ENG523 Notes for Mids by Maha Malik

Adjacency pairs
An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two
speakers. The turns are functionally related to each other in such a fashion that the first turn
requires a certain type or range of types of second turn.
Big “C” Conversations (Tools of Inquiry)
“Conversations” (with a capital “C”) are debates in society or within specific social groups (over
focused issues like smoking, abortion, or school reform) that large numbers of people recognize,
both in terms of what “sides” there are to take in such debates and what sorts of people tend to be
on each side.
Collocational Patterns
Any pattern of words or grammatical structures (types of words and phrases and clauses) that
“hang together” to betoken a particular social language (and the identity associated with it) in the
way in which sun hat, swimsuit, sunscreen, a towel, and flip-flops “hang together” to betoken a
“sunbather.”
Conversational Analysis
A detailed form of discourse analysis that sees conversation as the basic human communicational
form and seeks to explicate how people produce and reproduce social order through talk and
orientation to talk and each other in social interaction. The approach is almost always just spelled
as “CA” and is a branch of sociology (one that gives up building grand sociological theories in
favor of describing the order people actually create and how they create and sustain that order).
Manny Schegloff at the University of California at Los Angeles is the best living practitioner of
CA.
Critical Discourse Analysis
Any form of discourse analysis that seeks to engage with politics (see the Glossary entry for
“politics”). Critical discourse analysis deals with whose “interests” are represented, helped, or
harmed as people speak and write. When “critical discourse analysis” is spelled as “CDA” it often
refers to the work of Norman Fairclough and his associates.
Eliciting Exchange
The most common exchange in the classroom is an eliciting exchange (Willis, 1992, pg.113).
These exchanges begin with the teacher asking a question (usually one they already know the
answer to).
Identity
A word used for lots of different things. What I mean by it in this book is this: Different ways of
being in the world at different times and places for different purposes; for example, ways of being
a “good student,” an “avid bird watcher,” a “mainstream politician,” a “tough cop,” a video-game
“gamer,” a “Native American,” and so on and so forth through a nearly endless list. I do not mean
your core sense of self, who you take yourself “essentially” to be, though that is an important
notion as well. I often use the term “socially situated identity” or “social identity” instead of just
the word “identity” to make clear I am talking about how we recognize and act out different social
roles or different social positions in society.
language Function
A language function refers to what students do with language as they engage with content and
interact with others.
Minimal Responses
Responses such as mmmm and yeah are known as minimal responses.
Semiotics
A term for the study of sign systems.
Sign
Any word or symbol (which could be an image or object) that has meaning (stands for something
else thanks to a given concept, interpretation, and convention which relates to the sign and the
thing it stands for).
Textual Pattern
A level of interpretation which we are involved in as we process texts is that of recognizing textual
pattern.
Utterance-Token Meaning
It refers to “situated meaning”.
1. Pairs of utterances such as greeting-greeting and apology-acceptance are called .

