KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN,

BHOPAL REGION.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, NEPANAGAR.

CLASS: XII
ENGLISH CORE -STUDY MATERIAL

QUICK
GLANCE
PREPARED BY INSPIRATION
MR. BHIMAPPA. D. PGT-ENGLISH DR. R. SENTHIL KUMAR
KV NEPANAGAR DEPUTY COMMISSIONER, KVS,RO,BHOPAL

SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE

SHRI. OMLAL BRAMHACHARI
PRINCIPAL, KV NEPANAGAR
 a. My Mother at Sixty-Six winter, which enhances the image of fragility
Author: Kamala Das and decay.
Theme in a Few Words 3. "I looked again at her, wan, pale": Emphasizes
The theme of "My Mother at Sixty-Six" revolves the mother’s deteriorating health and the poet’s
around the fear of losing a loved one, the growing emotional distress.
inevitability of aging, and the emotional bond 4. "But all I said was, see you soon, Amma": The
between a mother and child. The poet expresses poet's attempt to mask her emotions by using a
her deep concern and sadness about her casual phrase, demonstrating the tension
mother's old age, reflecting on the passage of between her internal grief and external
time and the transient nature of life. composure.
Plot of the Story (or Summary) Poetic Devices
The poem describes the poet's feelings as she 1. Imagery: - The phrase "pale, as a late winter’s
watches her aging mother during a trip to visit moon" paints a vivid picture of the mother's
her. On their way to the airport, the poet notices frailty.
her mother’s frailty and the signs of aging—her - "I looked again at her, wan, pale" conveys the
mother looks "pale" and "wan" as she sleeps. image of a tired and aging woman.
The poet feels a surge of grief and fear at the 2. Simile: - "Pale, as a late winter’s moon" is a
thought of her mother's inevitable decline and simile comparing the mother's appearance to
the possibility of losing her. As they part ways, the moon in winter, symbolizing her fading
the poet tries to hide her emotions and bids her vitality and the chill of old age.
mother goodbye with a forced smile, masking 3. Metaphor: - "The young trees sprinting"
her inner turmoil. The poem conveys a deep could symbolize the vitality and energy of youth,
sense of love, helplessness, and the emotional in stark contrast to the poet's aging mother.
pain of seeing a loved one grow old. 4. Alliteration: - "Aging, as pale as a late winter’s
Characters/Elements moon" (repetition of the ‘a’ sound).
1. The Poet (Daughter): - "Wan, pale" (repetition of the ‘p’ sound).
The daughter, who is deeply concerned about 5. Personification: The poem does not personify
her mother's health and aging. She experiences inanimate objects, but the description of the
a mix of sadness, love, and helplessness. aging process personifies the natural decline of
2. The Mother: the mother as a slow and inevitable journey.
The mother, an elderly woman who appears 6. Contrast:
frail and vulnerable. Her age symbolizes the - The contrast between the poet’s youthful
passage of time and the inevitability of growing energy and her mother’s frailty highlights the
old. theme of aging and loss.
Possibility of Extrapolation / Relevance to Conclusion
Present Day Kamala Das’s My Mother at Sixty-Six explores
The poem is highly relevant today as it speaks to universal themes of aging, loss, and the deep
universal feelings of loss, the fear of losing loved emotional bond between mother and child.
ones, and the aging process. In modern society, Through her evocative language and poignant
where families are often separated by distance, imagery, the poem resonates with readers by
the poem reflects the deep emotional portraying the vulnerability of both the elderly
connection and concern children feel for their and the child’s concern for them.
aging parents. It also underscores the
inevitability of aging and the natural cycle of life.
Key Words / Interesting Expressions
1. "Aging": The poet frequently reflects on the
signs of old age, such as wrinkles and frailty,
capturing the inevitable passage of time.
2. "Pale, as a late winter’s moon": A simile
describing the mother's pale face, comparing it
to the cold and desolate image of a moon in
 b. Keeping Quiet o “Count to twelve” symbolizes
Author: Pablo Neruda a brief pause for reflection.
Theme in a Few Words 6. Personification:
The poem emphasizes the value of silence, o Earth is personified as a
self-reflection, and mutual understanding as teacher that offers lessons of
pathways to peace, unity, and healing in a renewal and patience.
chaotic and restless world. 7. Repetition:
o Repetition of “Let’s not speak
Summary
In Keeping Quiet, Pablo Neruda calls for a in any language” emphasizes
universal moment of silence, urging the universality of silence.
humanity to pause and reflect on its actions.
He advocates for halting harmful activities Possibility of Extrapolation /
such as violence, environmental exploitation, Relevance to Present Day
and relentless productivity. The poet suggests In today’s fast-paced world, Keeping Quiet
that silence fosters introspection, leading to encourages mindfulness, introspection, and
personal and collective healing. He the need to prioritize emotional well-being.
emphasizes that this moment of stillness does The poem’s message resonates strongly with
not signify death but a rejuvenation of life. environmental conservation, mental health
By learning from nature’s quiet resilience, advocacy, and global peace efforts. It
humanity can find harmony and purpose. suggests that by pausing to reflect, humanity
Characters/Elements can address issues such as climate change,
1. Human Beings:Urged to stop overexploitation of resources, and
harmful actions and reflect on their interpersonal conflicts.
behaviors.
2. Nature:Portrayed as a silent teacher, Key Words / Interesting Expressions
demonstrating the cycle of death and 1. "Let’s not speak in any language":
renewal. Highlights the universal nature of
3. Violence and Exploitation: silence and understanding.
Examples include fishermen 2. "A huge silence might interrupt
harming marine life and wars this sadness": Suggests silence as a
that destroy humanity. remedy for human sorrow.
4. Silence and Introspection:Symbols 3. "Fishermen in the cold sea would
of self-awareness, peace, and the not harm whales": A plea for
potential for change. environmental preservation.
4. "Earth can teach us as when
Poetic Devices everything seems dead and later
1. Alliteration:“We will stop for one proves to be alive": A lesson in
second” (Repetition of the ‘s’ sound). resilience and renewal.
2. Imagery:“Fishermen in the cold sea
would not harm whales” evokes a Conclusion
vivid picture of nature at peace. Pablo Neruda’s Keeping Quiet is a profound
3. Metaphor:“Earth can teach us as call for global silence, encouraging humanity
when everything seems dead and later to reflect, heal, and embrace unity. Through
proves to be alive”: Earth symbolizes its evocative imagery and universal message,
resilience and renewal. the poem inspires readers to pause and
4. Enjambment:Lines flow smoothly reconsider their relationship with each other,
without pauses, e.g., the environment, and themselves. This
“If we were not so single-minded timeless piece serves as a guide to finding
about keeping our lives moving, and peace amidst the chaos of life.
for once could do nothing.”
