Rangkuman Geografi

Rangkuman Geografi:
Multiple Choice
1. Page 64-65 Earthquakes (2 soal) and Volcanoes (2 soal)
- Earthquakes are triggered from below the Earth’s surface
where rocks suddenly move under great stress. This place is
called the focus or origin.
- The point on the surface above the origin is the epicenter.
- The Richter scale measures the magnitude of earthquakes.
- Volcanoes are formed when a hole in the Earth’s crust allows
magma and gases to be released onto the Earth’s surface.
- Strato-volcanoes are the deadliest type of volcanoes and are
created through convergent plates.
- Shield volcanoes are much flatter and less violent. This is
because they are created with no big build-up pressure. They
are formed through divergent plates.
- The types of volcanoes based on how frequent they erupt:
i. Active, regular eruptions
ii. Dormant, activity can be detected inside and has not
erupted for many years.
iii. Extinct, will not erupt again.
2. Page 66 Plate Tectonics (1 soal)

- Tectonic plates are stable sections of the Earth’s crust.
- Earthquakes happen and volcanoes erupt along plate
boundaries (where two tectonic plates meet).
3. Page 70-71 Hazards (2 soal) and Opportunities (2 soal) for

people.
Hazards:
- Ash clouds from a volcano can disturb air travels.
- The lava is harmful omg
- The lava can melt nearby ice and cause floods.
- Destruction of homes, infrastructure, forests, dan crops.
Opportunities:
- Volcanic heat can be used for hot springs.
- Volcano tourism
- Volcanic heat can provide energy which can be used to
produce electricity.
- Volcanic soils are fertile (subur).
- Volcanic craters can contain sulphur deposits which can be
used for medicine.
4. Page 74 Case Study – Haiti (1 soal)

Many people died and many houses destroyed. Very sad.
Essay
Page 64 Task 3
a. At what strength on the Richter scale can you feel slight
tremors?
3-4
b. When was the Richter scale created?
In 1935 by Charles Richter.
c. When and where was the largest earthquake recorded? What was
its magnitude?
It is the earthquake in Valdivia, Chile in 1960. It had a
magnitude of 9.5
d. Suggests how seismologists may have estimated the magnitude of
earthquakes that took place before the scale existed.
Before the scale existed, seismologists could have looked at the
damage caused by the earthquake to estimate the magnitude.
Seismologists also used another scale before the Richter scale
which was the Mercalli Scale to measure the magnitude.
Page 66 Task 1:
a. Make your own labelled drawing if the earth’s structure.
Ada di buku
b. Why is the structure said to be ‘like an apple’?
Because the Earth has multiple layers just like an apple does.
The Earth has a thin crust, just like an apple has thin skin.
Eart has a mantle as apples has its pulp (the part we eat).
Earth also has a core just like an apple has seeds.
c. What is:
- A tectonic plate: It is a massive, stable section of
the Earth’s crust.
- Magma: It is molten lava that is inside the
volcano/under a tectonic plate. Magma is located
underneath the Earth’s surface.
- The mantle: It is a layer of molten magma in the Earth
that surrounds the Earth’s core.
d. Explain the part played by convention currents in moving
the plates around the mantle.
Convection currents move the plates ever so slowly every year.
The moving plates could create a shield volcano when the
plates diverge OR a strato-volcano when the plates converge.
Page 67 Task 3:
a. Make your own copy of the diagram including the labels.
Ada di buku
b. Write down the meaning and location of each of the
following by referring to plates and boundaries.
- A convergent boundary is the area where two plates collide
and meet each other.
- A divergent boundary is the area when two plates move away
from ea.ch other
- A subducting plate is the plate that goes beneath the other
plate and into the mantle during converging.
- A trench is the place where subduction took place. Trenches
are formed by subduction.
- A ridge is the edge of a divergent plate pushed up by
convection currents.
Page 70 Task 2:
a. When and where did Mount St Helens erupt?
Mount St Helens erupted in Washington, U.S.A. on the 18th of
May in 1980.
b. Describe the change in the appearance of Mount St Helens
after the eruption.
After the eruption, Mount St Helen now has a big crater in the
middle and looks much shorter.
Page 72 Task 1:
a. When did the earthquake strike Christchurch?
On Sunday, the 22nd of February, 2011.
b. Describe the different types of damage done in
Christchurch.
- 185 people were killed by the earthquake.
- Cost of rebuilding was NZ$40 billion (US$33 billion).
- Many buildings collapsed.
c. Contrast the number of deaths and cost of rebuilding in
Christchurch with Haiti. Suggest reasons for these
differences.
- In Christchurch, 185 people died and cost was US$33 billion.
- In Haiti, 220.000 people died and cost was US$14 billion.
This could be because New Zealand (Country of Christchurch) is
an MEDC (More Economically Developed Country) and its
buildings are built with expensive materials that are stronger
and better at withstanding the earthquakes. This explains the
high cost but relatively low death toll. The same could not be
said about Haiti which is an LEDC (Less Economically Developed
Country).
True or False (5 soal)

