Anatomy Topic No. 2

Skeletal System
• The skeletal system is the framework of bones and cartilage that supports
and protects the soft tissues and the internal organs of the body.
• Bones, muscles and joints form the musculoskeletal system, along with
cartilage, tendons and ligaments.
• This system makes body structure, provide support, help in movement
and protects important organs.
• Injuries and many illnesses can damage bones, muscles and joints.
• Orthopedics (or-thoˉ-PE ˉ-diks; ortho- correct; -pedi = child) is branch of
medicine dealing with the correction of deformities of bones or muscles.
Bones of the Skeletal System

• Bones are made of connective tissue contains calcium and specialized
bone cells.
• Most bones contain bone marrow, where blood cells are made.
• The branch of science which deals with study of bone is called osteology.
• The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones, most of which are
paired.
• The skeletons of infants and children have more than 206 bones
because some of their bones fuse later in life. Examples are the hip bones
and some bones (sacrum and coccyx) of the vertebral column (backbone).
• Bones of the adult skeleton are divided into two groups; the axial
skeleton and the appendicular skeleton (appendic- =to hang onto).
The axial skeleton
• The axial skeleton consists of the bones which are located in the
longitudinal axis of the human body.
• The axial skeleton has 80 bones (bone of skull and thoracic).
• The axial skeleton has skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid
bone, ribs, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral column.
Axial skeleton
Skull
Cranium—8
Face—14
Hyoid bone—1
Auditory ossicles—6
Vertebral column— 26
Thorax
Sternum—1
Ribs—24
Number of bones---80
The appendicular skeleton

• The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs (extremities
or appendages).
• The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones.
• The appendicular skeleton has bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle
and upper limbs, and then the pelvic (hip) girdle and the lower limbs.
Appendicular Appendicular skeleton
skeleton Pelvic (hip) girdle
Pectoral (shoulder) girdles Hip—2
Clavicle—2 Lower limbs
Scapula—2 Femur—2
Upper limbs Patella— 2
Humerus—2 Tibia—2
Ulna—2 Fibula—2
Radius— 2 Tarsals—14
Carpals—16 Metatarsals—10
Metacarpals—10 Phalanges—28
Phalanges—28 Number of bones---126
Types of Bones
• Almost all bones of the body can be classified into five main types based
on shape: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.
Long bones
• The bones have greater length than width.
• For example; femur (thigh bone), tibia and fibula (leg bones), humerus
(arm bone), ulna and radius (forearm bones),
Short bones
• Short bones are cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width.
• For example; carpal (wrist) bones and some tarsal (ankle) bones.
Flat bones
• Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates.
• For example; sternum (breastbone), ribs, scapulae (shoulder blades) and
skull bone.
Irregular bones
• Irregular bones have complex shapes.
• For example; vertebrae (backbones), hip bones, facial bones, and the
calcaneus (tarsal /ankle) bones.
Sesamoid bones (SES-a-moyd)
• Sesamoid bones (shaped like a sesame=seed) develop in certain
tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress,
such as the palms and soles.
• They may vary in number from person to person.
• They are not always completely ossified.
• They are typically measure only a few millimeters in diameter.
• For example; two patellae (kneecaps).
• The large sesamoid bones located in the quadriceps femoris tendon that
are normally present in everyone.
• Functionally, sesamoid bones protect tendons from excessive wear and
tear, and they often change the direction of pull of a tendon
Functions of Bone and the Skeletal
System
The skeletal system performs several basic functions:
Support.
• Skeleton make the structural framework for the body and support soft
tissue.
• They provide attachment points for the tendons of skeletal muscles.
Protection.
• The skeleton protects the most important internal organs from injury.
• For example, cranial bones protect the brain, and the rib cage protects
the heart and lungs.
Assistance in movement.
• Most skeletal muscles attach to bones.
• When they contract, they pull bones to produce movement.
Mineral homeostasis (storage and release).
• Bone tissue makes up about 18% of the weight of the human body.
• It stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which
take part in the strength of bone.
• Bone tissue stores about 99% of the body’s calcium.
• On demand, bone releases minerals into the blood to maintain mineral
balances (homeostasis) and to distribute the minerals to other parts of
the body.
Blood cell production.
• The bones have cavities which are filled with soft fatty tissue called
bone marrow.
• The bone marrow contains stems cell having ability to produce blood
cells.
• There are two type of bone marrow; red and white/yellow;
• The red marrow contains more blood capillaries due to which they have
red color and white/yellow marrow contains fat due to which they have
white or yellow color.
• The red marrow produces red blood cells and white/yellow marrow
produce white blood cells, and platelets
• This blood cells forming process is called hemopoiesis (he¯m-oˉ-poy-e¯-
sis; hemo-=blood; -poiesis =making).
• In a newborn, all bone marrow is red and they produce more RBC.
• With increasing age, long bone marrow changes from red to yellow.
Triglyceride storage.
• Yellow bone marrow consists of adipose cells mainly, which store
triglycerides.
• The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve.
Bone Surface Markings