5. Symbolism:
o Silence symbolizes
introspection and unity.
 c. A Thing of Beauty “A thing of beauty is a joy forever:
Author: John Keats Its loveliness increases; it will never
Theme in a Few Words Pass into nothingness.”
The enduring and rejuvenating power of 5. Symbolism:
beauty, which brings eternal joy, solace, and - Natural elements (trees, flowers,
hope amidst life's struggles and sorrows. streams) symbolize purity, growth, and the
Plot of the Story (or Summary) eternal nature of beauty.
The poem celebrates beauty as a source of 6. Personification:
everlasting joy and spiritual nourishment. - “Simple sheep” symbolizes innocence and
Keats illustrates how natural elements like serenity, giving human-like qualities to
trees, flowers, and streams, along with animals.
human accomplishments and heroic tales, 7. Repetition:
uplift the human spirit. Beauty connects us - Repetition of “a thing of beauty”
to life, dispelling negativity and bringing emphasizes its significance.
peace. It is portrayed as an "endless Possibility of Extrapolation / Relevance to
fountain" that sustains and revitalizes us, Present Day
making existence meaningful. The poem is a reminder to cherish beauty in
Characters/Elements a stressful, chaotic world. Its message
1. Nature: Trees, flowers, streams, and the resonates today as humanity struggles with
sun provide a connection to Earth and environmental degradation, mental health
beauty. issues, and emotional exhaustion. Beauty in
2. Heavenly Bodies: The sun, moon, and stars nature, art, and human connections
symbolize eternal beauty that inspires hope. continues to offer solace and a sense of
3. Human Deeds: Tales of heroism and noble purpose.
achievements serve as sources of Key Words / Interesting Expressions
inspiration. 1. "A thing of beauty is a joy forever":
4. Human Struggles: Sufferings and Reflects beauty's timeless and uplifting
disappointments of life are mitigated by the nature.
comforting presence of beauty. 2. "Wreathing a flowery band to bind us to
Poetic Devices the Earth": Suggests how beauty connects us
1. Alliteration: to life.
- “Some shape of beauty moves away the 3. "Endless fountain of immortal drink":
pall” (Repetition of the ‘s’ sound). Symbolizes beauty as a limitless source of
- “Cooling covert” (Repetition of the ‘c’ joy.
sound). 4. "Spite of despondence, of the inhuman
2. Imagery: dearth": Acknowledges life's struggles while
- Vivid descriptions evoke sensory emphasizing the relief beauty provides.
experiences, e.g., “Cooling covert” (shade of Conclusion
trees), “Endless fountain of immortal drink” John Keats' A Thing of Beauty is a celebration
(eternal joy). of beauty's power to bring joy and hope.
3. Metaphor: Using rich imagery and poetic devices, the
- “Endless fountain of immortal drink”: poem underscores beauty's role as an
Beauty is compared to an everlasting source eternal source of inspiration and solace,
of joy and nourishment. urging readers to find and cherish it in their
4. Enjambment: lives.
- Sentences flow over multiple lines
without a pause, e.g.,
 d. The Roadside Stand by Robert Frost "The moneyed people" – Refers to the
1. Theme in a Few Words: The exploitation of wealthy urban dwellers, who are indifferent to
rural areas by city dwellers and the longing the needs of the rural people.
of rural people for recognition and fair "The city’s busy traffic" – Represents the
treatment. bustling, indifferent urban life that overlooks the
2. Plot of the Story (or Summary): slow paced struggles of the countryside.
The poem depicts a roadside stand run by a Suggestions for Further Study and Class
rural family, selling homemade goods like jams Activities:
and vegetables. However, the stand is often 7. Reading Practice:
ignored by passing motorists, who are mostly Read the poem aloud. Read it multiple times
from the city. The rural people feel disconnected to get a better grasp of its tone and themes. This
from urban life and frustrated by their inability will help you connect with the emotional
to attract attention or appreciation for their hard undercurrent of the poem.
work. The speaker expresses sorrow over the 8. Writing Practice:
isolation and lack of recognition faced by rural Theme based Writing Activity: Ask students
people. to write a paragraph on "Urban and Rural
4. Characters: Divide" . Students should discuss how the poem
The Rural Stand Owners: The people who reflects this divide and provide examples from
run the roadside stand, living in rural isolation, real life (like the experiences of rural farmers or
hoping to make a living by selling their goods to small businesses in their locality).
passing city folk. They feel neglected and
frustrated because their efforts are largely 9. Conclusion:
ignored.
This poem by Robert Frost serves as a powerful
City Dwellers (Motorists): The people who
commentary on the struggles of rural
pass by the roadside stand without stopping.
communities, who often feel invisible and
They are busy and indifferent, symbolizing urban
unappreciated by the bustling, indifferent urban
apathy towards rural struggles.
society.
5. Possibility of Extrapolation / Relevance to
Present Day:
The poem highlights the stark contrast
between urban and rural life, a theme that is still
relevant today. Rural communities continue to
be ignored and exploited by the urban
population, with little appreciation for their
lifestyle, work, or struggles. It raises issues of
economic disparity, urbanization, and the
alienation of rural areas. Just as in the poem,
many rural areas still struggle with limited access
to markets, recognition, and support from the
cities they are connected to.
6. Key Words / Interesting Expressions:
"The roadside stand" – A small, makeshift
market run by rural people to sell their produce.
"No one could buy" – Reflects the failure of
the roadside stand, as motorists pass by without
engaging.
"A dollar for a passing glance" – Suggests
how the stand owners crave just a little attention
or recognition from the city folk, even if it’s not
for buying but just acknowledgment.
e. Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers by Adrienne Rich expression, just as Aunt Jennifer
uses her tapestry of tigers as a
1. Title of the Lesson with Author: means of escape from her
 Title: Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers
controlled life.
 Author: Adrienne Rich
III. Modern Relevance: Just as Aunt
2. Theme in a Few Words: Jennifer’s life is shaped by her
 The poem explores the theme of
submission to her husband and
female oppression and escape societal expectations, modern
through art, symbolized by Aunt women are still often expected to
Jennifer’s creation of vibrant tigers fulfill certain roles, especially in
that contrast with her own life of patriarchal societies. Yet, art,
submission and suffering. writing, and expression continue
3. Plot of the Story (or Summary): to be powerful ways for women to
 The poem describes Aunt Jennifer, a
reclaim their strength.
woman, who creates a tapestry of
6. Key Words / Interesting Expressions:
tigers that are depicted as strong,  "Tigers in the panel" – Refers to the
fearless, and lively. However, Aunt image Aunt Jennifer has created in
Jennifer herself is weak, submissive, her tapestry. The tigers are symbolic
and trapped in her marriage. The of strength and freedom, qualities that
tigers she creates in her art represent Aunt Jennifer lacks in her own life.
a form of escape from her oppressive  "Bright topaz" – This describes the
life. The poem contrasts the freedom color of the tigers' fur, emphasizing
and strength of the tigers with Aunt their vitality and energy.
