DRIs-VNRs

DRIs
Dietary Reference Intakes
VNRs
Valores Nutrimentales
de Referencia
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Estimated Average Requirements
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Ribo- Vit Magnes- Molyb- Phos- Sele-

Life Stage Calcium CHO Protein Vit A Vit C Vit D Vit E Thiamin flavin Niacin Vit B6 Folate B12 Copper Iodine Iron ium denum phorus nium Zinc
Group (mg/d) (g/d) (g/kg/d) (µg/d)a (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)b (mg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d)c (mg/d) (µg/d)d (µg/d) (µg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)
Infants
0 to 6 mo
6 to 12
mo 1.0 6.9 2.5
Children
1–3 y 500 100 0.87 210 13 10 5 0.4 0.4 5 0.4 120 0.7 260 65 3.0 65 13 380 17 2.5
4–8 y 800 100 0.76 275 22 10 6 0.5 0.5 6 0.5 160 1.0 340 65 4.1 110 17 405 23 4.0
Males
9–13 y 1,100 100 0.76 445 39 10 9 0.7 0.8 9 0.8 250 1.5 540 73 5.9 200 26 1,055 35 7.0
14–18 y 1,100 100 0.73 630 63 10 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1 330 2.0 685 95 7.7 340 33 1,055 45 8.5
19–30 y 800 100 0.66 625 75 10 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1 320 2.0 700 95 6 330 34 580 45 9.4
31–50 y 800 100 0.66 625 75 10 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1 320 2.0 700 95 6 350 34 580 45 9.4
51–70 y 800 100 0.66 625 75 10 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.4 320 2.0 700 95 6 350 34 580 45 9.4
> 70 y 1,000 100 0.66 625 75 10 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.4 320 2.0 700 95 6 350 34 580 45 9.4
Females
9–13 y 1,100 100 0.76 420 39 10 9 0.7 0.8 9 0.8 250 1.5 540 73 5.7 200 26 1,055 35 7.0
14–18 y 1,100 100 0.71 485 56 10 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.0 330 2.0 685 95 7.9 300 33 1,055 45 7.3
19–30 y 800 100 0.66 500 60 10 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.1 320 2.0 700 95 8.1 255 34 580 45 6.8
31–50 y 800 100 0.66 500 60 10 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.1 320 2.0 700 95 8.1 265 34 580 45 6.8
51–70 y 1,000 100 0.66 500 60 10 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.3 320 2.0 700 95 5 265 34 580 45 6.8
> 70 y 1,000 100 0.66 500 60 10 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.3 320 2.0 700 95 5 265 34 580 45 6.8
Pregnancy
14–18 y 1,000 135 0.88 530 66 10 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6 520 2.2 785 160 23 335 40 1,055 49 10.5
19–30 y 800 135 0.88 550 70 10 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6 520 2.2 800 160 22 290 40 580 49 9.5
31–50 y 800 135 0.88 550 70 10 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6 520 2.2 800 160 22 300 40 580 49 9.5
Lactation
14–18 y 1,000 160 1.05 885 96 10 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7 450 2.4 985 209 7 300 35 1,055 59 10.9
19–30 y 800 160 1.05 900 100 10 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7 450 2.4 1,000 209 6.5 255 36 580 59 10.4
31–50 y 800 160 1.05 900 100 10 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7 450 2.4 1,000 209 6.5 265 36 580 59 10.4
NOTE: An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements of half of the healthy individuals in a group. EARs have not been established for vitamin K,
pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, chromium, fluoride, manganese, or other nutrients not yet evaluated via the DRI process.
a
As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is two-fold greater than retinol equivalents
(RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b
As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol)
that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
c
As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan.
d
As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid,
Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron,
Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005); and Dietary Reference
Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins
Life Stage Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Biotin Choline
Group (µg/d)a (mg/d) (µg/d)b,c (mg/d) d (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d)e (mg/d) (µg/d)f (µg/d) Acid (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)g
Infants
0 to 6 mo 400* 40* 10 4* 2.0* 0.2* 0.3* 2* 0.1* 65* 0.4* 1.7* 5* 125*
6 to 12 mo 500* 50* 10 5* 2.5* 0.3* 0.4* 4* 0.3* 80* 0.5* 1.8* 6* 150*
Children
1–3 y 300 15 15 6 30* 0.5 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 2* 8* 200*
4–8 y 400 25 15 7 55* 0.6 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 3* 12* 250*
Males
9–13 y 600 45 15 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375*
14–18 y 900 75 15 15 75* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 25* 550*
19–30 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550*
31–50 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550*
51–70 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550*
h
> 70 y 900 90 20 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4 5* 30* 550*
Females
9–13 y 600 45 15 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375*
14–18 y 700 65 15 15 75* 1.0 1.0 14 1.2 400i 2.4 5* 25* 400*
19–30 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425*
31–50 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425*
h
51–70 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4 5* 30* 425*
> 70 y 700 75 20 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425*
Pregnancy
14–18 y 750 80 15 15 75* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450*
19–30 y 770 85 15 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450*
31–50 y 770 85 15 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450*
Lactation
14–18 y 1,200 115 15 19 75* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550*
19–30 y 1,300 120 15 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550*
31–50 y 1,300 120 15 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550*
NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the
average daily dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific
evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover
the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a
As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is two-fold greater than retinol equivalents
(RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b
As cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
c
Under the assumption of minimal sunlight.
d
As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that
occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
e
As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
f
As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
g
Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous
synthesis at some of these stages.
h
Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.
i
In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of
food folate from a varied diet.
j
It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional
period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid,
Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron,
Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011).
These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Elements
Potass- Sodium Chloride
Life Stage Calcium Chromium Copper Fluoride Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Selenium Zinc ium
Group (mg/d) (µg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (g/d) (g/d) (g/d)
Infants
0 to 6 mo 200* 0.2* 200* 0.01* 110* 0.27* 30* 0.003* 2* 100* 15* 2* 0.4* 0.12* 0.18*
6 to 12 mo 260* 5.5* 220* 0.5* 130* 11 75* 0.6* 3* 275* 20* 3 0.7* 0.37* 0.57*
Children
1–3 y 700 11* 340 0.7* 90 7 80 1.2* 17 460 20 3 3.0* 1.0* 1.5*
4–8 y 1,000 15* 440 1* 90 10 130 1.5* 22 500 30 5 3.8* 1.2* 1.9*
Males
9–13 y 1,300 25* 700 2* 120 8 240 1.9* 34 1,250 40 8 4.5* 1.5* 2.3*
14–18 y 1,300 35* 890 3* 150 11 410 2.2* 43 1,250 55 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
19–30 y 1,000 35* 900 4* 150 8 400 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
31–50 y 1,000 35* 900 4* 150 8 420 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
51–70 y 1,000 30* 900 4* 150 8 420 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.3* 2.0*
> 70 y 1,200 30* 900 4* 150 8 420 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.2* 1.8*
Females
9–13 y 1,300 21* 700 2* 120 8 240 1.6* 34 1,250 40 8 4.5* 1.5* 2.3*
14–18 y 1,300 24* 890 3* 150 15 360 1.6* 43 1,250 55 9 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
19–30 y 1,000 25* 900 3* 150 18 310 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
31–50 y 1,000 25* 900 3* 150 18 320 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
51–70 y 1,200 20* 900 3* 150 8 320 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.3* 2.0*
> 70 y 1,200 20* 900 3* 150 8 320 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.2* 1.8*
Pregnancy
14–18 y 1,300 29* 1,000 3* 220 27 400 2.0* 50 1,250 60 12 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
19–30 y 1,000 30* 1,000 3* 220 27 350 2.0* 50 700 60 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
31–50 y 1,000 30* 1,000 3* 220 27 360 2.0* 50 700 60 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3*
Lactation
14–18 y 1,300 44* 1,300 3* 290 10 360 2.6* 50 1,250 70 13 5.1* 1.5* 2.3*
19–30 y 1,000 45* 1,300 3* 290 9 310 2.6* 50 700 70 12 5.1* 1.5* 2.3*
31–50 y 1,000 45* 1,300 3* 290 9 320 2.6* 50 700 70 12 5.1* 1.5* 2.3*
NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An
RDA is the average daily dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement
(EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life
stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of
individuals covered by this intake.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12,
Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron,
Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary
Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins
Panto- Cho-
Life Stage Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin E Vitamin Thia- Ribo- Niacin Vitamin Folate Vitamin thenic Bio- line Carote-
Group A (µg/d)a C (mg/d) D (g/d) (mg/d)b,c K min flavin (mg/d)c B6 (mg/d) (g/d)c B12 Acid tin (g/d) noidsd
Infants
0 to 6 mo 600 NDe 25 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
6 to 12 mo 600 ND 38 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Children
13 y 600 400 63 200 ND ND ND 10 30 300 ND ND ND 1.0 ND
48 y 900 650 75 300 ND ND ND 15 40 400 ND ND ND 1.0 ND
Males
913 y 1,700 1,200 100 600 ND ND ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2.0 ND
1930 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND
> 70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND
Females
> 70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND
Pregnancy
Lactation
NOTE: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless
otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B 12,
pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advised
not to routinely exceed the UL. The UL is not meant to apply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their
sensitivity to the nutrient.
a
As preformed vitamin A only.
b
As -tocopherol; applies to any form of supplemental -tocopherol.
c
The ULs for vitamin E, niacin, and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two.
d
-Carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency.
e
ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to
prevent high levels of intake.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin
B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamine E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic,
Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be
accessed via www.nap.edu.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Elements
Cal- Magnes- Molyb- Phos- Vana-

