NAME: Areeba Umer

ID No: 0000633114
PROGRAM: B.S English
COURSE CODE: (9408)
SEMESTER: Spring 2024
 1st Assignment
Q.1 Read Unit 1. Define Academic Essay. What are its types and three main
body parts? Write the one Cause and Effect Essay about "Inflation in
Pakistan". The essay should include an explanation of the concept of
inflation, its types, three major causes and three main effects of rising
inflation in Pakistan.

Ans: Definition of an Academic Essay;

An academic essay is a structured form of writing that presents an argument, analysis,

or interpretation of a specific topic based on evidence. It is typically written to persuade
or inform an audience and adheres to a formal tone and style.

Types of Academic Essays

1. **Expository Essay**: Explains or describes a topic clearly and concisely.

2. **Persuasive/Argumentative Essay**: Argues a point of view, aiming to convince the

reader.

3. **Narrative Essay**: Tells a story or relates an experience.

4. **Descriptive Essay**: Provides detailed descriptions of a person, place, or thing.

5. **Cause and Effect Essay**: Analyzes the reasons (causes) and the results (effects) of
an event or phenomenon.

Three Main Body Parts of an Academic Essay

1. **Introduction**: Introduces the topic, provides background information, and

presents the thesis statement.
2. **Body**: Contains paragraphs that support the thesis, each with a clear main idea,
evidence, and explanation.

3. **Conclusion**: Summarizes the main points, restates the thesis in light of the
evidence, and may provide final thoughts or recommendations.

Cause and Effect Essay: Inflation in Pakistan

**Introduction**

Inflation, a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services, has been
a persistent issue in Pakistan, affecting the economy and the daily lives of its citizens.
Understanding inflation involves examining its types, causes, and effects, particularly
within the context of Pakistan's economic landscape.

**Types of Inflation**

1. **Demand-Pull Inflation**: Occurs when the demand for goods and services exceeds
their supply, leading to higher prices.

2. **Cost-Push Inflation**: Results from increased production costs, such as raw

materials and wages, which are passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices.

3. **Built-In Inflation**: Arises from the expectation of future inflation, leading to

higher wages and prices in a self-perpetuating cycle.

**Three Major Causes of Inflation in Pakistan**

1. **Excessive Government Spending**: Large fiscal deficits, often financed by
borrowing, increase the money supply in the economy, leading to demand-pull inflation.

2. **Supply Chain Disruptions**: Political instability, natural disasters, or global supply

chain issues can reduce the availability of essential goods, driving up prices and causing
cost-push inflation.

3. **Currency Depreciation**: The devaluation of the Pakistani rupee against major

currencies increases the cost of imports, contributing to higher prices for goods and
services.

**Three Main Effects of Rising Inflation in Pakistan**

1. **Decreased Purchasing Power**: As prices rise, the real value of money decreases,
making it harder for people to afford basic necessities, leading to a decline in the
standard of living.

2. **Increased Poverty and Inequality**: Inflation disproportionately affects lower-

income households, who spend a larger portion of their income on essentials,
exacerbating poverty and income inequality.

3. **Economic Uncertainty**: Persistent inflation creates uncertainty in the economy,

discouraging investment and saving, and leading to slower economic growth.

**Conclusion**

Inflation in Pakistan is a complex issue with far-reaching consequences. By

understanding its causes and effects, policymakers can devise strategies to stabilize
prices and mitigate its impact on the economy and society. Addressing inflation requires
a multifaceted approach, including prudent fiscal management, supply chain
improvements, and maintaining a stable currency.

Q.2 (i) Read page no 59-70 of Unit-2. Draw a flow chart based on the process of

"planting a tree".
Ans : flowchart based on the process of planting a tree:

1. **Select a Tree**

2. **Choose the Planting Site**

3. **Dig a Hole**

4. **Prepare the Soil**

5. **Place the Tree in the Hole**

6. **Backfill the Hole**

7. **Water the Tree**

8. **Add Mulch Around the Tree**

9. **Stake the Tree (if necessary)**

10. **Monitor and Care for the Tree**

This flowchart follows a straightforward process, covering all the essential steps
needed to plant a tree successful .

(ii) Read the following paragraph demonstrating the method of Sequence Writing.
After reading, write down steps in following which paper is recycled? (10)

What is the Process of Recycling Paper?

Paper is recycled by taking it to the recycling plant where it is separated

and then the separated paper is cleaned and washed with soap to break it
down. After breaking down, it is exposed to heat and after some time it
breaks down into cellulose Recycling is an essential method to minimize
waste accumulation and reduce pollution. We can recycle old newspapers.
notebooks and used envelopes. Paper contaminated with food, carbon
paper and stickers cannot be recycled.

Ans : Steps in the Process of Recycling Paper:

1. **Collection and Transportation to Recycling Plant**

- Paper is collected and taken to the recycling plant.

2. **Separation of Paper**

- The paper is separated based on its type and quality.

3. **Cleaning and Washing**

- The separated paper is cleaned and washed with soap to break it down.
4. **Breaking Down of Paper**

- The cleaned paper is exposed to heat, which helps break it down into cellulose.

