Psychoanalytic Criticism

Essay questions
1.Define Psychoanalysis. How does it influence literary criticism

Definition of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality and a therapeutic technique developed by Sigmund

Freud in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It explores the influence of the unconscious
mind on human behavior, focusing on elements like repressed desires, unresolved childhood
conflicts, and the interplay between the id (instincts), ego (rational self), and superego (moral
conscience). Central to psychoanalysis are concepts like dream interpretation, free
association, and the significance of defense mechanisms.

Psychoanalysis in Literary Criticism

Psychoanalysis significantly influences literary criticism by providing a framework to

analyze texts through the lens of unconscious drives, repressed emotions, and symbolic
meanings. It helps uncover the psychological dimensions of characters, authors, and readers,
offering deeper insights into literary works. Below are key areas where psychoanalysis
intersects with literary criticism:

1. Analysis of Characters

Psychoanalysis enables critics to explore the psychological makeup of fictional characters,

treating them as if they were real people with complex inner lives. For example:

 Freudian Concepts: The id, ego, and superego help explain a character's
motivations. Hamlet's indecision, for instance, can be analyzed as a conflict between
his id’s impulses and his superego’s moral constraints.
 Oedipus Complex: The analysis of familial relationships, such as those in Sophocles'
Oedipus Rex, illustrates unconscious desires and their effects.

2. Exploration of Authors' Psyches

Literary criticism also applies psychoanalysis to study the unconscious motivations of

authors. This biographical approach interprets how an author’s repressed desires and personal
conflicts manifest in their works. For instance, Freud’s analysis of Leonardo da Vinci focused
on how childhood memories influenced his creativity.

3. Symbolism and Themes

Psychoanalysis is instrumental in interpreting symbols and themes in literature. Texts are

often seen as reflections of the unconscious, where dreams, fantasies, and desires are
disguised.
  Dream Interpretation: Psychoanalysis uses dream symbolism to decode latent
content. For instance, in Kafka's The Metamorphosis, Gregor Samsa's transformation
can symbolize alienation and suppressed anxiety.
 Archetypes and Myths: Jungian psychoanalysis extends Freud's theories, focusing
on collective unconscious elements like archetypes and universal myths in works like
Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.

4. Reader Response and Reception

Psychoanalysis examines the psychological relationship between the text and its readers,
highlighting how readers project their unconscious desires and fears onto a text. This
perspective emphasizes the subjective nature of interpretation and the text’s impact on
individual psyches.

Conclusion

Psychoanalysis has profoundly influenced literary criticism by deepening the understanding

of the psychological underpinnings of literature. It opens new avenues to explore the
unconscious mind, enriching interpretations of characters, authors, symbols, and reader
responses. Through this lens, literature becomes a medium to navigate the complex terrains
of human psychology, making it a powerful tool in the critical analysis of texts.

2.Discuss Freud's Contribution to Psychoanalysis.

Introduction to Freud's Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, revolutionized psychology by introducing a

framework to understand the human mind and its unconscious dynamics. His theories
emphasized the role of unconscious desires, childhood experiences, and mental conflicts in
shaping behavior. These concepts not only influenced psychology but also permeated
literature, philosophy, and cultural studies.

1. The Structure of the Mind

Freud proposed a tripartite model of the mind, comprising:

 Id: The reservoir of primal instincts and desires operating on the pleasure principle.
 Ego: The rational self, balancing the id's demands with reality.
 Superego: The moral conscience, representing societal norms and values.
This model explains inner psychological conflicts and their manifestations in behavior
and creativity.

2. The Role of the Unconscious

Freud emphasized the unconscious as the repository of repressed memories, desires, and
emotions. He believed unconscious thoughts shape conscious behavior and dreams, offering
insights into hidden mental processes. His method of free association and dream analysis
aimed to access and interpret these unconscious elements.
3. Psychosexual Development

Freud's theory of psychosexual development outlined five stages—oral, anal, phallic, latency,
and genital—that influence personality. He introduced the concept of the Oedipus Complex,
suggesting that unconscious desires toward the opposite-sex parent play a central role in
psychological development.