Jennifer’s fragility and  "Uncle's wedding band" –
powerlessness in her reality. In the Represents the oppression and burden
end, Aunt Jennifer’s condition is so that Aunt Jennifer carries through her
frail that even after her death, she marriage. The wedding band
remains bound by her past, unable to symbolizes her entrapment in her role
break free from the oppression she as a wife.
faced during her life.
 "Fingers fluttering through her
4. Characters: wool" – Symbolizes Aunt Jennifer’s
 Aunt Jennifer: The protagonist of
frailty and the difficulty she faces in
the poem, an older woman who is performing even simple tasks due to
trapped in a life of marital her physical and emotional
oppression. The Tigers: The exhaustion.
symbolic creatures Aunt Jennifer
creates. They represent freedom,
7. Conclusion:
 Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers is a poignant
strength, and a stark contrast to her
exploration of gender oppression,
own life. The tigers are wild and free,
the power of art, and the contrast
unlike Aunt Jennifer’s life, which is
between freedom and subjugation.
confined by societal expectations and
By following this study material,
her husband's dominance.
students will develop a deeper
5. Possibility of Extrapolation / Relevance
understanding
to Present Day:
II. The poem explores the theme of
patriarchy and gender roles,
which continues to be relevant
today. Women in many societies
still face oppression in various
forms, including in relationships
and within the family. However,
women also find ways to express
themselves creatively and use art
as a form of liberation and self-
I. The Last Lesson cultural heritage, a lesson relevant in an era
Author: Alphonse Daudet of globalization and cultural homogenization.
Theme in a Few Words It resonates with communities facing
The story emphasizes the importance of language extinction or cultural oppression,
valuing one’s language and culture, encouraging individuals to take pride in their
highlighting themes of patriotism, loss, and roots.
the significance of education. Key Words / Interesting Expressions
Summary 1. "When a people are enslaved, as
The Last Lesson recounts the experience of a long as they hold fast to their
young boy, Franz, in a French village school language, it is as if they had the key
during the Franco-Prussian War. Franz to their prison."- Highlights
discovers that his teacher, M. Hamel, is language as a symbol of freedom and
giving his final lesson in French because the resistance.
Prussians have forbidden the teaching of 2. "My last French lesson!"- The
French in the region. M. Hamel’s poignant emotional weight of the finality of M.
farewell underscores the value of one’s Hamel’s teachings.
language and heritage. As the villagers join 3. "The old men of the village were
the class to show their respect, Franz realizes there, sitting quietly like it was a
the role of language in preserving cultural church."- Reflects reverence for
identity and feels regret for neglecting his education and regret for neglecting it
studies. earlier.
Characters/Elements 4. "You can always blame yourself for
1. Franz: A young boy who initially takes not learning enough."- A universal
school for granted but grows to value his lesson on taking responsibility for
language and education. one’s education.
2. M. Hamel: A dedicated and patriotic
teacher who delivers a heartfelt lesson on Conclusion
the importance of the French language. Alphonse Daudet’s The Last Lesson is a
3. Villagers: Represent communal respect
poignant tale that underscores the importance
for education and cultural identity,
showing their remorse for neglecting
of language, education, and cultural identity.
French. Through Franz’s perspective, it teaches
4. The Prussians: Symbolize oppression readers to cherish their heritage and to never
and the imposition of foreign rule, take learning for granted. The story serves as
threatening cultural heritage. a timeless reminder of the role of language in
Literary Devices in Prose uniting communities and preserving freedom.
1. Imagery: Descriptions of the classroom,
M. Hamel’s attire, and the silence in the
village evoke vivid mental pictures.
2. Symbolism: The French language:
Represents national identity and
freedom. The schoolroom: A microcosm
of the cultural struggle against
oppression.
3. Irony: Franz realizes the importance of
French only when it is too late.
4. Personification: “The pigeons cooing on
the roof seemed to be saying, ‘Will they
make them sing in German too?’”
5. Pathos:The story evokes pity and a sense
of loss as the villagers and students regret
neglecting their language.
Relevance to Present Day
The Last Lesson reminds readers of the
importance of preserving language and
 II. Lost Spring Author: Anees Jung 3. Metaphor:
Theme in a Few Words o “Garbage to them is gold”:
The story highlights the crushing impact of Indicates the children’s
poverty and child labor on young lives, dependence on waste for
illustrating the loss of childhood dreams and livelihood.
aspirations in the face of economic and social Possibility of Extrapolation /
injustice. Relevance to Present Day
Summary The story is a stark reminder of the
Lost Spring by Anees Jung comprises two prevalence of child labor and the denial of
narratives that shed light on the plight of poor basic rights to millions of children
children forced into labor. The first story worldwide. It resonates in today’s world,
revolves around Saheb, a ragpicker in where children continue to be trapped in
Seemapuri, who dreams of going to school cycles of poverty and exploitation,
and living a better life. However, his harsh emphasizing the urgent need for education,
reality limits him to scavenging for survival. social reforms, and poverty eradication to
The second story centers on Mukesh, a boy ensure a better future for all.
from Firozabad, who works in the hazardous
glass-blowing industry. Unlike Saheb, Key Words / Interesting Expressions
Mukesh aspires to break free from his 1. "I sometimes find a rupee, even a
family’s tradition and become a motor ten-rupee note." Reflects the rare
mechanic. The stories reflect how poverty, joy and small hopes in a grim
exploitation, and lack of education deprive existence.
children of their "springtime," or childhood 2. "Garbage to them is gold."
joys. Symbolizes the paradox of survival
Characters/Elements amidst poverty.
1. Saheb:A ragpicker with dreams of 3. "Born in the caste of bangle
schooling but trapped by poverty and makers, they have seen nothing but
helplessness. bangles." Highlights the oppressive
2. Mukesh: A determined boy from cycle of tradition and labor.
Firozabad who dreams of becoming a 4. "His dream looms like a mirage
motor mechanic despite the amidst the dust of Firozabad."
constraints of tradition and poverty. Reflects Mukesh’s aspirations despite
3. Saheb’s Family and Community: overwhelming odds.
Refugees from Dhaka who Conclusion
live in Seemapuri, surviving Anees Jung’s Lost Spring is a powerful
through ragpicking. commentary on the exploitation of childhood
4. Glass-blowing Industry: Represents and the systemic failure to protect vulnerable
the exploitation of child labor in communities. Through the stories of Saheb
hazardous conditions in Firozabad. and Mukesh, it underscores the need for
5. education, social reforms, and a commitment
6. Poverty and Social Norms: Serve as to eradicating child labor to restore the
the antagonists, perpetuating child innocence and joy of childhood.
labor and denying children their
rights.