Man- Sod- Chlo-
Life Stage Boron cium Chrom- Copper Fluoride Iodine Iron ium ganese denum Nickel phorus Selenium dium Zinc ium ride
a
Group Arsenic (mg/d) (mg/d) ium (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d)b (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (g/d) (µg/d) Siliconc
(mg/d)d (mg/d) (g/d) (g/d)
Infants
0 to 6 mo NDe ND 1,000 ND ND 0.7 ND 40 ND ND ND ND ND 45 ND ND 4 ND ND
6 to 12 mo ND ND 1,500 ND ND 0.9 ND 40 ND ND ND ND ND 60 ND ND 5 ND ND
Children
13 y ND 3 2,500 ND 1,000 1.3 200 40 65 2 300 0.2 3 90 ND ND 7 1.5 2.3
48 y ND 6 2,500 ND 3,000 2.2 300 40 110 3 600 0.3 3 150 ND ND 12 1.9 2.9
Males
913 y ND 11 3,000 ND 5,000 10 600 40 350 6 1,100 0.6 4 280 ND ND 23 2.2 3.4
1418 y ND 17 3,000 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350 9 1,700 1.0 4 400 ND ND 34 2.3 3.6
1930 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6
3150 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6
5170 y ND 20 2,000 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6
> 70 y ND 20 2,000 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 3 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6
Females
913 y ND 11 3,000 ND 5,000 10 600 40 350 6 1,100 0.6 4 280 ND ND 23 2.2 3.4
1418 y ND 17 3,000 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350 9 1,700 1.0 4 400 ND ND 34 2.3 3.6
1930 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6
3150 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6
5170 y ND 20 2,000 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6
> 70 y ND 20 2,000 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 3 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6
Pregnancy
1418 y ND 17 3,000 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350 9 1,700 1.0 3.5 400 ND ND 34 2.3 3.6
1930 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 3.5 400 ND ND 40 2.3 3.6
3150 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 3.5 400 ND ND 40 2.3 3.6
Lactation
1418 y ND 17 3,000 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350 9 1,700 1.0 4 400 ND ND 34 2.3 3.6
1930 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND ND 40 2.3 3.6
3150 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND ND 40 2.3 3.6
NOTE: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise
specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and
carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. The UL
is not meant to apply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient.
a
Although the UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding arsenic to food or supplements.
b
The ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only and do not include intake from food and water.
c
Although silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements.
d
Although vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on
adverse effects in laboratory animals and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents.
e
ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of
intake.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12,
Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron,
Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary
Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
APÉNDICE 2
Ingestión diaria recomendada (IDR) e ingestión d iaria sugerida (IDS) de vitaminas para la población mexicana
Edad Vitamina Tiamina Ribof/av/na Piridoxina Niacina Vitamina Ácido Vitamina
y sexo A D E K B1
2
fó/ico e pa
a , e
µgER> µg µg' µg µg µg µg mg µg µgEP µg
NIÑOS
0-6 meses Sib 5c 4c 2.oc 0.2c 0.3 c 0.1 c 2º 0.3º 76' 40°
7-12 meses si 5c 5' 2.5° 0.3° 0.4 c 0.3º 4c o.se 96° 50°
1-3 años 300° 5c 6 3Qt 0.4 0.4 0.4 6 0,8 168° 15
4-8 años 400° 5c 7 55° 0.5 0.5 0.5 8 1.2 230C 25
Hombres
9-13 años 58Qt 5c 11 60C 0,7 0.8 0.8 12 1.7 360° 45
14-18 años 730" 5c 13 65° 1.0 1.1 1.1 16 2.2 390° 65
19-30 años 730C 5' 13 100' 1.0 1.1 1.1 13 2.4 460° 84
31-50 años 730° 5c 13 100° 1.0 1.1 1.1 13 2.4 460C 84
51-70 años 730° 10° 13 100° 1.0 1.1 .3 13 3.6 460° 84
Más de 70 años si f5_c 13 100 1.0 1.1 1,3 13 3.6 80
460
r
MUJERES
9-13 años 590C 5c 11 soc 0.7 0.8 0.8 12 1.7 360C 45
14-18 años 570C 5c 13 65° 0.9 0.9 1.0 14 2.2 360° 57
19-30 años 570C 5c 13 75° 0.9 0.9 1.0 12 2.4 460c 75
31-50 años 570° 5c 13 75° 0.9 0.9 1.0 12 2.4 460° 75
51-70 años 570° 10' 13 75 0.9 0.9 12 75
°
1.3 3,6 460°
Más de 70 años si 15° 13 75c 0.9 0.9 1.3 12 3.6 460°
• 70
Embarazadas 640° 5c 13c 75 c 1.2c 1.2º 1.4c 15° 2.6° 75 0° 138°

Lactantes 1 100° 5c 17c 7 5c 1.2' 1.3° 1.6• 15c 2.8° 650c 128°
Ponderada' 568 5 .6 11 78 0.8 .84 .93 11 2.1 380 60
Los valores presentados en negritas corresponden a la ingestión diaria recomendada (IDR).
En los casos en que procede las IDS e IOR están calculadas con base en el peso deseable para la población mexicana.
ª µgER = µg equivalentes de retino!. 1 µg retinol = 12 µg de P-carotenos, 24 µg a-caroteno o 24 µg criptoxantina.
b si= Sin información suficiente para dar una IDS.
e Ingestión diaria sugerida (IDS).
d Como colecalciferol. 1 µg = 40 UI de vitamina D.
e Sólo si no hay exposición al sol se recomienda ingerir suplementos.
'Como a-tocoferol. El a-tocoferol incluye RRR-cx-tocoferol, que es la única forma que se encuentra en los alimentos y las formas estereoisomé
2R (RRR-, RSR-, RRS- y RSS- a-tocoferol) que se encuentran en los suplementos y alimentos adicionados. No incluye las formas esteroisomé
de a-tocoferol (SSR-, SSR-,SRS- y SSS- a-tocoferol) que también se encuentran en alimentos adicionados y suplementos.
9 Como equivalentes de niacina (EN). 1 rng de niacina = 60 mg de triptofano. En los niños de 0-6 meses no existe niacina preformada; por lo ta
son EN.
h Como equivalentes de folato dietético (eFO). 1 eFD = 1 µg de folato dietético = 0.6 µg de ácido fólico de alimentos adicionados o suplementos=
µg de suplemento consumido con el estómago vacío.
1Ponderada para la distribución de la población mexicana según el Censo Nacional de Población 2000 dél INEGI.
372 Recome11clacio11es de lngesrió11 de Nurri11u111tfü para fo Población