4. Defense Mechanisms

Freud identified defense mechanisms, such as repression, denial, and projection, as strategies
the ego employs to manage anxiety and conflicts between the id and superego.

Conclusion

Freud's contributions to psychoanalysis provided a foundation for understanding the

complexities of the human mind. His theories continue to influence disciplines beyond
psychology, offering valuable tools for analyzing human behavior, creativity, and cultural
expressions.

3. What according to Freud, is the important of dreams.

Freud's Perspective on the Importance of Dreams

According to Sigmund Freud, dreams are a window into the unconscious mind, revealing
repressed desires, unresolved conflicts, and hidden emotions. In his groundbreaking work,
The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud argued that dreams serve as a form of wish
fulfillment, providing an outlet for desires that are unacceptable or inaccessible in waking
life.

Manifest and Latent Content

Freud distinguished between the manifest content (the literal storyline of a dream) and the
latent content (its hidden, symbolic meaning). He believed that the manifest content often
disguises the true meaning of the dream through processes like condensation, displacement,
and symbolism. For example, a seemingly ordinary dream about a journey might symbolize a
deeper desire for personal transformation.

Dreams as Psychological Insight

Freud viewed dreams as a vital tool for accessing the unconscious mind. By analyzing
dreams through free association, he sought to uncover repressed memories and unresolved
issues that influence behavior and mental health. Dreams, therefore, act as a therapeutic
mechanism, offering clues to the workings of the psyche.

Conclusion

For Freud, dreams were not random or meaningless but a pathway to understanding the
unconscious. Their importance lies in their ability to illuminate hidden aspects of the mind,
offering insight into human desires, fears, and inner conflicts.
4. Discuss Jacques Lacan's Contribution to Psychoanalytical criticism.

Introduction to Jacques Lacan

Jacques Lacan, a French psychoanalyst and philosopher, is a pivotal figure in

psychoanalytical criticism. Drawing from Freud's foundational theories, Lacan reinterpreted
psychoanalysis through the lens of structuralism, linguistics, and postmodern thought. His
contributions reshaped literary criticism, offering novel ways to analyze texts and human
subjectivity.

1. The Mirror Stage

Lacan introduced the concept of the Mirror Stage, which describes the moment in infancy
when a child recognizes its reflection in a mirror and begins to perceive itself as an
independent entity. This recognition creates a split between the real self and the idealized
self-image, leading to the development of the ego. In literary criticism, this concept helps
explore characters’ fragmented identities and their struggle for self-coherence.

2. The Three Orders: Real, Imaginary, and Symbolic

Lacan's framework divides human experience into three orders:

 The Real: The unattainable, pre-linguistic reality beyond language.

 The Imaginary: The world of images, illusions, and the ego.
 The Symbolic: The realm of language, social structures, and cultural norms.
In literary criticism, this model is used to analyze characters’ interactions with
societal expectations and their internal conflicts.

3. "The Unconscious is Structured Like a Language"

Lacan argued that the unconscious operates through language, relying on symbols,
metaphors, and metonymy. This idea emphasizes that texts, like the unconscious, are
structured linguistically, allowing critics to analyze recurring symbols and narrative patterns
to uncover hidden meanings.

Conclusion

Lacan's contributions, particularly his focus on language, identity, and the unconscious,
enriched psychoanalytical criticism. By blending psychoanalysis with structuralism, he
provided critics with sophisticated tools to dissect texts, unravel characters’ psyches, and
explore the interplay of language and desire in literature.

