Mastering

Medical English
INSTRUCTOR:

MD Khosraw SALEH
ENGLISH
TENSES
PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE PERFECT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
 SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE PERFECT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
S + V1 + O S+ S+ S+Have/Has+Been+
PRESENT

express habitual toBE + Ving + O Have/Has+V3+O Ving+O

action or the situations that are happened in the past Started in the past and
general truth of a happening in the but have a connection continuous into the
person present to the present present

S + V2 + O S +Was/were + S+ S+Had+Been
PAST

describes the Ving + O Had+V3+O +Ving+O

actions that were actions that were happened before Ongoing action that was
completed in the happening in the another past event happening up until a
past past certain point in the past

S+will+V1+O S +Will + be + S+ S+will +have+Been

FUTURE

action that will

Ving + O Will+have+V3+O +Ving+O
occur in the actions that going to will be completed Ongoing action that will
future happen at a specific before a specific time continue up until a specific
time in the future in the future point in the future
 SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE PERFECT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
S + V1 + O S+ S+ S+Have/Has+Been+
PRESENT

He speaks English. toBE + Ving + O Have/Has+V3+O Ving+O

).‫(صحبت میکند‬ He is speaking He has spoken English. He has been speaking
English. )‫(صحبت کردهاست‬ English.
)‫(در حال صحبت کردن است‬ )‫(تاهنوز در حال صحبت است‬

S + V2 + O S +Was/were + S+ S+Had+Been
PAST

He spoke English. Ving + O Had+V3+O +Ving+O

).‫(صحبت کرد‬ He was speaking He had spoken English. He had been speaking
English. )‫(صحبت کرده بود‬ English.
)‫(در حال صحبت کردن بود‬ )‫(تاهنوز در حال صحبت بود‬

S+will+V1+O S +Will + be + S+ S+will +have+Been

FUTURE

He will speak
Ving + O Will+have+V3+O +Ving+O
English. He will be speaking He will have spoken He will have been speaking
)‫(صحبت خواهد کرد‬ English. English. English.
)‫(در حال صحبت کردن خواهد بود‬ )‫(صحبت کرده خواهد بود‬ )‫ در حال صحبت خواهد بود‬،‫(آنوقت‬
1. She ___ (finish) her work when I called.
2. By the time you arrive, I ___ (read) the book.
3. I ___ (visit) my grandparents every summer.
4. They ___ (be) friends since kindergarten.
5. Next week, we ___ (go) on a vacation.
6. The sun ___ (set) by the time they reach the beach.
7.He ___ (work) on this project for three hours.
8.We ___ (wait) for the bus when it started raining.
9.I ___ (never/eat) sushi before last night.
1) had finished 2) will have read 3) used to visit 4) have been 5) will go 6) will have set
10. By this time next year, they ___ (graduate) from college.
11. Yesterday, she ___ (buy) a new car.
12. They ___ (travel) to Paris twice already.
13. She ___ (study) for the exam all day.
14. We ___ (live) in this city for ten years.
15. When I was a child, I ___ (love) to play in the park.
16. The concert ___ (start) by the time we get there.
17. I ___ (have) lunch when you called me.
18. They ___ (play) tennis every Sunday.
19. She ___ (complete) her assignment by tomorrow.
20. We ___ (not/see) that movie yet.
10) will have graduated 11) bought 12) have traveled 13) has been studying 14) have lived 15) loved 16)
will start 17) had 18) play 19) will have completed 20) have not seen
PARTS OF SPECCH
PARTS OF SPEECH
 1. Nouns
Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas.

Examples:
1.Teacher: The teacher explained the lesson.
2.Park: They went to the park.
3.Book: She read a book.
4.Freedom: Freedom is important.
5.Apple: He ate an apple.
 Types of Nouns:
1.Common Nouns: General names of people, places, or things.
Example: teacher, city, book
2.Proper Nouns: Specific names of people, places, or things.
Example: John, Paris, Microsoft
3.Concrete Nouns: Names of things that can be touched or seen.
Example: apple, car, tree
4.Abstract Nouns: Names of ideas or concepts that cannot be
touched.
Example: love, freedom, happiness
5.Collective Nouns: Names for a group of people or things.
Example: team, family, herd
 2. Pronouns
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns.

