Lourdes College

Inc.
Integrated Basic Education Department
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Gen. Capistrano Street, Cagayan de Oro City
S.Y. 2020 - 2021, First Semester

LEARNING MODULES
General Chemistry 1

Prepared by

Mc Rollyn D. Vallespin, MS, LPT

Modules for the Week

October 19 – 23, 2020

 Lourdes College
Integrated Basic Education Department
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Gen. Capistrano-Hayes St., Cagayan de Oro City

Module for Online Learning

General Instructional Guidelines

SUBJECT: General Chemistry 1 for Grade 12 STEM

Greeting: Good morning / afternoon everyone! Praised be Jesus and Mary! Welcome to our
module for this session. You will find here our general instructional guidelines, then the
components of our module. You will be guided one step at a time through the specific
instructions of the learning tasks given below, which intend to develop our cognitive
skills as well as our values, considering current social realities. Let joy and peace
abound in your mind and heart as you genuinely and responsibly respond to the
learning processes that this module offers.

I. General Instructional Guidelines

1.1 Please refer to the Unit Plan for the subject description, minor and major performance
tasks, and criteria for grading. Consultation will be provided through our group chat, email, Gmail,
SMS, Edmodo or other social network. I will monitor your participation in our learning activities
through these chosen media. In addition, you are always encouraged to voice any concerns on
internet connections so that appropriate adjustments can be done.

1.2 Your honesty and integrity are few of the most important component to whatever
outputs asked from the module A plagiarism-checker tool will be utilized as one of the measures
in assessing your outputs. Use in-text citation (citing the author and year) when you mention a
statement coming from a source other than the list of references that can be found in your paper.

1.3. Feedback is an essential component in this mode of delivery. You will be asked of
your assessment of your learning experience in this subject so that we will be able to improve our
learning processes in the succeeding instructional delivery.

B.2 Specific Instructions for the Learning Activity

You are reminded that at the end of this module, you are expected to comply with all the
required tasks/activities, and answers the 4- items post-test.

Note: Kindly upload your output in our Google Classroom using your account. File name must be:
SectionInitials_FamilyName_M#_T#.

Example: CDL_Vallespin_M1_T1 or CDL_ Vallespin_M1_PT. If you have concerns or problems,

feel free to communicate them to me.
Module No. 3: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Module Overview: This module deals with the explanations on how things are being made of. The
philosophers of ancient Greece believed that everything was made of one or, at most, a few
elemental substances, whose properties gave rise to the properties of everything. But, in the next
centuries showed a rapid progress in chemistry. The students will learn how to examine the
properties and composition of matter on the macroscopic and atomic scales.

TRANSFER GOAL/LEARNING OUTCOME:

Students on the long run and on their own will be able to understand the impact of chemistry on
society or even on their everyday life and these extends much farther than the products we use
in daily life. As for them to comprehend its ideas, they begin to view a hidden reality filled of matter
with incredibly minute particles moving at fantastic speeds and colliding billions of times a second.
This holds the key to be responsible in creating particles that would not harm our Mother Earth
as disciples of Christ.

LESSON 3: MOLECULES, IONS, CHEMICAL FORMULAS, AND NAMING COMPOUNDS

OBJECTIVES:

In this lesson, you will be able to:

1. differentiate among atoms, molecules, ions and give examples

2. represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural formulas and models; and name
compounds given their formula and write formula given the name of the compound.
3. explain relative atomic mass and average atomic mass; define a mole and illustrate
Avogadro’s number with examples

CONTENT FOCUS:

The development of modern atomic theory revealed much about the inner structure of atoms. It
was learned that an atom contains a very small nucleus composed of positively charged protons
and uncharged neutrons, surrounded by a much larger volume of space containing negatively
charged electrons. The nucleus contains the majority of an atom’s mass because protons and
neutrons are much heavier than electrons, whereas electrons occupy almost all of an atom’s
volume. The diameter of an atom is on the order of 10−10 m, whereas the diameter of the nucleus
is roughly 10−15 m— about 100,000 times smaller. For a perspective about their relative sizes,
consider this: If the nucleus were the size of a blueberry, the atom would be about the size of a
football stadium (Figure 1)
Figure 1. If an atom could be expanded to the size of a football stadium, the nucleus would be
the size of a single blueberry. (credit middle: modification of work by “babyknight”/Wikimedia
Commons; credit right: modification of work by Paxson Woelber)