5.Summarize Lacan's views in The Insistence of the letter in the

Unconscious

Lacan's Views in "The Insistence of the Letter in the Unconscious"

In his seminal essay "The Insistence of the Letter in the Unconscious", Jacques Lacan asserts
that the unconscious is structured like a language. Drawing from Ferdinand de Saussure’s
linguistic theories, Lacan reinterprets Freudian psychoanalysis through the framework of
structural linguistics, emphasizing the pivotal role of language in shaping human subjectivity.

The Signifier and the Signified

Lacan adopts Saussure's distinction between the signifier (sound or word) and the signified
(concept or meaning) but shifts their relationship. For Lacan, signifiers do not directly
correspond to fixed meanings; instead, they form chains of associations, where meaning is
deferred and constantly reinterpreted. This fluidity mirrors the workings of the unconscious,
which communicates through symbols, metaphors, and metonymy.

The Primacy of Desire

Lacan emphasizes that desire is central to the unconscious, mediated by the Symbolic order
(language and cultural norms). Unconscious desires are articulated indirectly through
linguistic structures, such as slips of the tongue, dreams, and symbolic acts.

Conclusion

Lacan's essay revolutionized psychoanalysis by situating language at the core of the

unconscious. His insights transformed literary criticism, offering a linguistic lens to explore
how texts function as systems of meaning and how they reflect the complexities of desire and
subjectivity.

Paragraph questions
1.Write a note on Psychoanalytical criticism.

Psychoanalytical Criticism: A Brief Overview

Psychoanalytical criticism applies the principles of psychoanalysis, pioneered by Sigmund

Freud, to interpret literature. It examines how unconscious desires, repressed emotions, and
psychological conflicts influence characters, authors, and readers. Key concepts include
Freud's id, ego, and superego, dream symbolism, and defense mechanisms. Jacques Lacan
expanded this by linking the unconscious to language and emphasizing identity formation
through the "Mirror Stage." This criticism explores themes of desire, trauma, and repression,
revealing hidden layers of meaning in texts. It provides tools for analyzing characters’
psyches, authorial motivations, and reader-text interactions, enriching the understanding of
human behavior and creativity.

2. How does Freudian Interpretation work in Psychoanalytical Criticism.

Freudian Interpretation in Psychoanalytical Criticism

Freudian interpretation applies Sigmund Freud’s theories to analyze literature by uncovering

unconscious desires, repressed emotions, and symbolic meanings. Texts are seen as
manifestations of the unconscious, much like dreams. Freud’s concepts of the id, ego, and
superego help explore characters' motivations, while dream analysis reveals hidden meanings
through symbols, condensation, and displacement. Repression and defense mechanisms, like
denial or projection, provide insight into characters’ conflicts and authors’ unconscious
influences. For example, works like Shakespeare’s Hamlet are analyzed for Oedipal themes.
Freudian interpretation enriches literary criticism by decoding psychological layers, offering
a deeper understanding of human behavior and creativity.

3. Write the influence of Freudian Psychoanalytic Critics

Influence of Freudian Psychoanalytic Critics

Freudian psychoanalytic critics revolutionized literary analysis by focusing on the

unconscious mind, repressed desires, and symbolic meanings in texts. They provided tools to
explore characters’ psychological motivations, authors’ hidden influences, and readers’
emotional responses. Concepts like the Oedipus complex, defense mechanisms, and dream
symbolism offered fresh perspectives on classics like Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Kafka’s The
Metamorphosis. These critics expanded the scope of interpretation by connecting literature to
human psychology, revealing deeper, often hidden layers of meaning. Their work has
profoundly impacted fields like structuralism, poststructuralism, and cultural studies, making
psychoanalysis a cornerstone of modern literary theory.

4. Who are the major Practitioners of Freudian Psychoanalytic Criticism

Major Practitioners of Freudian Psychoanalytic Criticism

Freudian psychoanalytic criticism has been shaped by several notable practitioners who
applied Sigmund Freud’s theories to literature, interpreting texts through psychological
insights. Below are some key figures and their contributions, along with examples of their
works:

1. Ernest Jones

 Contribution: A close associate of Freud, Jones applied psychoanalysis to literary

criticism, particularly exploring Shakespearean works.
 Example: In Hamlet and Oedipus (1949), Jones analyzed Shakespeare’s Hamlet
through the Oedipus complex, arguing Hamlet's hesitation to avenge his father stems
from repressed desires for his mother.