APÉNDICE 3
Ingestión diaria recomendada (IDR) e ingestión diaria sugerida (I0S) de nutrimentos inorgánicos para la población mexicana
Edad Calcio Cobre Cromo Fósforo Flúor Hierro lodo Magnesio Selenio Zinc
y sexo mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg
NIÑOS
0-6 meses 210ª 220ª 0.2ª 100• 0.01" si S ib 36ª 148 Sib
7-12 meses 270ª 220ª 5.5ª 275ª 0.45ª 16 Sib 90ª 21ª 3.8ª
1-3 años 5ooa 340 118 46Qa 0.60ª 13 65 80 20 4.0
4-8 años 80D8 440 15ª 500ª 1.W 15 65 130 30 6.6
HOMBRES
9-13 años 1 200ª 680 25ª 1 25oa 1.90ª 20 73 240 35 11.6
14-18 años 1 200• 775 32• 1100• 2.80· 22 82 360 52 13.9
19-30 años 900• 730 30ª 56()'! 3.05ª 15 120 320 48 15.0
31-50 años 1 oooa 730 30ª 56Qa 3.05ª 15 120 340 48 11.0
51-70 años 1 000" 730 27ª 560ª 3.05ª 15 120 340 48 11.0
Más de 70 años 730 27ª 56Qa 2.90' 15 120 340 48 si
MUJERES
9-13 años 1 200ª 700 21• 1250• 2.00• 16 72 240 35 11.6
14-18 años 1 20()3 780 25ª 110(}' 2.50ª 22 85 320 48 12.2
19-30 años 900ª 750 22• 57Qa 2.45ª 21 125 250 48 11.0
31-50 años 90()3 750 22ª 570ª 2.45ª 21 125 260 48 11.0
51-70 años 1 ºººª 750 18ª 570ª 2.40ª 12 125 260 48 11.0
Más de 70 años 1 000ª 750 18ª 570ª 2.35ª 12 125 260 48 Sib
Embarazadas 900ª 750ª 26ª 110 2.45ª 28 95ª 285ª 55ª w

Lactantes 900· 1 50ª 42ª 57(}' 2.45ª 19 265• 250ª 65ª w
Ponderadad 900 650 22 664 2,20 17 99 248 41 10
Los valores presentados en negritas corresponden a la ingestión diaria recomendada (IDR).
En los casos en que procede las IDS e JDR están caículadas con base en el peso deseable para la población mexicana.
ª Ingestión diaria sugerida (10S).
b si= Sin información suficiente para dar una IDS.
e Absorción calculada: 10% en niños de 7-12 meses; 18% para niños mayores, adultos y no embarazadas, y 25% para embarazadas.
d Ponderada para la distribución de la población mexicana según el censo nacional de población del 2000.
Citación sugerida:
Bourges H, Casanueva E, Rosado JL (eds.). Recomendaciones de ingestión de nutrimentos para la población mexicana. Bases fisiológicas. l.
Vitaminas y nutrimentos inorgánicos. México, Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2005.
Apéndices 373
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Vitamins
Selected Adverse Effects of Excessive Special

Nutrient Function Life Stage Group RDA/AI* ULa Food Sources Consumption Considerations
Biotin Coenzyme in Infants Liver and smaller No adverse effects of biotin in None.
synthesis of fat, 0−6 mo 5 µg/d* NDb amounts in fruits and humans or animals were found.
glycogen, and 7−12 mo 6 µg/d* ND meats. This does not mean that there
amino acids is no potential for adverse
Children effects resulting from high
1−3 y 8 µg/d* ND intakes. Because data on the
4−8 y 12 µg/d* ND adverse effects of biotin are
limited, caution may be
Males, Females warranted.
9−13 y 20 µg/d* ND
14−18 y 25 µg/d* ND
19−30 y 30 µg/d* ND
31−50 y 30 µg/d* ND
50−70 y 30 µg/d* ND
> 70 y 30 µg/d* ND
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 30 µg/d* ND
19−30y 30 µg/d* ND
31−50 y 30 µg/d* ND
Lactation
≤ 18 y 35 µg/d* ND
19−30y 35 µg/d* ND
31−50 y 35 µg/d* ND
NOTE: The table is adapted from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu. It represents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type, Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*), and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)a..
RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is
believed to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a
UL = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established
for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, or carotenoids. In the absence of ULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.
b
ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
c
Note: Given as dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folate from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 μg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
d
Includes nicotinic acid amide, nicotinic acid (pyridine-3-carboxylic acid), and derivatives that exhibit the biological activity of nicotinamide. Note: Given as niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed
niacin (not NE).
e
Includes provitamin A carotenoids that are dietary precursors of retinol. Note: Given as retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 μg retinol, 12 μg β-carotene, 24 μg α-carotene, or 24 μg β-cryptoxanthin. To calculate RAEs from Res of
provitamin A carotenoids in foods, divide the REs by 2. For preformed vitamin A in foods or supplements and for provitamin A carotenoids in supplements, 1 RE = 1RAE.
f
Note: As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α- tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol
(RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998);
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc
(2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.