Atoms—and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them—are extremely small.
For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g, and an electron has a charge of less
than 2 × 10−19 C (coulomb). When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we
use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu) and the
fundamental unit of charge (e). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest
element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most
abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which are assigned masses of exactly 12 amu. (This isotope
is known as “carbon-12” as will be discussed later in this module.) Thus, one amu is exactly 1/12
of the mass of one carbon-12 atom: 1 amu = 1.6605 × 10−24 g. (The Dalton (Da) and the unified
atomic mass unit (u) are alternative units that are equivalent to the amu.) The fundamental unit
of charge (also called the elementary charge) equals the magnitude of the charge of an electron
(e) with e = 1.602 × 10−19 C.

A proton has a mass of 1.0073 amu and a charge of 1+. A neutron is a slightly heavier
particle with a mass 1.0087 amu and a charge of zero; as its name suggests, it is neutral. The
electron has a charge of 1− and is a much lighter particle with a mass of about 0.00055 amu (it
would take about 1800 electrons to equal the mass of one proton). The properties of these
fundamental particles are summarized in Table 1. (An observant student might notice that the
sum of an atom’s subatomic particles does not equal the atom’s actual mass: The total mass of
six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons is 12.0993 amu, slightly larger than 12.00 amu. This
“missing” mass is known as the mass defect, and you will learn about it in the chapter on nuclear
chemistry.)

Table 1.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is its atomic number (Z). This is the
defining trait of an element: Its value determines the identity of the atom. For example, any atom
that contains six protons is the element carbon and has the atomic number 6, regardless of how
many neutrons or electrons it may have. A neutral atom must contain the same number of positive
and negative charges, so the number of protons equals the number of electrons. Therefore, the
atomic number also indicates the number of electrons in an atom. The total number of protons
and neutrons in an atom is called its mass number (A). The number of neutrons is therefore the
difference between the mass number and the atomic number: A - Z = number of neutrons.

atomic number (Z) = number of protons

mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons

A−Z = number of neutrons

Atoms are electrically neutral if they contain the same number of positively charged
protons and negatively charged electrons. When the numbers of these subatomic particles are
not equal, the atom is electrically charged and is called an ion. The charge of an atom is defined
as follows:
 Atomic charge = number of protons − number of electrons

As will be discussed in more detail later in this module, atoms (and molecules) typically
acquire charge by gaining or losing electrons. An atom that gains one or more electrons will exhibit
a negative charge and is called an anion. Positively charged atoms called cations are formed
when an atom loses one or more electrons. For example, a neutral sodium atom (Z = 11) has 11
electrons. If this atom loses one electron, it will become a cation with a 1+ charge (11− 10 = 1+).
A neutral oxygen atom (Z = 8) has eight electrons, and if it gains two electrons it will become an
anion with a 2− charge (8 − 10 = 2−).

Chemical Symbols

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation that we use to indicate an element or an atom of an

element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg (Figure 2.13). We use the same symbol to
indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the
element mercury (macroscopic domain).

The symbols for several common elements and their atoms are listed in Table 2.3. Some
symbols are derived from the common name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name
in another language. Most symbols have one or two letters, but three-letter symbols have been
used to describe some elements that have atomic numbers greater than 112. To avoid confusion
with other notations, only the first letter of a symbol is capitalized. For example, Co is the symbol
for the element cobalt, but CO is the notation for the compound carbon monoxide, which contains
atoms of the elements carbon (C) and oxygen (O).
 Scan this code to
learn more about
IUPAC, the
International Union
of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, and
explore its periodic
table.

