacer. This is then
automatically passed on when the cell divides into daughter cells, which means those
daughter cells know how to fight the virus even before they've seen it. We don't know for
sure why the CRISPR adaptive immune system works in a way that seems, at least
superficially, superior to ours. But perhaps our biological complexity is the problem, says
Griffin. "In complex organisms any minor [genetic] changes cause profound effects on
the organism," he says. Microbes might be sturdy enough to constantly edit their
genomes during their lives and cope with the consequences - but animals probably aren't.
The discovery of this heritable immune system was, however, a biologically astonishing
one. It means that some microbes write their lifetime experiences of their environment
into their genome and then pass the information to their offspring – and that is something
that evolutionary biologists did not think happened.

Darwin's theory of evolution is based on the idea that natural selection acts on the
naturally occurring random variation in a population. Some organisms are better adapted
to the environment than others, and more likely to survive and reproduce, but this is
largely because they just happened to be born that way. But before Darwin, other
scientists had suggested different mechanisms through which evolution might work. One
of the most famous ideas was proposed by a French scientist called Jean-Bapteste
Lamarck. He thought organisms actually changed during their life, acquiring useful new
adaptations non-randomly in response to their environmental experiences. They then
passed on these changes to their offspring.

People often use giraffes to illustrate Lamarck's hypothesis. The idea is that even deep in
prehistory, the giraffe's ancestor had a penchant for leaves at the top of trees. This early
giraffe had a relatively short neck, but during its life it spent so much time stretching to
reach leaves that its neck lengthened slightly. The crucial point, said Lamarck, was that
this slightly longer neck was somehow inherited by the giraffe's offspring. These giraffes
also stretched to reach high leaves during their lives, meaning their necks lengthened just
a little bit more, and so on. Once Darwin's ideas gained traction, Lamarck's ideas became
deeply unpopular. But the CRISPR immune system - in which specific lifetime
experiences of the environment are passed on to the next generation - is one of a tiny
handful of natural phenomena that arguably obeys Lamarckian principles.

"The realisation that Lamarckian type of evolution does occur and is common enough,
was as startling to biologists as it seems to a layperson," says Eugene Koonin at the
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National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, who explored the idea with his
colleagues in 2009, and does so again in a paper due to be published later this year. This
isn't to say that all of Lamarck's thoughts on evolution are back in vogue. "Lamarck had
additional ideas that were important to him, such as the inherent drive to perfection that
to him was a key feature of evolution," says Koonin. No modern evolutionary biologist
goes along with that idea. But the discovery of the CRISPR system still implies that
evolution isn't purely the result of Darwinian random natural selection. It can sometimes
involve elements of non-random Lamarckism too – a "continuum", as Koonin puts it. In
other words, the CRISPR story has had a profound scientific impact far beyond the doors
of the genetic engineering lab. It truly was a transformative discovery.

Questions 21-25

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C .

21. The research carried out at the Francis Crick Institute in London is likely to be
controversial.

A. True B. False C. Not Given

22. Gene editing, like the one in the upcoming research, can happen naturally in humans or
other animals

A. True B. False C. Not Given

23.CRISPR-Cas is a gene editing technique.

A. True B. False C. Not Given

24. CRISPR was noticed when the researchers saw some odd repetitive sequences at the ends
of all bacterial genes.

A. True B. False C. Not Given

25.A group of American researchers made an important revelation about the CRISPR.

A. True B. False C. Not Given

Questions 26-29

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 26-29on your answer sheet.

Multi-Level Record Abror Rahmatullayev

26. 'Spacer' sequences look odd because:

A. they are a bacterial immune system

B. they are DNA from viruses
C. they aren't bacterial in origin
D. all of the above

27. The ones, who were excited about the CRISPR's discovery, were:

A. biologists
B. geneticists
C. physicists
D. A and B

28. Word "learns" in the line 44, 6th paragraph means:

A. determines
B. gains awarness
C. adapts
D. studies

29. What makes CRISPR better than even our adaptive immune system?

A. long history of existence

B. immortality
C. heritability
D. adaptiveness

Part 5
Read the text below and answer Questions 30-35
How to deal with the annual performance appraisal
The annual performance appraisal can help improve your productivity and provide a
foundation for your work priorities. It is, however, critical to have the right attitude and
approach.
Knowing what areas your superiors see as your weaknesses is the most direct way of
increasing the likelihood of being considered for promotion, if that is what you are
looking for.

Preparation
Send your boss a summary of your achievements. Reminding your boss of activities,
special assignments you did, and projects you were in charge of helps him or her create a
more accurate performance appraisal. Consider keeping notes of these on a regular basis
to make it easier to provide the data when required.
Create a list of questions you would like to discuss during your appraisal. This one-on-
one time with your boss is an excellent opportunity to ask him or her about your role in
the company, request any additional responsibilities you would like and clarify your
priorities. But it is best to focus your attention around personal and professional
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improvements, rather than financial considerations, such as an increase in salary.

During the appraisal
Present a positive attitude as soon as you enter the appraisal room. This approach may
lead to a more constructive discussion of review items. Avoid taking any negative
assessments that are offered as a personal attack, but rather try to take them on board
calmly, because if you put the failings right you will improve your performance. A
realistic assessment of your strengths and weaknesses can be one of the most beneficial
ways of helping you advance in the company.

After the appraisal

Create a list of personal goals based on your performance appraisal. Make the items
detailed and measurable if possible. Send this list to your boss so he or she knows you
took the appraisal seriously. Use this list to help achieve higher scores on your next
performance appraisal.
Six months after the appraisal, ask for a mid-term review with your boss to discuss your
progress. This session should be more relaxed and informal than the official review. Ask
for more feedback to help you improve. Checking in with your boss helps him or her
remember your dedication as far as your job is concerned, and may help remove any
criticisms before they become a review point on your next formal appraisal.

Questions 30-35
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the text for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 30-35 on your answer sheet.

30 By learning at an appraisal what areas of work need improving, staff can improve
their chances of getting …………………… .
31 It is important to think of some ................................. that can be used during the
appraisal.
32 The appraisal can be a good time to ask the boss for extra …………………… .
33 React ................................. to any criticism.
34 It is helpful to identify a number of individual.................................. arising from the
appraisal comments.
35 Staff can request a meeting half-way through the year to look at the
…………………… which has been achieved.