Examples in sentences:
1.He: He is my friend.
2.She: She loves to sing.
3.It: It is raining outside.
4.They: They are coming over.
5.We: We enjoyed the movie.
 Types of Pronouns:
1.Personal Pronouns: Refer to specific people or things used at the beginning
of the sentence.
Example: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
2.Possessive Pronouns: Show ownership and used at the end of the sentence.
Example: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
3.Reflexive Pronouns: Refer back to the subject of the sentence and used at
the end of the sentence.
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
4.Demonstrative Pronouns: Point to specific things and used as a subject.
Example: this, that, these, those
 3. Verbs
Verbs are words that express actions or states of being.

Examples in sentences:
1.Run: The children run in the playground.
2.Jump: She can jump very high.
3.Swim: They swim in the pool.
4.Is: He is a doctor.
5.Become: She will become a teacher.
 Types of Verbs:
1.Action Verbs: Show actions.
Example: run, jump, swim, write
2.Linking Verbs: Connect the subject with more information.
Example: am, is, are, was, were, seem, become
3.Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs): Help the main verb
express tense, mood, or voice.
Example: can, will, have, has, had
4.Modal Verbs: Indicate possibility, ability, permission, or
obligation and can be used with another verb.
Example: should, could, would, might, must
 4. Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns.

Examples in sentences:
1.Happy: The happy child smiled.
2.Tall: He is a tall man.
3.Red: She wore a red dress.
4.Old: This is an old book.
5.Beautiful: The beautiful flowers bloomed.
 Types of Adjectives:
1.Descriptive Adjectives: Describe the quality of a noun.
Example: happy, sad, tall, short, beautiful
2.Quantitative Adjectives: Indicate quantity.
Example: few, many, several, some, all

Degrees of adjective in English:

Simple – Comparative – Superlative
(…) (-er) (-est )
 5. Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other
adverbs.
Examples in sentences:
1.Quickly: He runs quickly.
2.Loudly: She spoke loudly.
3.Now: They are leaving now.
4.Here: Please sit here.
5.Very: She is very smart.
 Types of Adverb:
1.Adverbs of Manner: Describe how something is done.
Example: quickly, slowly, loudly, softly, well
2.Adverbs of Time: Indicate when something happens.
Example: now, later, soon, yesterday, tomorrow
3.Adverbs of Place: Indicate where something happens.
Example: here, there, everywhere, outside, inside
4.Adverbs of Frequency: Indicate how often something happens.
Example: always, never, often, sometimes, rarely
5.Adverbs of Degree: Indicate the intensity or degree of an action.
Example: very, quite, too, almost, enough
 6. Prepositions
Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a
noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence.

Examples in sentences:
1.In: The book is in the bag.
2.On: The cat is on the table.
3.Under: The ball is under the chair.
4.Before: Finish your homework before dinner.
5.Between: The park is between the school and the library.
 Types of prepositions:
1.Prepositions of Place: Indicate location.
Example: in, on, under, above, between
2.Prepositions of Time: Indicate time.
Example: before, after, during, until, since
3.Prepositions of Direction: Indicate direction.
Example: to, from, towards, up, down
4.Prepositions of Instrument: Indicate means or instrumentality.
Example: with, by, using, through, via
 7. Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that join words, phrases, or clauses.

Examples in sentences:
1.And: I like apples and oranges.
2.But: She is smart but lazy.
3.Or: Do you want tea or coffee?
4.Because: He stayed home because he was sick.
5.Although: Although it was raining, they went for a walk.
 8. Interjections
Interjections are words or phrases that express strong
emotion or surprise.
Examples in sentences:
1.Wow: Wow, that was amazing!
2.Oh: Oh, I forgot my keys!
3.Hey: Hey, how are you?
4.Oops: Oops, I made a mistake.
 9. Articles
Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific.

Examples in sentences:
1.The: The dog barked loudly.
2.A: I saw a bird in the garden.
3.An: She has an interesting story.
4.The: The car is parked outside.
5.A: He wants a new phone.
 Types of Articles:
1.Definite Article: Refers to a specific noun.
1.Example: the (the dog, the book, the idea)
2.Indefinite Articles: Refer to non-specific nouns.
1.Example: a (a dog, a book, a plan), an (an apple, an
elephant, an hour)