2. Lionel Trilling

 Contribution: Trilling integrated Freudian psychoanalysis with cultural and literary

criticism, exploring the unconscious forces shaping texts and societies.
 Example: His essay Freud and Literature (1950) discusses how Freudian ideas
enhance understanding of authors like Dostoevsky and characters like Anna Karenina.

3. Marie Bonaparte

 Contribution: Bonaparte, a direct student of Freud, combined psychoanalysis and

biography, interpreting literary works as expressions of their authors' unconscious
minds.
  Example: Her study Edgar Allan Poe: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation (1933) links
Poe’s dark themes to his personal traumas and repressed emotions.

4. Harold Bloom

 Contribution: Bloom utilized Freud’s concepts of repression and desire in literary

theory, especially in the study of influence and originality among writers.
 Example: In The Anxiety of Influence (1973), Bloom explores how writers struggle
with the unconscious influence of their predecessors.

5. Jacques Lacan

 Contribution: Although extending Freud’s ideas, Lacan’s psychoanalytical criticism

emphasizes language and symbolic orders in the unconscious.
 Example: Lacan’s analysis of Poe’s The Purloined Letter highlights linguistic
structures and unconscious drives in storytelling.

5. What Lacanian critics do in Psychoanalytic Criticism

Lacanian Critics in Psychoanalytic Criticism

Lacanian critics focus on Jacques Lacan’s reinterpretation of Freud’s theories, emphasizing

the role of language, the unconscious, and identity formation. They analyze texts through
Lacan's concepts like the Mirror Stage, where the self is fragmented and constructed through
an idealized image. Lacanian critics also explore the Symbolic, Imaginary, and Real orders,
which influence characters’ psyches and desires. They emphasize that meaning in literature
arises from linguistic structures and unconscious processes rather than fixed representations.
By focusing on language and subjectivity, Lacanian criticism uncovers deeper, often
unconscious, layers of meaning in literary works.

6. Who are the major Practitioners of Lacanian Psychoanalytic Criticism.

Major Practitioners of Lacanian Psychoanalytic Criticism

Lacanian psychoanalytic criticism, rooted in Jacques Lacan's reimagining of Freud's theories,

focuses on language, identity, and the unconscious. Several key figures have contributed to
this approach, applying Lacanian concepts to literature and cultural analysis.

1. Jacques Lacan

 Contribution: Lacan is the originator of Lacanian psychoanalytic theory, influencing

literary and cultural criticism by emphasizing the role of language in the unconscious
and subject formation.
 Example: In Écrits (1966), Lacan discusses the Mirror Stage and the Symbolic,
Imaginary, and Real orders, offering frameworks for analyzing identity and desire in
literature.

2. Slavoj Žižek
  Contribution: Žižek is a prominent Lacanian theorist who blends Lacanian
psychoanalysis with Marxist theory, exploring ideology, culture, and popular texts.
 Example: In The Sublime Object of Ideology (1989), Žižek applies Lacanian concepts
to film and ideology, analyzing how unconscious desires shape societal structures.

3. Julia Kristeva

 Contribution: Kristeva, influenced by Lacan, extended his ideas by exploring

language, the semiotic, and the maternal in literary theory.
 Example: In Powers of Horror (1982), Kristeva investigates abjection, a concept tied
to Lacan's ideas of the Real, exploring how the unconscious interacts with identity
and literature.

4. Joan Copjec

 Contribution: Copjec applies Lacanian psychoanalysis to film theory and cultural

criticism, focusing on how unconscious structures shape meaning in narrative.
 Example: In Read My Desire (1994), Copjec explores how Lacanian theory can
illuminate the relationship between desire and cultural production, particularly in
visual media.