Literary Devices in Prose
1. Symbolism: Ragpicking: Represents
survival amidst hopelessness.
o Glass bangles: Symbolize
tradition, beauty, and the
oppression of child labor.
2. Irony:Saheb’s name means "lord of
the universe," yet his life is anything
but powerful or grand.
 journey inspires individuals to face their
III. Title of the Lesson- Deep Water anxieties head-on.
Author: William Douglas. Key Words / Interesting Expressions
Theme in a Few Words 1. "The haunting fear of water followed
Overcoming fear through determination, me everywhere."
courage, and persistence. 2. "I had experienced both the sensation
Summary of dying and the terror that fear of it
In this autobiographical account, William can produce."
Douglas narrates his fear of water that 3. "In death, there is peace. There is
originated in childhood after two traumatic terror only in the fear of death."
incidents. The first was a near-drowning 4. "This experience had a deep meaning
experience at a beach, and the second for me, as only those who have
occurred at a YMCA pool, where he was experienced it can understand."
thrown into the deep end by an older boy. The Short Answer Questions (3-4 Marks)
near-death experiences left him with an acute 1. How did Douglas develop his fear of
fear of water. However, with the help of a water?
professional instructor, Douglas Answer: Douglas’ fear of water stemmed
methodically overcame his fear. His journey from two incidents. First, he was knocked
highlights the power of perseverance and the down by waves at a beach in childhood,
joy of conquering personal challenges. instilling a sense of terror. Second, an older
Key Elements/Characters boy pushed him into the deep end of a YMCA
1. William Douglas: The narrator and pool, nearly drowning him. These
protagonist; shares his journey of fear experiences left him traumatized.
and eventual triumph. 2. What did Douglas mean by saying, “All we
2. Swimming Instructor: A mentor have to fear is fear itself”?
figure who uses systematic methods Answer: Douglas reflects on how fear
to help Douglas overcome his fear of magnifies challenges, often paralyzing
water. people. He emphasizes that fear itself, not the
3. Fear: The metaphorical antagonist situation, is the real obstacle. Overcoming
representing inner struggles. this psychological barrier can lead to
Literary Devices Used personal growth and liberation.
1. Imagery: 3. What life lesson does "Deep Water" teach?
o Vivid descriptions of water "Deep Water" teaches that fear is
and drowning create an conquerable through courage, determination,
intense emotional connection, and consistent effort. It emphasizes resilience
e.g., "A great force was in the face of challenges, inspiring readers to
pulling me down." overcome personal limitations and fears to
2. Symbolism: achieve freedom and joy in life.
o Water symbolizes fear, life,
and challenges. Overcoming
it represents personal growth.
3. Personification:
o Fear is personified, giving it a
tangible quality, e.g., “It held
me tightly in its grip.”

Possibility of Extrapolation / Relevance

Today
The story resonates with modern readers as it
underscores the importance of resilience in
overcoming personal fears and challenges. In
a competitive and stressful world, Douglas’
 6. Some Key Words/Interesting
IV. 1. Title: The Rattrap Expressions:
 Author: Selma Lagerlöf  “Rattrap of the world”: A metaphor
2. Theme in Few Words: that compares the world to a trap,
 Theme: The theme of the story where people, like rats, fall into it due
revolves around human kindness, to greed, selfishness, or a lack of trust.
redemption, and the impact of  “The world’s a rattrap, and we are
compassion on a person’s life. all caught in it.”: This expresses the
3. Plot of the Story in 25 Words or peddler’s initial philosophy,
Flow Chart/Mind Map: symbolizing his belief that the world
 A peddler, living a life of bitterness, traps people and leads them to self-
finds himself in a trap of his own destruction.
making.  “My dear friend, I am not at all
 He steals from a good-hearted man, sorry for you.”: This is a key line
but the man shows him compassion. from the Ironmaster’s attitude,
 The peddler reflects on his own life showing that kindness doesn’t always
and chooses redemption, ultimately come with expectations but is offered
returning the money he stole, freely.
realizing the importance of kindness  “The old man had done the most
and honesty. wonderful thing for him.”: Reflects
4. Characters: the moment when the peddler realizes
 The Peddler: A solitary, cynical man the impact of the old man’s kindness.
who initially views the world with
suspicion and bitterness. His negative Suggestions for Practice:
outlook changes when he experiences
kindness. A. Writing:
 The Old Man (Ironmaster): A Theme: The Role of Compassion in Human
generous and kind-hearted person, Lives.
who shows empathy toward the Task: Write an essay on how small acts of
peddler. His goodwill plays a key role kindness can change people's lives. Compare
in the peddler’s redemption. this with a time when someone’s kindness
 Edla (Ironmaster's Daughter): A impacted you or a story you know.
compassionate woman who trusts the
peddler and treats him with respect,
despite his appearance. Her kindness
also influences his change.
5. Possibility of Any Extrapolation
/Relevance to Our Lives Today:
 Relevance: The story is highly
relevant in today’s world where
people often feel trapped in their
circumstances or are cynical about
society. The narrative teaches us that
kindness and compassion can bring
about change even in the most
hardened individuals. This lesson can
be applied in personal relationships,
workplaces, and communities,
emphasizing how small acts of
kindness can spark redemption and
growth.
  Highlighting the power of non-
Title: Indigo violent resistance in solving
Author: Louis Fischer conflicts.
Theme:  Encouraging self-reliance and
The story highlights Gandhi’s leadership in collective action in modern struggles
the Champaran movement, which for justice.
addressed the exploitation of poor peasants Key Words and Expressions:
by British landlords. It emphasizes themes of 1. “The first civil disobedience in
freedom through self-reliance, courage, modern India.” – Marks Champaran
and justice. as a pivotal moment in India’s
Plot: independence movement.
Gandhi leads the Champaran peasants’ fight 2. “The fear-stricken peasants took
against oppressive British landlords. Through courage.” – Demonstrates Gandhi’s
his courage, truth, and negotiation, justice is role in empowering the oppressed.
achieved, marking the beginning of India’s 3. “The battle of Champaran is won!”
independence movement. – Reflects the triumph of justice over
Flowchart: exploitation.
1. British landlords exploit Champaran 4. “Freedom from fear is more
farmers important than legal justice.” –
2. Farmers forced to grow indigo and Gandhi’s belief that true freedom
pay unfair compensation begins with inner strength.
3. Gandhi intervenes and investigates Suggestions for Practice:
4. Mobilizes legal and moral support Writing Task:
5. British landlords agree to refund Theme: Grassroots Leadership and the
farmers Power of Non-Violence
6. Peasants gain courage and self- Prompt: Write an essay on how leaders like
reliance. Gandhi inspire change through non-violent
Characters: resistance. Compare this with a modern
1. Mahatma Gandhi: example of grassroots activism
o Central figure in the narrative. Some questions for practice:
o Advocates for truth, non- 1. How did the Champaran episode
violence, and justice. prove to be a turning point in
o Inspires peasants to unite and Gandhiji’s life?
fight for their rights. 2. How does the story of Champaran
2. Peasants of Champaran: highlight the socio-political conditions
o Victims of the oppressive system. of rural India and Gandhi's philosophy
o of nonviolence and self-reliance?
o Initially fearful but empowered 3. Which social issue is reflected in the
through Gandhi’s leadership. Indigo chapter?