Choline Precursor for Infants Milk, liver, eggs, Fishy body odor, sweating, Individuals with
acetylcholine, 0−6 mo 125 mg/d* NDb peanuts. salivation, hypotension, trimethylaminuria, renal
phospholipids and 7−12 mo 150 mg/d* ND hepatotoxicity. disease, liver disease,
betaine. depression and
Children Parkinson’s disease, may
1−3 y 200 mg/d* 1,000 mg/d be at risk of adverse
4−8 y 250 mg/d* 1,000 mg/d effects with choline
intakes at the UL.
Males Although AIs have been
9−13 y 375 mg/d* 2,000 mg/d set for choline, there are
14−18 y 550 mg/d* 3,000 mg/d few data to assess
19−30 y 550 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d whether a dietary supply
31−50 y 550 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d of choline is needed at all
51−70 y 550 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d stages of the life cycle,
> 70 y 550 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d and it may be that the
choline requirement can
Females be met by endogenous
9−13 y 375 mg/d* 2,000 mg/d synthesis at some of these
14−18 y 400 mg/d* 3,000 mg/d stages.
19−30 y 425 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d
31−50 y 425 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d
51−70 y 425 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d
> 70 y 425 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 450 mg/d* 3,000 mg/d
19−30y 450 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d
31−50 y 450 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 550 mg/d* 3,000 mg/d
19−30y 550 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d
31−50 y 550 mg/d* 3,500 mg/d
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Folatec Coenzyme in the Infants Enriched cereal Masks neurological In view of evidence
metabolism of 0−6 mo 65 µg/d* NDb grains, dark leafy complication in people with linking folate intake with
Also known as: Folic nucleic and amino 7−12 mo 80 µg/d* ND vegetables, enriched vitamin B12 deficiency. No neural tube defects in the
acid acids; prevents and whole-grain adverse effects associated with fetus, it is recommended
Folacin Pteroylpoly- megaloblastic Children breads and bread folate from food or that all women capable of
glutamates. anemia. 1−3 y 150 µg/d 300 µg/d products, fortified supplements have been becoming pregnant
4−8 y 200 µg/d 400 µg/d ready-to-eat cereals. reported. This does not mean consume 400 μg from
that there is no potential for supplements or fortified
Males, Females adverse effects resulting from foods in addition to intake
9−13 y 300 µg/d 600 µg/d high intakes. Because data on of food folate from a
14−18 y 400 µg/d 800 µg/d the adverse effects of folate are varied diet. It is assumed
19−30 y 400 µg/d 1,000 µg/d limited, caution may be that women
31−50 y 400 µg/d 1,000 µg/d warranted. The UL for folate will continue consuming
50−70 y 400 µg/d 1,000 µg/d applies to synthetic forms 400 μg from supplements
> 70 y 400 µg/d 1,000 µg/d obtained from supplements or fortified food until
and/or fortified foods. their pregnancy is
Pregnancy confirmed and they enter
≤ 18 y 600 µg/d 800 µg/d prenatal care, which
19−30y 600 µg/d 1,000 µg/d ordinarily occurs after the
31−50 y 600 µg/d 1,000 µg/d end of the
periconceptional period—
Lactation the critical time for
≤ 18 y 500 µg/d 800 µg/d formation of the neural
19−30y 500 µg/d 1,000 µg/d tube.
31−50 y 500 µg/d 1,000 µg/d
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Niacind Coenzyme or Infants Meat, fish, poultry, There is no evidence of Extra niacin may be
cosubstrate in 0−6 mo 2 mg/d* NDb enriched and adverse effects from the required by persons
many biological 7−12 mo 4 mg/d* ND wholegrain breads consumption of naturally treated with hemodialysis
reduction and and bread products, occurring niacin in foods. or peritoneal dialysis, or
oxidation reactions— Children fortified ready-to-eat Adverse effects from niacin those with malabsorption
thus required for 1−3 y 6 mg/d 10 mg/d cereals. containing supplements may syndrome.
energy metabolism. 4−8 y 8 mg/d 15 mg/d include flushing and
gastrointestinal distress.
Males The UL for niacin applies to
9−13 y 12 mg/d 20 mg/d synthetic forms obtained from
14−18 y 16 mg/d 30 mg/d supplements, fortified foods, or
19−30 y 16 mg/d 35 mg/d a combination of the two.
31−50 y 16 mg/d 35 mg/d
51−70 y 16 mg/d 35 mg/d
> 70 y 16 mg/d 35 mg/d
Females
9−13 y 12 mg/d 20 mg/d
14−18 y 14 mg/d 30 mg/d
19−30 y 14 mg/d 35 mg/d
31−50 y 14 mg/d 35 mg/d
51−70 y 14 mg/d 35 mg/d
> 70 y 14 mg/d 35 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 18 mg/d 30 mg/d
19−30y 18mg/d 35 mg/d
31−50 y 18 mg/d 35 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 17 mg/d 30 mg/d
19−30y 17 mg/d 35 mg/d
31−50 y 17 mg/d 35 mg/d
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Pantothenic Acid Coenzyme in fatty Infants Chicken, beef, No adverse effects associated None.
acid metabolism. 0−6 mo 1.7 mg/d* NDb potatoes, oats, with pantothenic acid from
7−12 mo 1.8 mg/d* ND cereals, tomato food or supplements have been
products, liver, reported. This does not mean
Children kidney, yeast, egg that there is no potential for
1−3 y 2 mg/d* ND yolk, broccoli, whole adverse effects resulting from
4−8 y 3 mg/d* ND grains. high intakes. Because data on
the adverse effects of
Males, Females pantothenic acid are limited,
9−13 y 4 mg/d* ND caution may be warranted.
14−18 y 5 mg/d* ND
19−30 y 5 mg/d* ND
31−50 y 5 mg/d* ND
50−70 y 5 mg/d* ND
> 70 y 5 mg/d* ND
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 6 mg/d* ND
19−30y 6 mg/d* ND
31−50 y 6 mg/d* ND
Lactation
≤ 18 y 7 mg/d* ND
19−30y 7 mg/d* ND
31−50 y 7 mg/d* ND
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Riboflavin Coenzyme in Infants Organ meats, milk, No adverse effects associated None.
numerous redox 0−6 mo 0.3 mg/d* NDb bread products and with riboflavin consumption
Also known as: reactions. 7−12 mo 0.4 mg/d* ND fortified cereals. from food or supplements have
Vitamin B2 been reported. This does not
Children mean that there is no potential
1−3 y 0.5 mg/d ND for adverse effects resulting
4−8 y 0.6 mg/d ND from high intakes. Because
data on the adverse effects of
Males riboflavin are limited, caution
9−13 y 0.9 mg/d ND may be warranted.
14−18 y 1.3 mg/d ND
19−30 y 1.3 mg/d ND
31−50 y 1.3 mg/d ND
51−70 y 1.3 mg/d ND
> 70 y 1.3 mg/d ND
Females
9−13 y 0.9 mg/d ND
14−18 y 1.0 mg/d ND
19−30 y 1.1 mg/d ND
31−50 y 1.1 mg/d ND
51−70 y 1.1 mg/d ND
> 70 y 1.1 mg/d ND
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 1.4 mg/d ND
19−30y 1.4 mg/d ND
31−50 y 1.4 mg/d ND
Lactation
≤ 18 y 1.6 mg/d ND
19−30y 1.6 mg/d ND
31−50 y 1.6 mg/d ND
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Thiamin Coenzyme in the Infants Enriched, fortified, or No adverse effects associated Persons who may have
metabolism of 0−6 mo 0.2 mg/d* NDb whole-grain with thiamin from food or increased needs for
Also known as: carbohydrates and 7−12 mo 0.3 mg/d* ND products; bread and supplements have been thiamin include those
Vitamin B1 branchedchain amino bread products, reported. This does not mean being treated with
Aneurin acids. Children mixed foods whose that there is no potential for hemodialysis or
1−3 y 0.5 mg/d ND main ingredient is adverse effects resulting from peritoneal dialysis, or
4−8 y 0.6 mg/d ND grain, and ready-to- high intakes. Because data on individuals with
eat cereals. the adverse effects of thiamin malabsorption syndrome.
Males are limited, caution may be
9−13 y 0.9 mg/d ND warranted.
14−18 y 1.2 mg/d ND
19−30 y 1.2 mg/d ND
31−50 y 1.2 mg/d ND
51−70 y 1.2 mg/d ND
> 70 y 1.2 mg/d ND
Females
9−13 y 0.9 mg/d ND
14−18 y 1.0 mg/d ND
19−30 y 1.1 mg/d ND
31−50 y 1.1 mg/d ND
51−70 y 1.1 mg/d ND
> 70 y 1.1 mg/d ND
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 1.4 mg/d ND
19−30y 1.4 mg/d ND
31−50 y 1.4 mg/d ND
Lactation
≤ 18 y 1.4 mg/d ND
19−30y 1.4 mg/d ND
31−50 y 1.4 mg/d ND
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Vitamin Ae Required for normal Infants Liver, dairy products, Teratological effects, liver Individuals with high
vision, gene 0−6 mo 400 µg/d* 600 µg/d fish, darkly colored toxicity alcohol intake,
expression, 7−12 mo 500 µg/d* 600 µg/d fruits, leafy preexisting liver disease,
reproduction, vegetables. Note: From preformed hyperlipidemia or severe
embryonic Children Vitamin A only. protein malnutrition may
development and 1−3 y 300 µg/d 600 µg/d be distinctly susceptible
immune function. 4−8 y 400 µg/d 900 µg/d to the adverse effects of
excess preformed vitamin
Males A intake. β-carotene
9−13 y 600 µg/d 1,700 µg/d supplements are advised
14−18 y 900 µg/d 2,800 µg/d only to serve as a
19−30 y 900 µg/d 3,000 µg/d provitamin A source for
31−50 y 900 µg/d 3,000 µg/d individuals at risk of
51−70 y 900 µg/d 3,000 µg/d vitamin A deficiency.
> 70 y 900 µg/d 3,000 µg/d
Females
9−13 y 600 µg/d 1,700 µg/d
14−18 y 700 µg/d 2,800 µg/d
19−30 y 700 µg/d 3,000 µg/d
31−50 y 700 µg/d 3,000 µg/d
51−70 y 700 µg/d 3,000 µg/d
> 70 y 700 µg/d 3,000 µg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 750 µg/d 2,800 µg/d
19−30y 770 µg/d 3,000 µg/d
31−50 y 770 µg/d 3,000 µg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 1,200 µg/d 2,800 µg/d
19−30y 1,300 µg/d 3,000 µg/d
31−50 y 1,300 µg/d 3,000 µg/d
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Vitamin B6 Coenzyme in the Infants Fortified cereals, No adverse effects associated None.
metabolism of 0−6 mo 0.1 mg/d* NDb organ meats, fortified with Vitamin B6 from food
Vitamin B6 comprises amino acids, 7−12 mo 0.3 mg/d* ND soy-based meat have been reported. This does
a glycogen and substitutes. not mean that there is no
group of six related sphingoid bases Children potential for adverse effects
compounds: 1−3 y 0.5 mg/d 30 mg/d resulting from high intakes.
pyridoxal, 4−8 y 0.6 mg/d 40 mg/d Because data on the adverse
pyridoxine, effects of Vitamin B6 are
pyridoxamine, Males limited, caution may be
and 5’-phosphates 9−13 y 1.0 mg/d 60 mg/d warranted. Sensory neuropathy
(PLP, PNP, PMP). 14−18 y 1.3 mg/d 80 mg/d has occurred from high intakes
19−30 y 1.3 mg/d 100 mg/d of supplemental forms.
31−50 y 1.3 mg/d 100 mg/d
51−70 y 1.7 mg/d 100 mg/d
> 70 y 1.7 mg/d 100 mg/d
Females
9−13 y 1.0 mg/d 60 mg/d
14−18 y 1.2 mg/d 80 mg/d
19−30 y 1.3 mg/d 100 mg/d
31−50 y 1.3 mg/d 100 mg/d
51−70 y 1.5 mg/d 100 mg/d
> 70 y 1.5 mg/d 100 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 1.9 mg/d 80 mg/d
19−30y 1.9 mg/d 100 mg/d
31−50 y 1.9 mg/d 100 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 2.0 mg/d 80 mg/d
19−30y 2.0 mg/d 100 mg/d
31−50 y 2.0 mg/d 100 mg/d
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Vitamin B12 Coenzyme in nucleic Infants Fortified cereals, No adverse effects have Because 10 to 30
acid metabolism; 0−6 mo 0.4 µg/d* NDb meat, fish, poultry. been associated with the percent of older people
Also known as: prevents 7−12 mo 0.5 µg/d* ND consumption of the amounts of may malabsorb
Cobalamin megaloblastic vitamin B12 normally found in foodbound vitamin B12, it
anemia. Children foods or supplements. This is advisable for those
1−3 y 0.9 µg/d ND does not mean that there is no older than 50 years to
4−8 y 1.2 µg/d ND potential for adverse effects meet their RDA mainly
resulting from high intakes. by consuming foods
Males, Females Because data on the adverse fortified with vitamin B12
9−13 y 1.8 µg/d ND effects of vitamin B12 are or a supplement
14−18 y 2.4 µg/d ND limited, caution may be containing vitamin B12.
19−30 y 2.4 µg/d ND warranted.
31−50 y 2.4 µg/d ND
50−70 y 2.4 µg/d ND
> 70 y 2.4 µg/d ND
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 2.6 µg/d ND
19−30y 2.6 µg/d ND
31−50 y 2.6 µg/d ND
Lactation
≤ 18 y 2.8 µg/d ND
19−30y 2.8 µg/d ND
31−50 y 2.8 µg/d ND
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Vitamin C Cofactor for Infants Citrus fruits, Gastrointestinal disturbances, Individuals who smoke
reactions requiring 0−6 mo 40 mg/d* NDb tomatoes, tomato kidney stones, excess iron require an additional 35
Also known as: reduced copper or 7−12 mo 50 mg/d* ND juice, potatoes, absorption. mg/d of vitamin C over
Ascorbic acid iron metalloenzyme brussel sprouts, that needed by
Dehydroascorbic acid and as a protective Children cauliflower, broccoli, nonsmokers. Nonsmokers
(DHA) antioxidant 1−3 y 15 mg/d 400 mg/d strawberries, regularly exposed to
4−8 y 25 mg/d 650 mg/d cabbage and spinach. tobacco smoke are
encouraged to ensure they
Males meet the
9−13 y 45 mg/d 1,200 mg/d RDA for vitamin C.
14−18 y 75 mg/d 1,800 mg/d
19−30 y 90 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
31−50 y 90 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
51−70 y 90 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
> 70 y 90 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
Females
9−13 y 45 mg/d 1,200 mg/d
14−18 y 65 mg/d 1,800 mg/d
19−30 y 75 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
31−50 y 75 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
51−70 y 75 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
> 70 y 75 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 80 mg/d 1,800 mg/d
19−30y 85 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
31−50 y 85 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 115 mg/d 1,800 mg/d
19−30y 120 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
31−50 y 120 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Vitamin D Maintain serum Infants Fish liver oils, flesh Hypercalcemia which can lead None.
calcium and 0−6 mo 400 IU/d* 1,000 IU/d of fatty fish, egg to decreased renal function and
Also known as: phosphorus 7−12 mo 400 IU/d* 1,500 IU/d yolk, fortified dairy hypercalciuria, kidney failure,
Calciferol concentrations, and products and fortified cardiovascular system failure,
in turn, bone health. Children cereals. and calcification of soft tissues.
Note: 1 μg calciferol 1−3 y 600 IU/d 2,500 IU/d
= 40 IU vitamin D 4−8 y 600 IU/d 3,000 IU/d
The DRI values are Males, Females