5. Shoshana Felman

 Contribution: Felman integrates Lacanian psychoanalysis with feminist theory,

analyzing how the unconscious shapes gender and sexuality in literature.
 Example: In Writing and Madness (1985), Felman examines the works of authors
like Freud and Proust through a Lacanian lens, focusing on the intersections of
language, madness, and subjectivity.

Short answer questions

1. What is psychoanalytic criticism?

Psychoanalytic criticism applies Freud’s theories of the unconscious, repression, and desire to
literature, analyzing characters, themes, and symbols to reveal deeper psychological
meanings within texts.

2. What is the Oedipus Complex in psychoanalytic criticism?

The Oedipus Complex, proposed by Freud, suggests that a child harbors unconscious desires
for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward the same-sex parent, often influencing
character dynamics in literature.

3. How does Freudian psychoanalytic criticism interpret symbols?

Freudian critics interpret symbols as expressions of repressed desires or unconscious
thoughts. Symbols in dreams, actions, or narrative elements reflect hidden meanings related
to psychological conflicts.

4. What role does the unconscious play in psychoanalytic criticism?

The unconscious is central to psychoanalytic criticism, as it shapes thoughts, actions, and

literary expression. Texts reflect repressed desires, unresolved conflicts, and deep
psychological tensions hidden beneath surface meanings.

5. How do defense mechanisms relate to psychoanalytic criticism?

Defense mechanisms, like repression and denial, are used to cope with anxiety. In
psychoanalytic criticism, these mechanisms help analyze how characters avoid confronting
painful truths or desires in literature.

1. What is Freud’s concept of the unconscious?

Freud’s unconscious is a reservoir of repressed desires, memories, and thoughts influencing

behavior and dreams. In psychoanalytic criticism, it reveals hidden motives and
psychological conflicts in characters and narratives.

2. What is the role of the id, ego, and superego?

Freud’s model divides the psyche into the id (instincts), ego (rational self), and superego
(moral conscience). These interact to shape behavior, often reflecting internal conflicts in
literary characters.

3. How does Freud’s theory apply to literature?

Freud’s theory interprets literature by analyzing characters' unconscious desires, conflicts,

and repressed emotions. Symbolism, dream analysis, and defense mechanisms reveal deeper
psychological meanings and hidden motives in texts.

4. What is Freud’s theory of dream analysis?

Freud’s dream analysis suggests dreams are expressions of repressed desires and unconscious
thoughts. In literary criticism, dreams and symbols in texts reveal deeper psychological
insights into characters and themes.
5. What is the Oedipus Complex?

The Oedipus Complex, in Freudian theory, is a child’s unconscious desire for the opposite-
sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent. This dynamic is often analyzed in literary
characters and plots.

1. What is Lacan’s Mirror Stage?

The Mirror Stage, according to Lacan, is when an infant recognizes itself in a mirror, forming
the ego. This creates a split between the ideal self and the real self.

2. What are Lacan’s three realms of experience?

Lacan’s three realms are the Imaginary (self-image and illusions), Symbolic (language and
societal norms), and Real (unattainable, beyond language), shaping identity and human
experience in psychoanalytic criticism.

3. How does Lacan view the unconscious?

Lacan asserts that the unconscious is structured like a language, with desires expressed
through signs, symbols, and language. The unconscious influences behavior, identity, and
meaning in literature.

4. What is the role of desire in Lacanian criticism?

Desire in Lacanian criticism is central to subject formation, emerging from a lack or

"manque." Desire is often unconscious, expressed through language and symbolic acts in
literature and culture.

5. How does Lacan influence literary analysis?

Lacanian criticism analyzes how language, identity, and unconscious desires shape literary
characters and narratives. It emphasizes the fragmentation of the self and the role of language
in constructing meaning and subjectivity.