3. British Landlords:
o Exploitative rulers demanding
unfair compensation for not
growing indigo.
4. Rajkumar Shukla:
o A determined peasant who brings
Gandhi to Champaran.
o Represents the indomitable spirit
of the oppressed.
Relevance to Today:
The story resonates in today’s world by:
 Emphasizing grassroots leadership
to combat systemic injustice.
Title: Poets and Pancakes employees and foreign
Author: Asokamitran intellectualism.
Theme: 4. “The absurdities of Gemini
The essay humorously critiques the oddities Studios”: Encapsulates the humor in
of the workplace culture at Gemini Studios workplace life.
while exploring themes of artistic creativity, Sample Questions from CBSE Papers:
cultural contradictions, and the unexpected 1. Short Answer (30–40 words):
intersection of politics and literature. How does Asokamitran use humor to
Plot in 25 Words: describe the functioning of Gemini Studios?"
The essay reflects on the peculiarities of life (Hint: Focus on quirky characters,
at Gemini Studios, a glamorous yet absurd exaggerated rituals like the use of pancake
workplace, and the narrator's later discovery makeup, and the visit of Stephen Spender)
of Stephen Spender's unexpected connection. 2. Long answer (125–150 words):
Flowchart: Describe how Poets and Pancakes highlights
1. Introduction to Gemini Studios the contradictions between creativity and
2. Pancake makeup and its excessive use bureaucracy at Gemini Studios."
3. Observations of quirky office (Hint: Discuss the mechanical use of makeup,
dynamics the hierarchical office culture, and the irony
4. Visit of an English poet (Stephen of misunderstanding Stephen Spender's visit.)
Spender) 3. What does Pancake symbolize in the
5. Misunderstandings and irony story?
6. Realization of cultural gaps and a) Natural beauty
literary influence. b) Artifice and glamour
Characters: c) Simplicity
1. The Narrator (Asokamitran): d) Productivity"
Observes the eccentricities of (Correct Answer: b) Artifice and
Gemini Studios with humor and wit. glamour)
2. Office Staff: A mix of employees,
including poets and clerks, adding
charm and absurdity to the workplace
dynamics.
3. Stephen Spender: An English poet
whose visit is shrouded in
misunderstanding by the studio staff.
4. The Boss: The authoritarian head of
Gemini Studios, embodying
workplace power structures and
peculiar authority.
Relevance to Today:
The story resonates with the quirks and
absurdities of modern workplace culture. It
also explores the cultural conflict between
local traditions and global intellectual
movements, a theme still relevant in our
increasingly interconnected world.
Key Words and Expressions:
1. “Pancake makeup”: Represents the
artificial glamour of the film industry.
2. “The Boss”: A symbol of
unquestioned authority in
hierarchical workplaces.
3. “Cultural misunderstanding”:
Highlights the gap between local
Title: The Interview 3. “Privacy and authenticity”: Central
Author: Christopher Silvester debate regarding the ethics of
Theme interviews.
The chapter examines the significance of 4. “Academic and philosophical
interviews as a tool for communication personality of Eco”: Reflects his
while critiquing their ethical and intrusive balance of work and communication.
nature. It balances between seeing interviews Sample Questions from CBSE Papers:
as a way to gain insight and as a violation of 1. Short Answer (30–40 words):
privacy. a. What is Umberto Eco’s opinion about
Plot in 25 Words: his writing style and his fame as an
Christopher Silvester explores the art of academic writer?
interviews, showcasing opinions of writers (Hint: Eco describes his philosophical
like Saul Bellow and Umberto Eco. The yet engaging approach and his
chapter debates their value, ethics, and ‘interstices’ writing method.)
influence. 2. Long Answer (125–150 words):
Flowchart: o Do you think interviews invade a
1. Introduction to interviews person’s privacy, or are they a medium
2. Historical evolution of the interview for sharing ideas? Discuss with
3. Varied opinions on interviews examples from the chapter.
4. Eco’s views on writing and (Hint: Balance between Eco’s positive
interviews view and critics like Saul Bellow’s
5. Critique of interviews as invasive or skepticism about interviews.)
illuminating. 3. MCQs or Extract-Based Questions:
o "According to Eco, what is the secret to
Characters /Voices Represented: his prolific writing?
1. Christopher Silvester (Narrator): a) Writing nonstop
o Provides a balanced discussion on b) Writing during free moments
interviews. c) Writing on weekends
2. Umberto Eco: d) Writing only at night"
o Celebrates interviews as an (Correct Answer: b) Writing during
engaging medium. free moments) Bellow)
o Talks about his writing style and Suggestions for Practice:
philosophical approach. Writing Task:
3. Saul Bellow & Other Writers: Theme: Ethics and Relevance of Interviews
o Represent views critical of in Modern Media
interviews, calling them intrusive or Prompt: Write an essay debating the merits
diminishing. and demerits of interviews as a form of
Relevance to Today: communication. Support your argument with
Interviews are an integral part of journalism, examples from The Interview and real-world
politics, and social media. The chapter instances.
questions the balance between public
interest and privacy, which is especially
relevant in the age of 24/7 digital media
coverage.

Key Words and Expressions:

1. “A confession, an intrusion, or a
revelation”: Highlights the varied
perspectives on interviews.
2. “An art and a science”: Describes
the technique and precision required
for conducting interviews.
 2. “The working-class backdrop”: Reflects
Title: Going Places the socio-economic setting of Sophie’s
Author: A.R. Barton family.
Theme: 3. “Illusions of grandeur”: Symbolizes
The story explores the fantasies and Sophie’s unattainable dreams.
aspirations of adolescence and contrasts 4. “The gap between dreams and reality”:
them with the harsh realities of life. It Sophie’s key struggle throughout the
highlights the importance of balancing
story.
dreams with reality and understanding one's
Sample Questions from CBSE Papers:
limitations.
1. Short Answer (30–40 words):
Plot in 25 Words:
o What is the central theme of the
Sophie, an imaginative teenager, dreams of
fame and success. She fantasizes about story ‘Going Places’?
meeting her idol, Danny Casey, only to (Hint: Discuss the contrast between
realize the gap between her dreams and adolescent fantasies and harsh
reality. realities of life.)
Flowchart: 2. Long Answer (125–150 words):
1. Sophie’s unrealistic dreams of being rich o Sophie lives in a world of dreams
and famous → that are far removed from reality.