5. **Final Recycling Process**

- The cellulose can then be used to produce new paper products.

These steps outline the process of recycling paper, turning old and used paper into new,
usable products.

Q.3 Read the Unit 3. What is classification? How to write the classification essay
write the just main steps name? Illustrate the different types of diet as a
healthy food or drink to survive for the longer in age than any other person
who enjoys the Unhealthy diet in his/her life?

Ans Classification is the process of organizing or grouping objects, ideas, or

information into categories based on shared characteristics or criteria. In
writing, a classification essay involves sorting and explaining the different
parts of a subject into categories to better understand the whole.

Steps to Write a Classification Essay:

1. **Choose a Topic**

2. **Determine the Categories**

3. **Create a Thesis Statement**

4. **Organize Categories**
5. **Provide Examples for Each Category**

6. **Write the Introduction**

7. **Write the Body Paragraphs**

8. **Write the Conclusion**

Types of Diets as Healthy Food or Drink for Longevity:

1. **Mediterranean Diet**

- Rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats like olive oil.

- Includes moderate consumption of fish, poultry, and dairy.

2. **Plant-Based Diet**

- Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds.

- Reduces or eliminates animal products.

3. **Low-Carb, High-Fat (LCHF) Diet**

- Focuses on reducing carbohydrate intake and increasing healthy fats.

- Includes foods like meat, fish, eggs, nuts, and low-carb vegetables.

4. **DASH Diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)**

- Aims to reduce blood pressure through a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole
grains, and lean proteins.
5. **Intermittent Fasting**

- Involves cycles of eating and fasting, focusing on when you eat rather than
what you eat.

6. **Japanese Okinawa Diet**

- Low in calories and fat, high in carbs, with plenty of vegetables and tofu,
contributing to longevity.

These healthy diets, when compared to an unhealthy diet high in processed

foods, sugars, and unhealthy fats, are associated with longer life expectancy
and better overall health.

Q.4 Complete the following cause and effect sentences: (20)

(i). Lack of students attention to their studies leads to_____________________.

(ii). The cotton industry in the city consumes a lot of energy which results
in__________________________.

(iii). My kids go to school on motorbike in such cold weather which is resulting

into_________________________.

(iv). Tobacco consumption by our youth is a major cause of _________________.

(v). Since I was up all night with my sick child, __________________________.

(vi). Because I forgot to set the alarm last night,___________________________.

(vii). I need to go to the bank since______________________________________.

(viii). There is a forecast of heavy storm, so_______________________________.

 (ix). When you complete writing your book,______________________________.

(x). Because the cat was frightened,____________________________________.

Ans : cause and effect sentences:

(i). Lack of students' attention to their studies leads to **poor academic

performance and lower grades**.

(ii). The cotton industry in the city consumes a lot of energy, which results in
**increased operational costs and environmental degradation**.

(iii). My kids go to school on a motorbike in such cold weather, which is resulting

in **them catching colds and other respiratory illnesses**.

(iv). Tobacco consumption by our youth is a major cause of **increased health

issues, including lung cancer and respiratory problems**.

(v). Since I was up all night with my sick child, **I am feeling extremely tired and
unable to focus today**.

(vi). Because I forgot to set the alarm last night, **I woke up late and missed my
important morning meeting**.
(vii). I need to go to the bank since **I have to deposit my paycheck before the
weekend**.

(viii). There is a forecast of a heavy storm, so **I will prepare an emergency kit
and stay indoors**.

(ix). When you complete writing your book, **you should consider finding a
publisher or self-publishing it**.

(x). Because the cat was frightened, **it hid under the couch and refused to
come out**.

Q.5. Read Unit 5. Using appropriate transition words, compare and contrast
a cell phone and a laptop. How are both similar to each other, and how are
they different?

Ans : To compare and contrast a cell phone and a laptop, you can use transition words
to organize your thoughts effectively.

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**Comparison of a Cell Phone and a Laptop**

**Similarities:**

Both cell phones and laptops are versatile electronic devices that offer a range of
functionalities. **Firstly**, they both allow users to connect to the internet,
enabling access to email, social media, and various online services.
**Additionally**, both devices support a variety of applications and software that
enhance productivity, such as word processors and web browsers. **Moreover**,
 both cell phones and laptops come equipped with cameras, enabling users to take
photos and videos.

**Differences:**

**On the other hand**, cell phones and laptops differ significantly in their design and
usage. **For instance**, cell phones are typically more portable due to their
compact size, allowing users to carry them easily and use them on the go. **In
contrast**, laptops are larger and less portable but offer a more extensive
keyboard and a larger screen, which can be more conducive to tasks such as typing
and multimedia editing.

**Furthermore**, cell phones often rely on mobile networks for internet access, while
laptops usually connect to the internet through Wi-Fi or Ethernet.
**Consequently**, laptops generally provide a more stable and faster internet
connection compared to the often variable mobile network of a cell phone.

**Lastly**, cell phones are designed for quick, on-the-go interactions and are ideal for
communication and light tasks. **Conversely**, laptops are better suited for more
intensive tasks, such as software development, gaming, and detailed document
creation due to their more powerful hardware and larger displays.