based on minimal sun 9−13 y 600 IU/d 4,000 IU/d
exposure. 14−18 y 600 IU/d 4,000 IU/d
19−30 y 600 IU/d 4,000 IU/d
31−50 y 600 IU/d 4,000 IU/d
50−70 y 600 IU/d 4,000 IU/d
> 70 y 800 IU/d 4,000 IU/d
Pregnant/Lactating
14−18 y 600 IU/d 4,000 IU/d
19−50 y 600 IU/d 4,000 IU/d
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Vitamin E A metabolic function Infants Vegetable oils, There is no evidence of Patients on anticoagulant
has not yet been 0−6 mo 4 mg/d* NDb unprocessed cereal adverse effects from the therapy should be
Also known as: identified. 7−12 mo 5 mg/d* ND grains, nuts, fruits, consumption of vitamin E monitored when taking
α-tocopherol Vitamin E’s major vegetables, meats. naturally occurring in foods. vitamin E supplements.
function appears to Children Adverse effects from vitamin E
be as a nonspecific 1−3 y 6 mg/d 200 mg/d containing supplements may
chain-breaking 4−8 y 7 mg/d 300 mg/d include hemorrhagic toxicity.
antioxidant. The UL for vitamin E applies
Males, Females to any form of α-tocopherol
9−13 y 11 mg/d 600 mg/d obtained from supplements,
14−18 y 15 mg/d 800 mg/d fortified foods, or a
19−30 y 15 mg/d 1,000 mg/d combination of the two.
31−50 y 15 mg/d 1,000 mg/d
50−70 y 15 mg/d 1,000 mg/d
> 70 y 15 mg/d 1,000 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 15 mg/d 800 mg/d
19−30y 15 mg/d 1,000 mg/d
31−50 y 15 mg/d 1,000 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 19 mg/d 800 mg/d
19−30y 19 mg/d 1,000 mg/d
31−50 y 19 mg/d 1,000 mg/d
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f

Vitamin K Coenzyme during the Infants Green vegetables No adverse effects associated Patients on anticoagulant
synthesis of 0−6 mo 2.0 µg/d* NDb (collards, spinach, with vitamin K consumption therapy should monitor
many proteins 7−12 mo 2.5 µg/d* ND salad greens, from food or supplements have vitamin K intake.
involved in blood broccoli), brussel been reported in humans or
clotting and bone Children sprouts, cabbage, animals. This does not mean
metabolism. 1−3 y 30 µg/d* ND plant oils and that there is no potential for
4−8 y 55 µg/d* ND margarine. adverse effects resulting from
high intakes. Because data on
Males the adverse effects of vitamin
9−13 y 60 µg/d* ND K are limited, caution may be
14−18 y 75 µg/d* ND warranted.
19−30 y 120 µg/d* ND
31−50 y 120 µg/d* ND
51−70 y 120 µg/d* ND
> 70 y 120 µg/d* ND
Females
9−13 y 60 µg/d* ND
14−18 y 75 µg/d* ND
19−30 y 90 µg/d* ND
31−50 y 90 µg/d* ND
51−70 y 90 µg/d* ND
> 70 y 90 µg/d* ND
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 75 µg/d* ND
19−30y 90 µg/d* ND
31−50 y 90 µg/d* ND
Lactation
≤ 18 y 75 µg/d* ND
19−30y 90 µg/d* ND
31−50 y 90 µg/d* ND
a
b
c
d
niacin (not NE).
e
f
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Elements
Selected Adverse Effects of Special

Nutrient Function Life Stage Group RDA/AI* ULa Food Sources Excessive Consumption Considerations
Arsenic No biological function in Infants Dairy products, No data on the possible None.
humans although animal 0−6 mo NDb NDb meat, poultry, fish, adverse effects of organic
data indicate a 7−12 mo ND ND grains and cereal. arsenic compounds in food
requirement. were found. Inorganic
Children arsenic is a known toxic
1−3 y ND ND substance.
4−8 y ND ND
Although the UL was not
Males, Females determined for arsenic, there
9−13 y ND ND is no justification for adding
14−18 y ND ND arsenic to food or
19−30 y ND ND supplements.
31−50 y ND ND
50−70 y ND ND
> 70 y ND ND
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y
19−30y ND ND
31−50 y ND ND
ND ND
Lactation
≤ 18 y ND ND
19−30y ND ND
31−50 y ND ND
NOTE: The table is adapted from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu. It represents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type, Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*), and Tolerable Upper Intake
Levels (ULs)a.. RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other
life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a
UL = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could
not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, or carotenoids. In the absence of ULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.
b
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and
Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum,
Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D
(2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.

