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    of 6

    DPT-772: CARDIAC SURGERIES LECTURE EXAM QUESTIONS

    AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED

    What is Cardiac Catheterization?

    Diagnostic procedure to test or diagnose heart problems.

    What is Angiography?

    X-ray imaging of blood vessels using dye injection.

    What is Cardiac Surgery: Revascularization?

    Procedure to restore blood flow to blocked coronary arteries.

    What is Percutaneous Coronary Intervention?

    Less invasive procedure to treat coronary artery blockages.

    What is Angioplasty?

    Procedure to open blocked coronary arteries using a balloon-tipped catheter.

    What is Atherectomy?

    Procedure to remove plaque from coronary arteries using a catheter device.

    What is Stenting?

    Placement of a mesh tube (stent) in a coronary artery to keep it open.

    What is Coronary Artery Bypass Graft?

    Surgical procedure to bypass blocked coronary arteries.

    What is SVG?

    Saphenous vein graft used in coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

    What is LIMA (R)?


    Left internal mammary artery used in coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

    What is Off Pump?

    Coronary artery bypass graft surgery performed without using a heart-lung machine.

    What is MIDCAB?

    Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery.

    What is Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty?

    Procedure to open blocked coronary arteries using a balloon-tipped catheter.

    What is a Coronary Artery?

    Blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

    What is a Coronary Stent?

    Mesh tube placed in a coronary artery to keep it open.

    What is the purpose of checking groin sites?

    To assess for bleeding after cardiac procedures.

    What are the different types of atherectomy catheter devices?

    Orbital, directional, rotational, or laser.

    What is the risk associated with atherectomy?

    Higher risk of perforation compared to other procedures.

    What is the purpose of a coronary stent?

    To maintain blood flow in a coronary artery after angioplasty.

    What is a stent?

    A small stainless tube with slots (mesh-like).

    How is a stent delivered to the blockage?

    On a balloon catheter.
    What happens when the balloon is inflated?

    The stent expands and pushes against the inner wall of the artery.

    What is the purpose of a stent?

    To hold the artery open after the balloon is deflated and removed.

    What can form around a stent?

    Scar tissue or thrombi.

    What can scar tissue or thrombi cause?

    Restenosis.

    What therapy is used to prevent restenosis?

    Antiplatelet therapy.

    What is revascularization?

    Angioplasty with stent.

    What are bare metal stents?

    Stents without a drug coating.

    What are drug-eluting stents?

    Stents coated with a cell antiproliferative drug.

    What is the benefit of drug-eluting stents?

    Less risk of restenosis.

    What does CABG stand for?

    Coronary Artery Bypass Graft.

    What is CABG?

    A procedure where a piece of vessel is used to bypass a blocked area in the coronaries.

    How many surgeries can be done in a CABG?


    1-4 surgeries.

    What is harvested in a CABG?

    Vein (SVG, radial).

    Where is the anastomosis done in a CABG?

    At one end of the graft at the beginning of the aorta and the second distal to the

    coronary artery obstruction.

    What is CABG with SVG?

    Coronary Artery Bypass Graft with Saphenous Vein.

    What is CABG with LIMA?

    Coronary Artery Bypass Graft with Left Internal Mammary Artery.

    What is the benefit of CABG with LIMA?

    Only one end of the graft needs to be reconnected.

    How is MIDCAB performed?

    Off pump, on a beating heart.

    What are the types of valvular surgery?

    Commissurotomy, Balloon Valvuloplasty, Valve Replacement (MVR/AVR).

    What is valve repair with valvular ring (annuloplasty)?

    Repairing a valve with a ring to fix prolapse or leakage.

    What is commissurotomy?

    Open heart surgery to repair a narrowed mitral valve.

    What is balloon valvuloplasty?

    Minimally invasive procedure to dilate stenotic valves using a balloon.

    What is valve replacement with valvular ring?


    Replacing a valve and repairing the annulus with a ring.

    What is valve replacement?

    Replacing a valve with a mechanical or bioprosthetic valve.

    What is valve repair: papillary muscle and chordae tendineae repair?

    Repairing the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae of a valve.

    What does TAVR stand for?

    Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

    When is TAVR used?

    For patients too high risk for open heart surgery

    What are the different access points for TAVR?

    Transfemoral (TF), Transapical (TA), Transaortic (TAo)

    What are the outcomes of TAVR?

    Varies based on patient factors and comorbidities

    What are the surgical management options for heart failure?

    LVAD, RVAD, BiVAD, Ventriculectomy

    What does LVAD stand for?

    Left Ventricular Assist Device

    What is the purpose of an LVAD?

    Bridge to transplantation or alternative for end-stage heart failure patients

    How does an LVAD work?

    Takes over the work of the left ventricle, electrically driven by a battery pack

    What is Batisti's Ventriculectomy?

    Surgical procedure to reduce the size and increase efficiency of the left ventricle
    What are sternal wound precautions?

    Precautions to protect the surgical incision site on the sternum

    What is an Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump used for?

    To support a weakened left ventricle

    How does an Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump work?

    Inflates during diastole, deflates during systole to decrease workload of the failing LV

    What are pacemakers used for?

    To generate an artificial electrical impulse to replace the heart's rhythm

    What are the different types of pacemakers?

    Permanent (PPM), Semi-permanent, Epicardial

    What is an ICD used for?

    To detect and correct life-threatening arrhythmias

    Can a pacemaker and ICD be combined?

    Yes, it can have PPM plus ICD

    What are the precautions after pacemaker/ICD implantation?

    Precautions for 4-6 weeks

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