Who are the main users of psychoanalytical criticism

The main users of psychoanalytical criticism are scholars like Ernest Jones, Slavoj Žižek,
Julia Kristeva, and Harold Bloom, who apply Freudian and Lacanian theories to analyze
literature. They explore unconscious desires, repressed emotions, and the symbolic meaning
of texts, revealing hidden psychological dimensions of characters and authors.

Multiple Choice Questions on Psychoanalytic Criticism

1. What is the main focus of psychoanalytic criticism?

A) Plot development
B) Unconscious desires and repressed emotions
C) Author's biography
D) Social context
Answer: B) Unconscious desires and repressed emotions
2. Which of the following is a key concept in Freud's psychoanalysis?
A) The Ego
B) The Quantum Self
C) The Supernatural
D) The Social Construct
Answer: A) The Ego
3. What does Lacan's Mirror Stage represent in psychoanalytic criticism?
A) The child's first social interaction
B) The formation of the ego
C) The onset of sexual development
D) The process of maturation
Answer: B) The formation of the ego
4. What does the Oedipus Complex involve in Freudian theory?
A) A child’s desire to replace a sibling
B) A child’s rivalry with the same-sex parent
C) A child’s desire for the opposite-sex parent
D) A child’s ability to navigate social norms
Answer: C) A child’s desire for the opposite-sex parent
5. Which of these is a key theme explored by psychoanalytic critics in literature?
A) The economic status of characters
B) Unconscious desires and psychological conflicts
C) Political themes and ideologies
D) Technological advancements
Answer: B) Unconscious desires and psychological conflicts
6. What is the purpose of dream analysis in psychoanalytic criticism?
A) To examine narrative structures
B) To interpret unconscious desires and repressed emotions
C) To analyze the author's writing process
D) To understand historical context
Answer: B) To interpret unconscious desires and repressed emotions
7. Which critic is known for applying Lacanian psychoanalysis to literature?
A) Slavoj Žižek
B) William Shakespeare
C) F. Scott Fitzgerald
D) Charles Dickens
Answer: A) Slavoj Žižek
8. In Lacanian theory, which order represents societal structures and language?
A) Imaginary
B) Real
 C) Symbolic
D) Unconscious
Answer: C) Symbolic
9. What is the function of defense mechanisms in psychoanalytic criticism?
A) To protect characters from economic harm
B) To safeguard the narrative structure
C) To conceal repressed desires and maintain psychological balance
D) To enhance plot complexity
Answer: C) To conceal repressed desires and maintain psychological balance
10. Which of these best represents the Lacanian idea of "desire"?
A) A lack or "manque" that shapes the self
B) A direct reflection of the character's will
C) A fixed, biological impulse
D) A simple craving for material goods
Answer: A) A lack or "manque" that shapes the self

Multiple Choice Questions on Freud's Psychoanalytical Criticism

1. According to Freud, what is the primary purpose of the unconscious mind?

A) To process logical thoughts
B) To store repressed desires and memories
C) To control physical movements
D) To manage social relationships
Answer: B) To store repressed desires and memories
2. What is the role of the ego in Freud's model of the psyche?
A) To mediate between the id and superego
B) To suppress unconscious desires
C) To control bodily functions
D) To represent the individual's moral conscience
Answer: A) To mediate between the id and superego
3. Which of these concepts is central to Freud’s analysis of literary characters?
A) The Oedipus Complex
B) The Social Contract
C) The Hierarchy of Needs
D) The Theory of Evolution
Answer: A) The Oedipus Complex
4. In Freudian psychoanalysis, what does the id represent?
A) Moral judgment and conscience
B) Logical reasoning and problem-solving
C) Basic, instinctual desires and impulses
D) Social norms and external influences
Answer: C) Basic, instinctual desires and impulses
5. Which of these is a common theme in Freudian psychoanalytic criticism?
A) Power struggles between nations
B) Unconscious drives influencing behavior
C) The role of technological advancement in society
D) The impact of historical events on literature
Answer: B) Unconscious drives influencing behavior