2. Sophie’s fascination with Danny Casey (a Discuss with reference to ‘Going
footballer) → Places’.
3. Sophie fabricates meeting Danny to (Hint: Explain Sophie’s unrealistic
impress others → aspirations, her fabricated meeting
4. Sophie's longing for her dreams to come with Danny Casey, and her ultimate
true → realization.)
5. The realization of the divide between her 3. Why does Sophie fabricate the story
fantasies and real life. of meeting Danny Casey?
Characters: a) To impress her family
1. Sophie: A dreamy and ambitious b) To escape her dull life
teenager who struggles with the mundane c) To seek attention from friends
reality of her life. d) All of the above
2. Jansie: Sophie’s practical friend, who (Ans) All of the above)
contrasts Sophie’s unrealistic fantasies Suggestions for Practice:
with a grounded perspective. Theme: Dreams and Reality in Adolescence
3. Sophie's Father: Represents the Prompt: Write an essay exploring how
working-class lifestyle Sophie yearns to dreams shape the aspirations of teenagers but
escape. must be balanced with reality. Use examples
4. Danny Casey:A famous football player from Going Places and your personal
and Sophie’s idol, whom she fantasizes experiences or observations.
about meeting.
Relevance to Today: In conclusion, "Going Places" by A.R.
The story resonates with adolescent Barton highlights the clash between
struggles in modern times, where exposure adolescent dreams and harsh realities.
to social media and celebrity culture often Sophie, the protagonist, creates an idealized
fuels unrealistic aspirations. It teaches the world where she meets her idol, Danny
importance of facing reality and setting Casey, and fantasizes about a future of
achievable goals. success and wealth. However, her fabricated
Key Words and Expressions: story contrasts sharply with her actual life,
1. “Realism versus fantasy”: Central rooted in modest means and unfulfilled
conflict in Sophie’s life. aspirations. The story underscores the
importance of balancing dreams with reality,
as well as recognizing the dangers of
unrealistic expectations.
Title: The Third Level desire to return to a perceived better time,
Author: Jack Finney making it highly relevant to modern issues of
Theme: stress and mental health.
The story explores the blurred line between Key Words and Expressions:
reality and fantasy, where the protagonist’s 1. "The Third Level"A mysterious,
search for escape and a sense of peace leads secret level in Grand Central Station,
him to a mysterious, time-bending world. It believed to be a portal to the past.
reflects on the nature of time, nostalgia, and 2. "Time Travel"The idea that Charley
the human desire to find solace in a world that has accidentally discovered a way to
sometimes feels overwhelming. move between eras.
Plot in 25 Words: 3. "Escape from reality"Charley's
The protagonist, Charley, discovers a hidden, search for solace and simplicity in a
magical third level in Grand Central Station, chaotic world.
which leads to 1890s New York. He believes 4. "Nostalgia" The deep longing for the
it is a time portal to escape modern stress. past, often idealized, as a means of
Mind Map/Flowchart: coping with present stress.
1. Introduction- Charley’s feeling of Sample Questions from CBSE Papers:
unease with the modern world. 1. How does the concept of the third
2. The Discovery- Charley stumbles level serve as an escape for Charley?
upon the third level in Grand Central (Hint: Discuss Charley’s
Station. dissatisfaction with the modern
3. Time Travel Charley believes he’s world and his desire to find peace in
found a portal to the past. the past.)
4. Nostalgia- Charley’s yearning for the 2. Explain the significance of the third
simplicity of 1890s New York.
level in the story. Is it a literal place or
5. Reality vs. Fantasy- The story ends
a metaphor for Charley’s
ambiguously, leaving the question of
whether the third level is real or a psychological escape?
figment of Charley’s imagination. (Hint: Discuss the ambiguity of the
Characters: third level and the connection to
1. Charley (Protagonist): Charley's inner conflict.)
A modern man who is Suggestions for Practice:
disillusioned with life and seeks Theme: Reality vs. Fantasy in “The Third
peace in the past.. Level”
2. Sam (Charley's Friend): Prompt: Write an essay discussing how The
Third Level portrays the conflict between
reality and fantasy. Explore Charley’s desire
o Charley’s friend who has also
for a simpler time and whether the third level
been seeking the third level,
represents an escape from modern life or a
reinforcing the idea that the psychological illusion.
past holds answers to
modern-day confusion.
3. Charley’s Wife: The voice of reason
in Charley’s life, she represents the
grounded, practical perspective. She
is skeptical of Charley’s claims about
the third level and serves as a
counterpoint to his fantasies.
Relevance to Today:
In today’s fast-paced world, where people
often feel disconnected from reality, The
Third Level speaks to the yearning for escape,
nostalgia, and a simpler life. The theme of
time travel metaphorically explores our
 and dominance over nature. The story urges
Title: The Tiger King reflection on the unpredictability of life and
Author: Kalki Krishnamurthy the consequences of excess.
Theme: Key Words and Expressions:
The story presents the theme of power, 1. "Pride and Arrogance": The King’s fatal
pride, and the consequences of unchecked flaw that leads to his downfall.
arrogance. It explores the obsession with 2. "Power and Control": The King’s desire
authority and control over nature, as seen in to control nature and others.
the ruler's desire to hunt tigers and prove his 3. "Ironic Death": The King dies from a
dominance. The narrative also critiques the tiger figurine, symbolizing the futility of
societal values that prioritize ego over life his obsession.
and respect for nature. 4. "Killing the Tigers": The King’s
Plot in 25 Words: obsession with proving his dominance
The Tiger King, a ruler obsessed with killing over nature.
100 tigers, faces consequences of his pride Sample Questions from CBSE;
when his own death comes unexpectedly 1. What does the King's obsession with
through a tiger figurine. killing 100 tigers symbolize in "The Tiger
Mind Map/Flowchart: King"?
1. Introduction The King’s early (Hint: Discuss the King’s pride and the
obsession with tigers. consequences of his arrogance.)
2. The Decree- The King's 2. Explain how the death of the Tiger King
proclamation to kill 100 tigers. is ironic. How does this reflect the
3. Consequence of Arrogance- The theme of the story?
consequences of his pride and (Hint: Analyze the King’s obsession with
disregard for others. tigers and how he ultimately meets his
4. Death by a Tiger Model- The irony end through a model.)
of his death through a tiger model, not 3. "How does the Tiger King die?
a real tiger. a) Killed by a real tiger
Characters: b) Killed by a tiger model
1. The Tiger King (Maharaja): c) Killed by a minister
An arrogant, prideful ruler with an d) Died in battle"
obsession for hunting tigers. His actions (Answer: b) Killed by a tiger model)
drive the plot, with his pride ultimately Suggestions for Practice:
leading to his ironic demise. Theme: The Consequences of Pride in “The
Tiger King”
2. The Royal Family:Represents the
Prompt: Write an essay analyzing the
royal power structure, though they are
theme of pride in The Tiger King. Discuss
more in the background compared to
how the King’s obsession with killing tigers
the King.
and proving his strength leads to his ironic
3. The Wise Minister: A symbol of
and untimely death. Relate this to modern
wisdom and caution, who tries to
examples of individuals whose pride has led
warn the King but is ignored.
to their downfall.