Isotopes

The symbol for a specific isotope of any element is written by placing the mass number as a
superscript to the left of the element symbol (Figure 2.14). The atomic number is sometimes
written as a subscript preceding the symbol, but since this number defines the element’s identity,
as does its symbol, it is often omitted. For example, magnesium exists as a mixture of three
isotopes, each with an atomic number of 12 and with mass numbers of 24, 25, and 26,
respectively. These isotopes can be identified as 24Mg, 25Mg, and 26Mg. These isotope symbols
are read as “element, mass number” and can be symbolized consistent with this reading. For
instance, 24Mg is read as“magnesium 24,” and can be written as “magnesium-24” or “Mg-
24.” 25Mg is read as “magnesium 25,” and can be written as “magnesium-25” or “Mg-25.
” All magnesium atoms have 12 protons in their nucleus. They differ only because a 24Mg atom
has 12 neutrons in its nucleus, a 25Mg atom has 13 neutrons, and a 26Mg has 14 neutrons.
 Information about the naturally occurring isotopes of elements with atomic numbers 1
through 10 is given in Table 2.4. Note that in addition to standard names and symbols, the
isotopes of hydrogen are often referred to using common names and accompanying symbols.
Hydrogen-2, symbolized 2H, is also called deuterium and sometimes symbolized D. Hydrogen-3,
symbolized 3H, is also called tritium and sometimes symbolized T.

Use this Build an Atom

simulator
(http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16
PhetAtomBld) to build atoms of
the first 10 elements, see which
isotopes exist, check nuclear
stability, and gain experience
with isotope symbols.
Atomic Mass

Because each proton and each neutron contribute approximately one amu to the mass of an
atom, and each electron contributes far less, the atomic mass of a single atom is approximately
equal to its mass number (a whole number). However, the average masses of atoms of most
elements are not whole numbers because most elements exist naturally as mixtures of two or
more isotopes.

The mass of an element shown in a periodic table or listed in a table of atomic masses is
a weighted, average mass of all the isotopes present in a naturally occurring sample of that
element. This is equal to the sum of each individual isotope’s mass multiplied by its fractional
abundance.

For example, the element boron is composed of two isotopes: About 19.9% of all boron
atoms are 10B with a mass of 10.0129 amu, and the remaining 80.1% are 11B with a mass of
11.0093 amu. The average atomic mass for boron is calculated to be:

boron average mass = (0.199 × 10.0129 amu) + (0.801 × 11.0093 amu)

= 1.99 amu + 8.82 amu

= 10.81 amu

It is important to understand that no single boron atom weighs exactly 10.8 amu; 10.8 amu
is the average mass of all boron atoms, and individual boron atoms weigh either approximately
10 amu or 11 amu.

Visit this site

(http://openstaxcollege.org/l
/16PhetAtomMass) to make
mixtures of the main isotopes
of the first 18 elements, gain
experience with average
atomic mass, and check
naturally occurring isotope
ratios using the Isotopes and
Atomic Mass simulation.

Chemical Formulas

A molecular formula is a representation of a molecule that uses chemical symbols to indicate

the types of atoms followed by subscripts to show the number of atoms of each type in the
molecule. (A subscript is used only when more than one atom of a given type is present.)
Molecular formulas are also used as abbreviations for the names of compounds.

The structural formula for a compound gives the same information as its molecular
formula (the types and numbers of atoms in the molecule) but also shows how the atoms are
connected in the molecule. The structural formula for methane contains symbols for one C atom
and four H atoms, indicating the number of atoms in the molecule (Figure 2.16). The lines
represent bonds that hold the atoms together. (A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms
or ions that holds them together in a molecule or a crystal.) We will discuss chemical bonds and
see how to predict the arrangement of atoms in a molecule later. For now, simply know that the
lines are an indication of how the atoms are connected in a molecule. A ball-and-stick model
shows the geometric arrangement of the atoms with atomic sizes not to scale, and a space-filling
model shows the relative sizes of the atoms.

Although many elements consist of discrete, individual atoms, some exist as molecules
made up of two or more atoms of the element chemically bonded together. For example, most
samples of the elements hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are composed of molecules that contain
two atoms each (called diatomic molecules) and thus have the molecular formulas H2, O2, and
N2, respectively. Other elements commonly found as diatomic molecules are fluorine (F2), chlorine
(Cl2), bromine (Br2), and iodine (I2). The most common form of the element sulfur is composed of
molecules that consist of eight atoms of sulfur; its molecular formula is S8 (Figure 2.17).