Boron No clear biological Infants Fruit-based Reproductive and None.
function in humans 0−6 mo NDb NDb beverages and developmental effects as
although animal data 7−12 mo ND ND products, potatoes, observed in animal studies.
indicate a functional role. legumes, milk,
Children avocado, peanut
1−3 y ND 3 mg/d butter, peanuts.
4−8 y ND 6 mg/d
Males, Females
9−13 y ND 11 mg/d
14−18 y ND 17 mg/d
19−30 y ND 20 mg/d
31−50 y ND 20 mg/d
50−70 y ND 20 mg/d
> 70 y ND 20 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y ND 17 mg/d
19−30y ND 20 mg/d
31−50 y ND 20 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y ND 17 mg/d
19−30y ND 20 mg/d
31−50 y ND 20 mg/d
a
b

Calcium Essential role in blood Infants Milk, cheese, Kidney stones, None.
clotting, muscle 0−6 mo 200 mg/d* 1,000 mg/d yogurt, corn hypercalcemia,
contraction, nerve 7−12 mo 260 mg/d* 1,500 mg/d tortillas, calcium-set hypercalciuria, prostate
transmission, and bone tofu, Chinese cancer, constipation, soft
and tooth formation. Children cabbage, kale, tissue calcification
1−3 y 700 mg/d 2,500 mg/d broccoli, as well as
4−8 y 1,000 mg/d 2,500 mg/d other fortified foods
and beverages.
Males, Females
9−13 y 1,300 mg/d 3,000 mg/d
14−18 y 1,300 mg/d 3,000 mg/d
19−30 y 1,000 mg/d 2,500 mg/d
31−50 y 1,000 mg/d 2,500 mg/d
51−70 y, males 1,000 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
51−70y, females 1,200 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
> 70 y 1,200 mg/d 2,000 mg/d
Pregnant/Lactating
14−18 y 1,300 mg/d 3,000 mg/d
19−50 y 1,000 mg/d 2,500 mg/d
a
b

Chromium Helps to maintain Infants Some cereals, Chronic renal failure. None.
normal blood 0−6 mo 0.2 mg/d* NDb meats, poultry, fish,
glucose levels. 7−12 mo 5.5 mg/d* ND and beer.
Children
1−3 y 11 mg/d* ND
4−8 y 15 mg/d* ND
Males
9−13 y 25 mg/d* ND
14−18 y 35 mg/d* ND
19−30 y 35 mg/d* ND
31−50 y 35 mg/d* ND
51−70 y 30 mg/d* ND
> 70 y 30 mg/d* ND
Females
9−13 y 21 mg/d* ND
14−18 y 24 mg/d* ND
19−30 y 25 mg/d* ND
31−50 y 25 mg/d* ND
51−70 y 20 mg/d* ND
> 70 y 20 mg/d* ND
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 29 mg/d* ND
19−30y 30 mg/d* ND
31−50 y 30 mg/d* ND
Lactation
≤ 18 y 44 mg/d* ND
19−30y 45 mg/d* ND
31−50 y 45 mg/d* ND
a
b

Copper Component of enzymes Infants Organ meats, Gastrointestinal distress, liver Individuals with
in iron metabolism. 0−6 mo 200 µg/d* NDb seafood, nuts, seeds, damage. Wilson’s disease, Indian
7−12 mo 220 µg/d* ND wheat bran cereals, childhood cirrhosis and
whole grain idiopathic copper
Children products, cocoa toxicosis may be at an
1−3 y 340 µg/d 1,000 µg/d products. increased risk of adverse
4−8 y 440 µg/d 3,000 µg/d effects from excess
copper intake.
Males, Females
9−13 y 700 µg/d 5,000 µg/d
14−18 y 890 µg/d 8,000 µg/d
19−30 y 900 µg/d 10,000 µg/d
31−50 y 900 µg/d 10,000 µg/d
50−70 y 900 µg/d 10,000 µg/d
> 70 y 900 µg/d 10,000 µg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 1,000 µg/d 8,000 µg/d
19−30y 1,000 µg/d 10,000 µg/d
31−50 y 1,000 µg/d 10,000 µg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 1,300 µg/d 8,000 µg/d
19−30y 1,300 µg/d 10,000 µg/d
31−50 y 1,300 µg/d 10,000 µg/d
a
b

Fluoride Inhibits the initiation and Infants Fluoridated water, Enamel and skeletal None.
progression of dental 0−6 mo 0.01 mg/d* 0.7 mg/d teas, marine fish, fluorosis.
caries and stimulates new 7−12 mo 0.5 mg/d* 0.9 mg/d fluoridated dental
bone formation. products.
Children
1−3 y 0.7 mg/d* 1.3 mg/d
4−8 y 1.0 mg/d* 2.2 mg/d
Males
9−13 y 2 mg/d* 10 mg/d
14−18 y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
19−30 y 4 mg/d* 10 mg/d
31−50 y 4 mg/d* 10 mg/d
51−70 y 4 mg/d* 10 mg/d
> 70 y 4 mg/d* 10 mg/d
Females
9−13 y 2 mg/d* 10 mg/d
14−18 y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
19−30 y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
31−50 y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
51−70 y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
> 70 y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
19−30y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
31−50 y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
19−30y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
31−50 y 3 mg/d* 10 mg/d
a
b

Iodine Component of the Infants Marine origin, Elevated thyroid stimulating Individuals with
thyroid hormones; 0−6 mo 110 µg/d* NDb processed foods, hormone (TSH) autoimmune thyroid
and prevents goiter and 7−12 mo 130 µg/d* ND iodized salt. concentration. disease, previous iodine
cretinism. deficiency, or nodular
Children goiter are distinctly
1−3 y 90 µg/d 200 µg/d susceptible to the
4−8 y 90 µg/d 300 µg/d adverse effect of excess
iodine intake. Therefore,
Males, Females individuals with these
9−13 y 120 µg/d 600 µg/d conditions may not be
14−18 y 150 µg/d 900 µg/d protected by the UL for
19−30 y 150 µg/d 1,100 µg/d iodine intake for the
31−50 y 150 µg/d 1,100 µg/d general population.
50−70 y 150 µg/d 1,100 µg/d
> 70 y 150 µg/d 1,100 µg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 220 µg/d 900 µg/d
19−30y 220 µg/d 1,100 µg/d
31−50 y 220 µg/d 1,100 µg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 290 µg/d 900 µg/d
19−30y 290 µg/d 1,100 µg/d
31−50 y 290 µg/d 1,100 µg/d
a
b

Iron Component of Infants Fruits, vegetables Gastrointestinal distress. Non-heme iron
hemoglobin and 0−6 mo 0.27 mg/d* 40 mg/d and fortified bread absorption is lower for
numerous enzymes; 7−12 mo 11 mg/d 40 mg/d and grain products those consuming
prevents microcytic such as cereal vegetarian diets than for
hypochromic anemia. Children (nonheme iron those eating
1−3 y 7 mg/d 40 mg/d sources), meat and nonvegetarian diets.
4−8 y 10 mg/d 40 mg/d poultry (heme iron Therefore, it has been
sources). suggested that the iron
Males requirement for those
9−13 y 8 mg/d 40 mg/d consuming a vegetarian
14−18 y 11 mg/d 45 mg/d diet is approximately 2-
19−30 y 8 mg/d 45 mg/d fold greater than for
31−50 y 8 mg/d 45 mg/d those consuming a
51−70 y 8 mg/d 45 mg/d nonvegetarian diet.
> 70 y 8 mg/d 45 mg/d Recommended intake
assumes 75% of iron is
Females from heme iron sources.
9−13 y 8 mg/d 40 mg/d
14−18 y 15 mg/d 45 mg/d
19−30 y 18 mg/d 45 mg/d
31−50 y 18 mg/d 45 mg/d
51−70 y 8 mg/d 45 mg/d
> 70 y 8 mg/d 45 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 27 mg/d 45 mg/d
19−30y 27 mg/d 45 mg/d
31−50 y 27 mg/d 45 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 10 mg/d 45 mg/d
19−30y 9 mg/d 45 mg/d
31−50 y 9 mg/d 45 mg/d
a
b

Magnesium Cofactor for enzyme Infants Green leafy There is no evidence of None.
systems. 0−6 mo 30 mg/d* NDb vegetables, adverse effects from the
7−12 mo 75 mg/d* ND unpolished grains, consumption of naturally
nuts, meat, starches, occurring magnesium in
Children milk. foods. Adverse effects from
1−3 y 80 mg/d 65 mg/d magnesium containing
4−8 y 130 mg/d 110 mg/d supplements may include
osmotic diarrhea. The UL for
Males magnesium represents intake
9−13 y 240 mg/d 350 mg/d from a pharmacological agent
14−18 y 410 mg/d 350 mg/d only and does not include
19−30 y 400 mg/d 350 mg/d intake from food and water.
31−50 y 420 mg/d 350 mg/d
51−70 y 420 mg/d 350 mg/d
> 70 y 420 mg/d 350 mg/d
Females
9−13 y 240 mg/d 350 mg/d
14−18 y 360 mg/d 350 mg/d
19−30 y 310 mg/d 350 mg/d
31−50 y 320 mg/d 350 mg/d
51−70 y 320 mg/d 350 mg/d
> 70 y 320 mg/d 350 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 400 mg/d 350 mg/d
19−30y 350 mg/d 350 mg/d
31−50 y 360 mg/d 350 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 360 mg/d 350 mg/d
19−30y 310 mg/d 350 mg/d
31−50 y 320 mg/d 350 mg/d
a
b