• Bone surface markings are special structure present in bone which have
specific functions.
• Most are not present at birth but develop in response to certain forces and
are most prominent in the adult skeleton.
• There are two major types of surface markings: (1) depressions and
openings, (2) processes.
1. DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS.
• These allow the passage of soft tissues (such as blood vessels, nerves,
ligaments, and tendons) or form joints.
• These are following types;
Fissure (FISH-ur).
• It is Narrow slit (gape) between adjacent parts of bones through which
blood vessels or nerves pass.
• For example; Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone.
Foramen (foˉ-RAˉ-men= hole).
• It is opening/ hole through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.
• For example; Optic foramen of sphenoid bone.
Fossa (FOS-a =trench /depression).
• It is a Shallow depression.
• For example; Coronoid fossa of humerus.
Sulcus (SUL-kus =groove; plural is sulci, SUL-sı¯).
• It is groove that pass blood vessel, nerve, or tendon.
• For example; Intertubercular sulcus of humerus.
Meatus (meˉ-Aˉ-tus=passage way; plural is meati, meˉ-Aˉ-tı¯).
• It is Tubelike opening.
• For example; External auditory meatus of temporal bone.
2. PROCESSES:
• It is projections or outgrowths that either help in formation of joints or serve
as attachment points for connective tissue (such as ligaments and
tendons).
• These are following types;
Condyle (KON-dı¯l; condyles=knuckle).
• It is large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of
bone.
• For example; Lateral condyle of femur.
Epicondyle (epi-=above).
• It is typically roughened projection above condyle.
• For example; Medial epicondyle of femur.
Facet (FAS-et or fa-SET).
• It is smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface.
• For example; Superior articular facet of vertebra.
Head.
• It is rounded articular projection present on neck (constricted portion) of
bone.
• For example; Head of femur.
Crest.
• It is elongated projection.
• For example; Iliac crest of hip bone.
Line (linea).
• It is long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest).
• For example; Linea aspera of femur.
Spinous process.
• It is sharp and very large projection.
• For example; Spinous process of vertebra.
Trochanter (troˉ-KAN-ter).
• It is very large projection.
• For example; Greater trochanter of femur.
Tubercle (TOO-ber-kul; tuber-=knob).
• It is variably sized rounded projection.
• For example; Greater tubercle of humerus.
Tuberosity.
• It is rough, bumpy surface projection and have different sized.
• For example; Ischial tuberosity of hip bone.
Structure of Bone
A typical long bone consists of the following parts:
Diaphysis (dı¯-AF-i-sis =growing between)
• It is the bone’s shaft or body
• It is the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.
Epiphyses (e-PIF-i-se¯z = growing over; singular is epiphysis)
• These are the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
Metaphyses (me-TAF-i-se¯z; meta-= between; singular is
metaphysis)
• These are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses.
• In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth)
plate (ep-i-FIZ-e¯-al).
• The epiphyseal (growth) plate is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows
the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length
• When a bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 14–24, the
cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; the resulting bony
structure is known as the epiphyseal line.
Articular cartilage
• It is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis
where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone.
• Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable
joints.
• Because articular cartilage lacks a perichondrium and lacks blood
vessels, repair of damage is limited.
Periosteum (per-e¯-OS-te¯-um; peri-=around)
• It is a tough connective tissue sheath, containing blood cappliaries that
surrounds the bone surface.
Medullary cavity (MED-ul-er-e¯; medulla- = marrow, pith)
• The medullary cavity or marrow cavity, is a hollow, cylindrical space
within the diaphysis.
• This cavity contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood
vessels in adults.
Endosteum (end-OS-te¯-um; endo- = within)
• It is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity.
• It contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of
connective tissue.

Anatomy Topic No. 2

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Anatomy Topic No. 2

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Skeletal System

Bones of the Skeletal System

The axial skeleton

The appendicular skeleton

Bone Surface Markings

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