4. The Tigers: Symbolic of the King’s
In conclusion, The Tiger King by Kalki
arrogance, they are the beings he Krishnamurthy is a satirical story that highlights
seeks to dominate and control, yet the dangers of pride and the obsession with
they indirectly lead to his downfall. power. The Tiger King’s arrogance leads him to
Relevance to Today: a series of reckless decisions, such as his decree
The story holds a timeless relevance, to kill 100 tigers, in order to maintain his image
reminding readers about the dangers of of strength and dominance. The story is a critique
unchecked power and arrogance, of unchecked authority and serves as a reminder
especially those who think they are of the inevitable consequences of pride,
invincible. The absurdity of the King's reinforcing the idea that nature, time, and fate
obsession with tigers serves as a critique of are forces beyond human control.
the modern obsession with control, success,
Title: Journey to the End of the Earth Relevance to Today:
Author: Tishani Doshi Journey to the End of the Earth holds
Theme: significant relevance today as it underscores
The theme of Journey to the End of the Earth environmental concerns, particularly
revolves around exploration, climate change and the fragility of
environmental awareness, and the fragility ecosystems. The narrator’s reflections on
of life on Earth. It emphasizes humanity’s Antarctica's vulnerability highlight the
need to understand and protect the planet, urgency of preserving our planet's natural
especially the most vulnerable regions, such wonders before they are irrevocably harmed..
as Antarctica. Through the author’s Key Words and Expressions:
experience, the narrative explores themes of 1. “The End of the Earth”: A metaphor
isolation, human impact on nature, and the for both the literal journey to
relationship between man and the Antarctica and the symbolic end of
environment. humanity’s ability to reverse
Plot in 25 Words: environmental damage.
The narrator joins a scientific expedition to 2. “Fragility of Life”: The vulnerability
Antarctica, experiencing the harsh beauty of of both the environment and human
the frozen continent, while reflecting on
existence in the face of climate
humanity’s impact on the planet and its
change and other global threats.
future.
Mind Map/Flowchart: 3. “Antarctica”: Represents the
1. Introduction: extreme and pristine environment,
o The invitation to join the highlighting its significance in the
expedition to Antarctica. broader conversation about
2. The Journey: environmental conservation.
o The hardships and beauty of Sample Questions from CBSE Papers:
Antarctica, a stark and 1. What did the narrator learn from the
extreme environment. expedition to Antarctica?
3. Reflections on Nature: 2. How does the journey to Antarctica
o The narrator’s thoughts on
help the narrator understand the
environmental concerns of the
climate change and
modern world?
humanity’s role in protecting
3. "What is the central theme of the
the environment.
story?
4. Realization of Human Fragility:
a) Exploration of new lands
o The recognition of the Earth’s
b) Importance of scientific research
vulnerability and the
c) Environmental protection
importance of preserving it
d) Human survival in extreme
for future generations.
Characters: conditions (Answer: c)
1. The Narrator (Tishani Doshi): A Suggestions for Practice:
poet and environmentalist, she Writing Task:
reflects on the journey with a deep Theme: The Relationship Between Humans
connection to nature. Her experiences and Nature in “Journey to the End of the
in Antarctica serve as a catalyst for Earth”
broader reflections on human Prompt: Write an essay discussing the
existence and environmental connection between humans and nature as
responsibility. depicted in Journey to the End of the Earth.
2. The Scientists and Explorers: The Reflect on how the narrator’s journey to
team of researchers and their Antarctica helps her understand the
dedication to studying the importance of environmental conservation.
environment of Antarctica, which
emphasizes the role of science in
understanding and protecting Earth.
Title: The Enemy the "enemy." He becomes a pawn in the
Author: Pearl S. Buck moral conflict faced by Dr. Sadao.
Theme: 4. The Servants: The household staff,
The Enemy by Pearl S. Buck explores the themes including the butler and maid, who
of war, humanity, and the moral dilemmas are initially opposed to helping the
faced in times of conflict. It delves into the soldier, reflect the nationalistic
complexity of human emotions during wartime,
sentiments of Japan during the war.
particularly focusing on sympathy, mercy, and
compassion for the enemy. The story highlights Relevance to Today:
how individuals are shaped by the situations they The story is still highly relevant today,
find themselves in and the difficult choices they especially in the context of conflict and
must make under pressure. moral choices. The narrative encourages
Plot in 25 Words: readers to consider humanity over
A Japanese doctor faces a moral conflict nationalistic sentiments.
when he treats a wounded American soldier Key Words and Expressions:
during World War II, despite the tensions 1. "Enemy": The term used in the story to
between their countries. The story focuses on describe the opposing side, emphasizing
his decision to save the soldier’s life at the the divisive impact of war.
risk of his own safety. 2. "Moral Dilemma": Dr. Sadao's struggle
Mind Map/Flowchart: between saving a life and remaining
1. Introduction- Dr. Sadao Hoki, a loyal to his country.
Japanese surgeon, lives in a country at 3. "Compassion": The human element that
war with America. overrides nationalistic sentiments, as
2. The Discovery- Dr. Sadao finds an seen in Dr. Sadao’s decision to help the
soldier.
injured American soldier washed
4. "Sacrifice": Dr. Sadao’s personal and
ashore and makes the difficult
professional sacrifice in saving the
decision to save him.
enemy soldier.
3. Conflict- The doctor struggles with
Sample Questions from CBSE Papers:
the duty of saving the enemy soldier
1. Explain the moral dilemma faced by
while being loyal to his country.
4. Resolution- The soldier’s life is Dr. Sadao in The Enemy. How does
saved, but Dr. Sadao faces the story highlight the conflict
consequences for his actions as the between duty and compassion?
story closes ambiguously. (Hint: Explore the tension between
Characters: national loyalty and humanitarian
1. Dr. Sadao Hoki: A Japanese surgeon concern.)
and the protagonist of the story, Dr. 2. “Stupid Yumi,” she muttered fiercely.
Sadao is a man of integrity who finds “Is this anything but a man? And a
himself caught between his moral wounded helpless man!” In the
duty and national loyalty. He is faced conviction of her own superiority she
with the decision to treat a wounded bent impulsively and untied the
American soldier, despite the risks it knotted rugs that kept the white man
brings. covered. Explain the superiority Hana
2. Hana (Dr. Sadao's Wife): his wife, is convinced about.
shows initial reluctance to save the (This demonstrates her sense of moral
enemy soldier but ultimately follows superiority over Yumi, who is more
her husband’s decision, concerned with following the strict rules of
her society than with helping a fellow human
demonstrating the tension between being)
personal duty and societal Suggestions for Practice:
expectations. Theme: Duty vs. Compassion in "The Enemy"
3. The American Soldier (Tom): Prompt: Write an essay discussing the theme of duty
versus compassion in The Enemy. Reflect on Dr.