Manganese Involved in the Infants Nuts, legumes, tea, Elevated blood concentration Because manganese in
formation of bone, as 0−6 mo .003 mg/d* NDb and whole grains. and neurotoxicity. drinking water and
well as in enzymes 7−12 mo 0.6 mg/d* ND supplements may be
involved in amino acid, more bioavailable than
cholesterol, and Children manganese from food,
carbohydrate 1−3 y 1.2 mg/d* 2 mg/d caution should be taken
metabolism. 4−8 y 1.5 mg/d* 3 mg/d when using manganese
supplements especially
Males among those persons
9−13 y 1.9 mg/d* 6 mg/d already consuming large
14−18 y 2.2 mg/d* 9 mg/d amounts of manganese
19−30 y 2.3 mg/d* 11 mg/d from diets high in plant
31−50 y 2.3 mg/d* 11 mg/d products. In addition,
51−70 y 2.3 mg/d* 11 mg/d individuals with liver
> 70 y 2.3 mg/d* 11 mg/d disease may be
distinctly susceptible to
Females the adverse effects of
9−13 y 1.6 mg/d* 6 mg/d excess manganese
14−18 y 1.6 mg/d* 9 mg/d intake.
19−30 y 1.8 mg/d* 11 mg/d
31−50 y 1.8 mg/d* 11 mg/d
51−70 y 1.8 mg/d* 11 mg/d
> 70 y 1.8 mg/d* 11 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 2.0 mg/d* 9 mg/d
19−30y 2.0 mg/d* 11 mg/d
31−50 y 2.0 mg/d* 11 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 2.6 mg/d* 9 mg/d
19−30y 2.6 mg/d* 11 mg/d
31−50 y 2.6 mg/d* 11 mg/d
a
b

Molybdenum Cofactor for enzymes Infants Legumes, grain Reproductive effects as Individuals who are
involved in catabolism of 0−6 mo 2 µg/d* NDb products and nuts. observed in animal studies. deficient in dietary
sulfur amino acids, 7−12 mo 3 µg/d* ND copper intake or have
purines and pyridines. some dysfunction in
Children copper metabolism that
1−3 y 17 µg/d 300 µg/d makes them copper-
4−8 y 22 µg/d 600 µg/d deficient could be at
increased risk of
Males, Females molybdenum toxicity.
9−13 y 34 µg/d 1,100 µg/d
14−18 y 43 µg/d 1,700 µg/d
19−30 y 45 µg/d 2,000 µg/d
31−50 y 45 µg/d 2,000 µg/d
50−70 y 45 µg/d 2,000 µg/d
> 70 y 45 µg/d 2,000 µg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 50 µg/d 1,700 µg/d
19−30y 50 µg/d 2,000 µg/d
31−50 y 50 µg/d 2,000 µg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 50 µg/d 1,700 µg/d
19−30y 50 µg/d 2,000 µg/d
31−50 y 50 µg/d 2,000 µg/d
a
b

Nickel No clear biological Infants Nuts, legumes, Decreased body weight gain. Individuals with
function in humans has 0−6 mo NDb NDb cereals, sweeteners, preexisting nickel
been identified. 7−12 mo ND ND chocolate milk (Note: As observed in animal hypersensitivity (from
May serve as a cofactor powder, chocolate studies.) previous dermal
of metalloenzymes Children candy. exposure) and kidney
and facilitate iron 1−3 y ND 0.2 mg/d dysfunction are
absorption or metabolism 4−8 y ND 0.3 mg/d distinctly susceptible to
in microorganisms. the adverse effects of
Males, Females excess nickel intake.
9−13 y ND 0.6 mg/d
14−18 y ND 1.0 mg/d
19−30 y ND 1.0 mg/d
31−50 y ND 1.0 mg/d
50−70 y ND 1.0 mg/d
> 70 y ND 1.0 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y ND 1.0 mg/d
19−30y ND 1.0 mg/d
31−50 y ND 1.0 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y ND 1.0 mg/d
19−30y ND 1.0 mg/d
31−50 y ND 1.0 mg/d
a
b

Phosphorus Maintenance of pH, Infants Milk, yogurt, ice Metastatic calcification, Athletes and others with
storage and transfer of 0−6 mo 100 mg/d* NDb cream, cheese, peas, skeletal porosity, interference high energy expenditure
energy and nucleotide 7−12 mo 275 mg/d* ND meat, eggs, some with calcium absorption. frequently consume
synthesis. cereals and breads. amounts from food
Children greater than the UL
1−3 y 460 mg/d 3,000 mg/d without apparent effect.
4−8 y 500 mg/d 3,000 mg/d
Males, Females
9−13 y 1,250 mg/d 4,000 mg/d
14−18 y 1,250 mg/d 4,000 mg/d
19−30 y 700 mg/d 4,000 mg/d
31−50 y 700 mg/d 4,000 mg/d
50−70 y 700 mg/d 4,000 mg/d
> 70 y 700 mg/d 3,000 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 1,250 mg/d 3,500 mg/d
19−30y 700 mg/d 3,500 mg/d
31−50 y 700 mg/d 3,500 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 1,250 mg/d 4,000 mg/d
19−30y 700 mg/d 4,000 mg/d
31−50 y 700 mg/d 4,000 mg/d
a
b

Selenium Defense against Infants Organ meats, Hair and nail brittleness and None.
oxidative stress and 0−6 mo 15 µg/d* 45 µg/d seafood, plants loss.
regulation of thyroid 7−12 mo 20 µg/d* 60 µg/d (depending on
hormone action, and the soil selenium
reduction and oxidation Children content).
status of vitamin C and 1−3 y 20 µg/d 90 µg/d
other molecules. 4−8 y 30 µg/d 150 µg/d
Males, Females
9−13 y 40 µg/d 280 µg/d
14−18 y 55 µg/d 400 µg/d
19−30 y 55 µg/d 400 µg/d
31−50 y 55 µg/d 400 µg/d
50−70 y 55 µg/d 400 µg/d
> 70 y 55 µg/d 400 µg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 60 µg/d 400 µg/d
19−30y 60 µg/d 400 µg/d
31−50 y 60 µg/d 400 µg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 70 µg/d 400 µg/d
19−30y 70 µg/d 400 µg/d
31−50 y 70 µg/d 400 µg/d
a
b

Silicon No biological function in Infants Plant-based foods. There is no evidence that None.
humans has been 0−6 mo NDb NDb silicon that occurs naturally
identified. Involved in 7−12 mo ND ND in food and water produces
bone function in animal adverse health effects.
studies. Children
1−3 y ND ND
4−8 y ND ND
Males, Females
9−13 y ND ND
14−18 y ND ND
19−30 y ND ND
31−50 y ND ND
50−70 y ND ND
> 70 y ND ND
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y ND ND
19−30y ND ND
31−50 y ND ND
Lactation
≤ 18 y ND ND
19−30y ND ND
31−50 y ND ND
a
b

Vanadium No biological function in Infants Mushrooms, Renal lesions as observed in None.
humans has been 0−6 mo NDb NDb shellfish, black animal studies.
identified. 7−12 mo ND ND pepper, parsley, and
dill seed.
Children
1−3 y ND ND
4−8 y ND ND
Males, Females
9−13 y ND ND
14−18 y ND ND
19−30 y ND 1.8 mg/d
31−50 y ND 1.8 mg/d
50−70 y ND 1.8 mg/d
> 70 y ND 1.8 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y ND ND
19−30y ND ND
31−50 y ND ND
Lactation
≤ 18 y ND ND
19−30y ND ND
31−50 y ND ND
a
b