(adjacency pairs)
2. In the field of research, when did psychologists start using discourse analysis? (1960)
3. Who developed a model for the description of teacher-pupil talk, based on a hierarchy of
discourse units? (Sinclair and Coulthard)
4. The usage of linguistic devices to join sentences together, including conjunctions and
reference words is called . (cohesion)
5. Conversation analysis is an approach to the analysis of discourse. (spoken)
6. Halliday’s framework emphasizes on the of speech and writing. (thematic-
structure, informational structure, social-functions, all of the given)
7. Conversation analysis works with the recordings of data and carries out careful
and fine-grained analyses. (spoken)
8. What discourse markers are used for? (joining ideas)
9. A/An is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by
the two speakers. (adjacency pair)
10. The field of discourse analysis emerged in . (1950)
11. A formal way of thinking that uses language is known as . (discourse)
12. Right and left carats indicate that the talk between them was . (compressed)
13. Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between
language, context and . (culture)
14. An activity in which two or more people take turns to speak is called .
(conversation)
15. Conversation analysis works with the recordings of data and carries out
careful and fine-grained. (spoken)
16. A hyphen indicates an abrupt cut-off or of the sound in progress. (self-
interruption)
17. Discourse markers are used . (delaying tactic, all of the given option,
the initiate discourse, to mark a boundary)
18. Boundary exchanges contain two moves which are . (framing and focusing)
19. Stories are warning others about the dangers or negative consequences
surrounding the topic at hand. (cautionary)
20. Context within the discourse, that is, the relationship between the words, phrases,
sentences and even paragraphs known as context. (linguistic)
21. A formal way of thinking that uses language is known as . (discourse)
22. According to Martin (1993), British discourse analysis was greatly influenced by
Halliday’s to language. (functional approach)
23. Teaching exchanges in speech language can be further divided into sub-
categories. (ten)
24. According to Willis Towers Watson, a group of people used in their writing.
(symbols)
25. Anecdotes are valuable literary devices because of their diversity in style, tone, and
. (utility)
26. ‘essay’ and ‘notice’ are part of . (text analysis)
27. Zellig Harris was interested in the distribution of in extended texts.
(Linguistic elements)
28. A hyphen indicates an abrupt cut-off or of the sound in progress. (self-
interruption)
29. Rhetoric is the , practice and study of human communication. (art)
30. Conversation analysis (CA) is an approach to the study of social interaction that
emerged in the . (1960s)
31. Conversation analysis is an approach is the analysis of discourse. (spoken)
32. Conversation analysis works with the recordings of . (spoken)
33. Which one is a type of communicative event in which speech is the main
component? (speech event)
34. The analysis of language beyond the sentences is called . (discourse analysis)
35. Discourse refers to information which can only be interpreted by reference to .
(context)
36. In speech events, there is enormous in what people say in different
circumstances. (likeness)
37. Choose the best suited discourse marker for the given sentence.
Mark heard the news on the radio he was driving home. (while)
38. Who published a paper with the title ‘Discourse analysis’? (Zellig Harris)
39. According to Martin (1993), British discourse analysis was greatly influenced by
Halliday’s to language. (functional approach)
1. Accordingto H. Pal Grice (1975), the purpose of cooperative principle is to get
communication as informative as clearly. (effective)
2. Internal grammatical structure of words and phrases as well as the word are known as
language . (forms)
3. Language learning refers to the learning of a language in the classroom. (informal)
4. The study of language and political economy emerged during the from parallel
currents in several fields. (1980s)
5. Speech community is a term in used to describe a group of people who share the
same language. (discourse analysis)
6. Linguist , argues that it’s logical to assume that a shared language like
English, which is spoken throughout the world, is a speech community. (Muriel Saville-
Troike)
7. An individual who lives and participates in more than one cultural setting is known as .
(bicultural)
8. Functions represent the active use of for a specific purpose. (language)
9. People who study issues of migration and ethnic identity use theory. (social
community)
10. Discourse knowledge relates language preferably to psychological as well as
contexts. (social)
11. What a speaker (or writer) assumes is true or known by a listener (or reader).
(presupposition)
12. One of the foundational concepts in pragmatics is theory. (speech act)
13. Language ideologies is associated with preferably methods such as
ethnography discourse analysis. (qualitative)
14. Functions represent the active use of for a specific purpose. (language)
15. The performance of an utterance and its meaning is called . (illocutionary
act)
16. Discourse knowledge relates language preferably to psychological as well as
contexts. (social)
17. Which of the following is a traditional topic in sociology? (social inequality)
18. As a speaker, we have to tell the truth or something that is provable by adequate
evidence is named as maxim of . (quality)
19. J.R. Searle suggested that the basic unit of linguistic communication is .
(speech act)
20. An individual who lives and participates in more than one cultural setting is known
as . (bicultural)
21. A theory of language is a theory of . (action)
22. Language ideologies and language attitudes were created by researchers in the
second half of the . (20th century)
23. According to H. Paul Grice (1975), the purpose of cooperative principle is to get
communication. (effective)
24. Speech act theory was developed by , a British philosopher of languages.
(J. L. Austin)
25. A famous linguist pioneered research in how personal interaction
can influence ways of speaking and interpreting. (John Gumperz)

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Adjacency pairs

1. Pairs of utterances such as greeting-greeting and apology-acceptance are called .

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