The wounded enemy soldier who is cared for Sadao's internal conflict and how his actions challenge
by Dr. Sadao, symbolizing the humanity of the idea of loyalty to one's country during times of war.
Title: On the Face of It Relevance to Today:
Author: Susan Hill The story is still relevant in today’s world
Theme: where societal pressure and superficial
The central theme of On the Face of It is the judgments based on physical appearance
isolation and inner struggles that remain prevalent. On the Face of It
individuals with disabilities face, alongside encourages readers to look beyond outward
the impact of human connection in appearances and recognize the inherent value
overcoming loneliness. The story emphasizes and potential of every individual.
how people may seem fine on the outside but Key Words and Expressions:
may be carrying deep emotional or physical 1. "Self-acceptance": The journey both
burdens. It also touches upon the courage to Derry and Mr. Lamb embark on in
face challenges and the importance of accepting themselves for who they
friendship in healing and understanding one are, despite their physical
another. differences.
Plot in 25 Words: 2. "Isolation and Loneliness": Both
A disfigured boy, Derry, meets Mr. Lamb, an Derry and Mr. Lamb experience
older man who has lost his legs. Their
isolation, yet their conversations
conversation helps Derry open up and change
open up possibilities for emotional
his perspective on life.
Mind Map/Flowchart: connection.
1. Introduction: Derry, a boy with a 3. "Beauty Beyond the Surface": A key
disfigured face, is bitter and message that encourages looking
withdrawn due to society’s reactions. beyond external appearances to find
2. Meeting Mr. Lamb: Derry true beauty and worth in others.
encounters Mr. Lamb, a man with no 4. "Courage and Strength": Derry’s
legs, who lives in isolation but is journey is one of discovering the
open-minded and kind. strength to overcome his self-doubt
3. Dialogue: Through their and fear of rejection.
conversations, Mr. Lamb helps Derry Sample Questions from CBSE Papers:
see beyond physical appearance, 1. Discuss the transformation of Derry’s
teaching him about acceptance and character in On the Face of It. How
finding beauty in life. does his interaction with Mr. Lamb
4. Resolution: Derry gains a new change his perception of life?
outlook on life and decides to stop (Hint: Analyze Derry’s initial struggles
hiding from the world.
and how Mr. Lamb’s teachings help
Characters:
him overcome them.)
1. Derry: A young boy who has been
severely scarred by acid, leaving him 2. What does the play ‘On the Face of It’
suggest about the importance of
disfigured. He struggles with self-
empathy in overcoming prejudice and
esteem and feels isolated from society
stereotypes?
due to his appearance. Over the
(The play highlights the damaging
course of the story, he learns to open
effects of prejudice and stereotypes on
up and confront his fears with Mr. both the victim and the wrongdoer.
Lamb’s guidance. However, it also suggests that empathy
2. Mr. Lamb: An older man who has and understanding can overcome these
lost both his legs in an accident but barriers)
lives life with an optimistic outlook. Suggestions for Practice:
He is kind and uses his wisdom to Theme: Understanding and Overcoming Inner
help Derry come to terms with his Struggles
own situation. Mr. Lamb serves as a Prompt: Write an essay about the importance of
overcoming inner struggles and learning to accept
role model for living life with dignity oneself, as seen in On the Face of It. Use examples
and acceptance. from the text to discuss how Derry learns to accept his
appearance and find beauty in life.
Title: Memories of Childhood inequalities and seeks to overcome
Authors: Zitkala-Sa and Bama them, eventually finding a way to
Theme: The theme of Memories of speak up against oppression.
Childhood deals with identity, cultural Relevance to Today:
conflict, and the loss of innocence. It Both Zitkala-Sa and Bama provide powerful
highlights the painful process of growing insights into the long-lasting effects of
up while trying to hold onto one's cultural cultural and social oppression. Their stories
roots amidst external pressures. Both are relevant today as they draw attention to
stories reflect how personal memories issues like cultural assimilation,
shape the identity of individuals, especially discrimination, and the struggles of
when confronted with oppression, marginalized communities. In an age where
marginalization, and displacement. The identity and social justice continue to be hot
stories also explore how childhood topics, these narratives remind us of the
experiences impact later life decisions. importance of embracing one’s roots and
Plot in 25 Words: fighting for equal rights for all.
Memories of Childhood consists of two parts: Key Words and Expressions:
Zitkala-Ša’s account of her childhood in an 1. "Cultural Assimilation": Both
Indian boarding school, and Bama’s authors experience pressure to
experience growing up in a lower-caste assimilate into a dominant culture,
Tamil family, both facing cultural alienation losing touch with their native
and discrimination. identities.
Mind Map/Flowchart: 2. "Caste System": A rigid social
1. Zitkala-Sa’s Story (The School hierarchy that deeply affects Bama's
Days of an Indian Girl): Her
childhood, limiting her social mobility
struggle with forced assimilation into
and opportunities.
white culture in a missionary school.
The emotional and cultural conflict 3. "Loss of Innocence": Both stories
between her Native American reflect a loss of innocence, as the
identity and the school’s protagonists face harsh societal
expectations. The forced cutting of norms at an early age.
her hair symbolizes the loss of her 4. "Resistance and Reclamation": Both
cultural identity. Zitkala-Ša and Bama ultimately find
2. Bama’s Story (Karukku): Growing ways to resist their cultural erasure
up in a lower-caste Tamil family and and assert their identities.
the social discrimination faced. Sample Questions from CBSE Papers:
Bama’s realization of the caste 1. How can we say that the vadai packet
system and her emotional journey incident reveals that the writer lacked
toward rejecting societal oppression. the cognitive and emotional maturity
The influence of her brother’s required to understand the implications
education and their shared resistance of untouchability?
to caste-based injustice. 2. What do the two authors, Zitkala-Ša
Characters: and Bama, have in common in terms
1. Zitkala-Sa: A young Native of their childhood experiences? How
American girl caught between her do they both resist the oppressive
indigenous cultural heritage and the systems they face?
Western values imposed by the Suggestions for Practice:
boarding school. Her story represents Theme: Identity, Oppression, and Resistance
the painful loss of cultural identity Prompt: Write an essay discussing the theme
and the struggle to reclaim it. of resistance in Memories of Childhood,
2. Bama: A young Dalit girl who focusing on how both Zitkala-Sa and Bama
experiences the harsh realities of resist oppressive systems. Reflect on their
caste discrimination in Tamil Nadu. struggles and the ways in which they reclaim
She becomes aware of the social their identities.