Zinc Component of Infants Fortified cereals, red Reduced copper status. Zinc absorption is lower
multiple enzymes 0−6 mo 2 mg/d* 4 mg/d meats, certain for those consuming
and proteins; involved in 7−12 mo 3 mg/d 5 mg/d seafood. vegetarian diets than for
the regulation of gene those eating
expression. Children nonvegetarian diets.
1−3 y 3 mg/d 7 mg/d Therefore, it has been
4−8 y 5 mg/d 12 mg/d suggested that the zinc
requirement for those
Males consuming a vegetarian
9−13 y 8 mg/d 23 mg/d diet is approximately 2-
14−18 y 11 mg/d 34 mg/d fold greater than for
19−30 y 11 mg/d 40 mg/d those consuming a
31−50 y 11 mg/d 40 mg/d nonvegetarian diet.
51−70 y 11 mg/d 40 mg/d
> 70 y 11 mg/d 40 mg/d
Females
9−13 y 8 mg/d 23 mg/d
14−18 y 9 mg/d 34 mg/d
19−30 y 8 mg/d 40 mg/d
31−50 y 8 mg/d 40 mg/d
51−70 y 8 mg/d 40 mg/d
> 70 y 8 mg/d 40 mg/d
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y 12 mg/d 34 mg/d
19−30y 11 mg/d 40 mg/d
31−50 y 11 mg/d 40 mg/d
Lactation
≤ 18 y 13 mg/d 34 mg/d
19−30y 12 mg/d 40 mg/d
31−50 y 12 mg/d 40 mg/d
a
b
Dietary Reference Intakes : Electrolytes and Water
Nutrient Function Life Stage AI ULa Selected Food Adverse Effects of Special Considerations
Group Sources Excessive
Consumption
Sodium Maintains fluid (g/d) (g/d) Processed foods Hypertension; The AI is set based on
volume outside of Infants to which sodium increased risk of being able to obtain a
cells and thus normal 0−6 mo 0.12 NDb chloride (salt) cardiovascular disease nutritionally adequate diet
cell function. 7−12 mo 0.37 NDb /benzoate/phosph and stroke. for other nutrients and to
ate have been meet the needs for sweat
Children added; salted losses for individuals
1−3 y 1.0 1.5 meats, nuts, cold engaged in
4−8 y 1.2 1.9 cuts; margarine; recommended levels of
butter; salt added physical activity.
Males to foods in Individuals engaged in
9−13 y 1.5 2.2 cooking or at the activity at higher levels or
1.5 2.3 table. Salt is ~ in humid climates
14−18 y
40% sodium by resulting in excessive
19−30 y 1.5 2.3
weight. sweat may need more
31–50 y 1.5 2.3
than the AI. The UL
50–70 y 1.3 2.3
applies to apparently
> 70 y 1.2 2.3
healthy individuals
without hypertension; it
Females
thus may be too high for
9−13 y 1.5 2.2
individuals who already
14−18 y 1.5 2.3 have hypertension or who
19−30 y 1.5 2.3 are under the care of a
31–50 y 1.5 2.3 health care professional.
50–70 y 1.3 2.3
> 70 y 1.2 2.3
Pregnancy
14–18 y 1.5 2.3
19–50 y 1.5 2.3
Lactation
14–18 y 1.5 2.3
19–50 y 1.5 2.3
NOTE: The table is adapted from the DRI reports. See www.nap.edu. Adequate Intakes (AIs) may be used as a goal for individual intake. For healthy
breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lack
of data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake; therefore, no Recommended Dietary Allowance
(RDA) was set.
a
UL = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake
from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for potassium, water, and inorganic sulfate. In the absence of
ULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.
b
ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of
intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. This reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2004 by The National Academies. All rights reserved.
Consumption
Chloride With sodium, (g/d) (g/d) See above; about In concert with sodium, Chloride is lost usually
maintains fluid Infants 60% by weight of results in hypertension. with sodium in sweat, as
volume outside of 0−6 mo 0.18 NDb salt. well as in vomiting and
cells and thus normal 7−12 mo 0.57 NDb diarrhea. The AI and UL
cell function. are equi-molar in amount
Children to sodium since most of
1−3 y 1.5 2.3 sodium in diet comes as
4−8 y 1.9 2.9 sodium chloride (salt).
Males
9−13 y 2.3 3.4
14−18 y 2.3 3.6
19−30 y 2.3 3.6
31–50 y 2.3 3.6
50–70 y 2.0 3.6
> 70 y 1.8 3.6
Females
9−13 y 2.3 3.4
14–18 y 2.3 3.6
19−30 y 2.3 3.6
31–-50 y 2.3 3.6
50–70 y 2.0 3.6
> 70 y 1.8 3.6
Pregnancy
14–18 y 2.3 3.6
19–50 y 2.3 3.6
Lactation
14–18 y 2.3 3.6
19–50 y 2.3 3.6
(RDA) was set.
a
b
Consumption
Potassium Maintains fluid (g/d) No Fruits and None documented Individuals taking drugs
volume inside/outside Infants UL. vegetables; dried from food alone; for cardiovascular disease
of cells and thus 0−6 mo 0.4 peas; dairy products; however, potassium such as ACE inhibitors,
normal cell function; 7−12 mo 0.7 meats, and nuts. from supplements or ARBs (Angiontensin
acts to blunt the rise salt substitutes can Receptor Blockers), or
of blood pressure in Children result in hyperkalemia potassium sparing
response to excess 1−3 y 3.0 and possibly sudden diuretics should be careful
sodium intake, and 4−8 y 3.8 death if excess is to not consume
decrease markers of consumed by supplements containing
bone turnover and Males individuals with chronic potassium and may need
recurrence of kidney 9−13 y 4.5 renal insufficiency to consume less than the
stones. 14−18 y 4.7 (kidney disease) or AI for potassium.
4.7 diabetes.
19−30 y
31–50 y 4.7
50–70 y 4.7
> 70 y 4.7
Females
9−13 y 4.5
14−18 y 4.7
19−30 y 4.7
31–50 y 4.7
50–70 y 4.7
> 70 y 4.7
Pregnancy
14–18 y 4.7
19–50 y 4.7
Lactation
14–18 y 5.1
19–50 y 5.1
(RDA) was set.
a
b
Group Sources Excessive Consumption
Water Maintains (L/d) No All beverages, No UL because normally Recommended intakes
homeostasis in the Infants UL. including water, as functioning kidneys can for water are based on
body and allows 0−6 mo 0.7 well as moisture in handle more than 0.7 L (24 median intakes of
for transport of 7−12 mo 0.8 foods (high moisture oz) of fluid per hour; generally healthy
nutrients to cells foods include symptoms of water individuals who are
and removal and watermelon, meats, intoxication include adequately hydrated;
Children
excretion of waste soups, etc.). hyponatremia which can individuals can be
1−3 y 1.3
products of result in heart failure and adequately hydrated at
metabolism. 4−8 y 1.7 rhabdomyolosis (skeletal levels below as well as
muscle tissue injury) which above the AIs provided.
Males can lead to kidney failure. The AIs provided are for
9−13 y 2.4 total water in temperate
14−18 y 3.3 climates. All sources can
19−30 y 3.7 contribute to total water
31–50 y 3.7 needs: beverages
50–70 y 3.7 (including tea, coffee,
> 70 y 3.7 juices, sodas, and
drinking water) and
Females moisture found in foods.
2.1 Moisture in food accounts
9−13 y
for about 20% of total
14−18 y 2.3
water intake. Thirst and
19−30 y 2.7
consumption of
31–50 y 2.7 beverages at meals are
50–70 y 2.7 adequate to maintain
> 70 y 2.7 hydration.
Pregnancy
14–18 y 3.0
19–50 y 3.0
Lactation
14–18 y 3.8
19–50 y 3.8
(RDA) was set.
a
b
Nutrient Function Life Stage AI ULa Selected Food Adverse Effects Special
Group Sources of Excessive Considerations
Consumption
Inorganic Required for No No Dried fruit (dates, Osmotic diarrhea
Sulfate biosynthesis of 3’- Infants recommended UL raisins, dried was observed in
phosphoadenosine- 0−6 mo intake was set apples), soy flour, areas where water
5’-phosphate 7−12 mo as adequate fruit juices, coconut supply had high
(PAPS), which sulfate is milk, red and white levels; odor and off
provides sulfate Children available from wine, bread, as well taste usually limit
when sulfur- 1−3 y dietary inorganic as meats that are intake, and thus no
containing 4−8 y sulfate from high in sulfur amino UL was set.
compounds are water and foods, acids.
needed such as Males and from
chondroitin sulfate 9−13 y sources of
and cerebroside 14−18 y organic sulfate,
sulfate. such as
19−30 y
glutathione and
31–50 y
the sulfur amino
50–70 y
acids
> 70 y
methionine and
cysteine.
Females
Metabolic
9−13 y
breakdown of
14−18 y the
19−30 y recommended
31–50 y intake for
50–70 y protein and
> 70 y sulfur amino
acids should
Pregnancy provide
14–18 y adequate
19–50 y inorganic sulfate
for synthesis of
Lactation required sulfur-
14–18 y containing
19–50 y compounds.
(RDA) was set.
a
b

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DRIs

Dietary Reference Intakes

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Selected Adverse Effects of Excessive Special

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The DRI values are Males, Females

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Selected Adverse Effects of Excessive Special

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Selected Adverse Effects of Special

Selected Adverse Effects of Special

Selected Adverse Effects of Special

Selected Adverse Effects of Special

Selected Adverse Effects of Special

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Selected Adverse Effects of Special

Selected Adverse Effects of Special

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