1. Page 78 Rivers and the water cycle
Once clouds have released the precipitation, the water may:
- Evaporate into the atmosphere
- Be transpired by plants
- Be stored in plants or soil
- Stay in lakes, glaciers, or reservoirs
- Become groundwater
- Flow immediately into rivers.
River terms:
- Width, how wide the river is.
- Depth, how deep the river is.
- Velocity, the speed of the river flow.
- Wetted perimeter, length of the banks that Is in contact
with the water.
- Cross-section area, the area of water
- Discharge, the volume of water that flows per unit of time.
Calculated by multiplying cross section area by velocity.
Hydrological cycle/water cycle:

a. Evaporation
The water from lakes, oceans, etc turn into vapor which
goes to the atmosphere because of the sun.
b. Evapotranspiration
Similar to evaporation, this process also makes water vapor
go to the atmosphere, The only difference is the water
vapor is transpired from plants.
c. Condensation
Then, the water vapor in the atmosphere cools down and
condenses into water droplets. These form clouds and then
rain or snow.
d. Interception
This rainfall is then intercepted by plants or trees before
reaching the ground. Some may reach the ground and become
groundwater or flow on the surface becoming small rivers.
e. Overland flow
Streams flow downhill and the water eventually goes into a
lake or the sea.
2. Page 80 The Work of rivers (😭🙏)

a. Erosion has four main processes:
i. Hydraulic action, erosion from the force and impact of
flowing water
ii. Corrasion (abrasion), rock particles carried by the
water can grind the river bed and banks causing erosion.
This is the most effective process of river erosion.
iii. Attrition, as material wears away the bed and banks,
the material also becomes smaller and more round,
becoming less effective in doing erosion.
iv. Solution (corrosion), some rocks dissolve in water,
like limestone.
b. There are four types of loads that are transported by

the river:
i. Solution load. Minerals are dissolved in a solution.
This one requires the least energy.
ii. Suspension load. Very light materials are carried
near the surface which gives the river its color.
iii. Saltation load, small pebbles and rocks being
carried along the riverbed.
iv. Traction load, heavy rocks and boulders being rolled
along the riverbed. This requires to most energy.
c. Depostion
Depostion is when the river lets go of the material its
carrying like small pebbles because it doesn’t have enough
energy as the river slows down.
d. Erosion of river valleys.

There are two main types of erosion involved in changing
the river valley shape:
i. Vertical erosion.
Vertical erosion is the downward cutting of water towards
the riverbed and makes the river deeper. This results in
V-shape rivers.
ii. Lateral erosion.
Lateral erosion is when erosion happens in the side parts
of the river causing it to get wider.
In the upper course, vertical erosion is more common

because it is steeper therefore V-shapes are more common in
upper courses.
But as the river gets closer to the sea, there is more
lateral erosion and the V flattens into a much wider shape.
Matching
Page 94 source B (5 soal)
ada di di buku, hapal diagramny
Page 79 source C (5 soal)
ada di di buku, hapal diagramny

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Rangkuman Geografi:

2. Page 66 Plate Tectonics (1 soal)

3. Page 70-71 Hazards (2 soal) and Opportunities (2 soal) for

4. Page 74 Case Study – Haiti (1 soal)

True or False (5 soal)

Hydrological cycle/water cycle:

2. Page 80 The Work of rivers (😭🙏)

b. There are four types of loads that are transported by

d. Erosion of river valleys.

In the upper course, vertical erosion is more common

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