Multiple Choice Questions on Lacanian Psychoanalytic Criticism

 1. In Lacanian theory, what is the Mirror Stage?
A) The formation of the ego through self-reflection
B) The process of socialization in childhood
C) The acquisition of language
D) The repression of unconscious desires
Answer: A) The formation of the ego through self-reflection
2. According to Lacan, which of the following represents the Symbolic order?
A) The realm of images and self-image
B) The realm of language, social structures, and laws
C) The unconscious desires and repressed memories
D) The physical world outside language
Answer: B) The realm of language, social structures, and laws
3. What does Lacan’s concept of “the Real” refer to?
A) The unconscious desires of a character
B) The ideal self-image formed in the Mirror Stage
C) The unattainable, chaotic dimension outside of language
D) The social constructs governing human interaction
Answer: C) The unattainable, chaotic dimension outside of language
4. In Lacanian psychoanalysis, what is the significance of "desire"?
A) A direct fulfillment of biological needs
B) A symbolic expression of the unconscious lack
C) The unconscious drive for societal approval
D) A fixed, conscious goal or ambition
Answer: B) A symbolic expression of the unconscious lack
5. Which Lacanian concept explores how the self is formed through language and
societal norms?
A) The Mirror Stage
B) The Imaginary
C) The Real
D) The Symbolic
Answer: D) The Symbolic

Multiple Choice Questions on Lacanian Practitioners of Psychoanalytic

Criticism

1. Who is known for applying Lacanian psychoanalysis to film theory and cultural
studies?
A) Harold Bloom
B) Slavoj Žižek
C) Julia Kristeva
D) Ernest Jones
Answer: B) Slavoj Žižek
2. Which critic is associated with Lacanian psychoanalysis and feminist theory?
A) Joan Copjec
B) Shoshana Felman
C) Jacques Lacan
D) Lionel Trilling
Answer: B) Shoshana Felman
3. Who introduced Lacanian psychoanalysis into literary theory, focusing on
language and subjectivity?
 A) Jacques Derrida
B) Julia Kristeva
C) Michel Foucault
D) Slavoj Žižek
Answer: B) Julia Kristeva
4. Which Lacanian critic is known for combining Lacanian theory with Marxism in
the analysis of ideology and film?
A) Harold Bloom
B) Slavoj Žižek
C) Jacques Lacan
D) Joan Copjec
Answer: B) Slavoj Žižek
5. Who explored the Lacanian concepts of the Real and Symbolic in relation to
literature and madness?
A) Jacques Lacan
B) Shoshana Felman
C) Foucault
D) Lionel Trilling
Answer: B) Shoshana Felman

Multiple Choice Questions on Freud's Followers in Psychoanalytic Criticism

1. Which of the following is a prominent follower of Freud who developed the

concept of the "Oedipus Complex"?
A) Carl Jung
B) Melanie Klein
C) Anna Freud
D) Jacques Lacan
Answer: C) Anna Freud
2. Who is considered Freud’s successor and developed the concept of the collective
unconscious?
A) Carl Jung
B) Jacques Lacan
C) Herbert Marcuse
D) Erik Erikson
Answer: A) Carl Jung
3. Which of Freud’s followers emphasized the role of early childhood experiences
in shaping personality and neurosis?
A) Melanie Klein
B) Carl Jung
C) Alfred Adler
D) Wilhelm Reich
Answer: A) Melanie Klein
4. Who is known for applying Freud’s psychoanalysis to the study of dreams and
the unconscious?
A) Carl Jung
B) Jacques Lacan
C) Anna Freud
D) Ernest Jones
Answer: D) Ernest Jones
5. Which Freud follower focused on the concept of the "will to power" and its
relation to psychological development?
A) Alfred Adler
B) Carl Jung
C) Wilhelm Reich
D) Jacques Lacan
Answer: A) Alfred Adler