It is important to note that a subscript following a symbol and a number in front of a symbol
do not represent the same thing; for example, H2 and 2H represent distinctly different species. H2
is a molecular formula; it represents a diatomic molecule of hydrogen, consisting of two atoms of
the element that are chemically bonded together. The expression 2H, on the other hand, indicates
two separate hydrogen atoms that are not combined as a unit. The expression 2H2 represents
two molecules of diatomic hydrogen (Figure 2.18).

Compounds are formed when two or more elements chemically combine, resulting in the
formation of bonds. For example, hydrogen and oxygen can react to form water, and sodium and
chlorine can react to form table salt. We sometimes describe the composition of these compounds
with an empirical formula, which indicates the types of atoms present and the simplest whole-
number ratio of the number of atoms (or ions) in the compound. For example, titanium dioxide
(used as pigment in white paint and in the thick, white, blocking type of sunscreen) has an
empirical formula of TiO2. This identifies the elements titanium (Ti) and oxygen (O) as the
constituents of titanium dioxide, and indicates the presence of twice as many atoms of the element
oxygen as atoms of the element titanium (Figure 2.19).

As discussed previously, we can describe a compound with a molecular formula, in which

the subscripts indicate the actual numbers of atoms of each element in a molecule of the
compound. In many cases, the molecular formula of a substance is derived from experimental
determination of both its empirical formula and its molecular mass (the sum of atomic masses for
all atoms composing the molecule). For example, it can be determined experimentally that
benzene contains two elements, carbon (C) and hydrogen (H), and that for every carbon atom in
benzene, there is one hydrogen atom. Thus, the empirical formula is CH. An experimental
determination of the molecular mass reveals that a molecule of benzene contains six carbon
atoms and six hydrogen atoms, so the molecular formula for benzene is C6H6 (Figure 2.20).

If we know a compound’s formula, we can easily determine the empirical formula. (This is
somewhat of an academic exercise; the reverse chronology is generally followed in actual
practice.) For example, the molecular formula for acetic acid, the component that gives vinegar
its sharp taste, is C2H4O2. This formula indicates that a molecule of acetic acid (Figure 2.21)
contains two carbon atoms, four hydrogen atoms, and two oxygen atoms. The ratio of atoms is
2:4:2. Dividing by the lowest common denominator (2) gives the simplest, whole-number ratio of
atoms, 1:2:1, so the empirical formula is CH2O. Note that a molecular formula is always a whole-
number multiple of an empirical formula.
 You can explore
molecule building
(http://openstaxcolleg
e.org/l/16molbuilding)
using an online
simulation.

Formula Mass for Covalent Substances

For covalent substances, the formula represents the numbers and types of atoms composing a
single molecule of the substance; therefore, the formula mass may be correctly referred to as a
molecular mass. Consider chloroform (CHCl3), a covalent compound once used as a surgical
anesthetic and now primarily used in the production of tetrafluoroethylene, the building block for
the "anti-stick" polymer, Teflon. The molecular formula of chloroform indicates that a single
molecule contains one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom, and three chlorine atoms. The average
molecular mass of a chloroform molecule is therefore equal to the sum of the average atomic
masses of these atoms. Figure 3.2 outlines the calculations used to derive the molecular mass
of chloroform, which is 119.37 amu.

Likewise, the molecular mass of an aspirin molecule, C9H8O4, is the sum of the atomic masses of
nine carbon atoms, eight hydrogen atoms, and four oxygen atoms, which amounts to 180.15 amu
(Figure 3.3).
Formula Mass for Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are composed of discrete cations and anions combined in ratios to yield
electrically neutral bulk matter. The formula mass for an ionic compound is calculated in the same
way as the formula mass for covalent compounds: by summing the average atomic masses of all
the atoms in the compound’s formula. Keep in mind, however, that the formula for an ionic
compound does not represent the composition of a discrete molecule, so it may not correctly be
referred to as the “molecular mass.”

As an example, consider sodium chloride, NaCl, the chemical name for common table
salt. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound composed of sodium cations, Na+, and chloride
anions, Cl−, combined in a 1:1 ratio. The formula mass for this compound is computed as 58.44
amu (see Figure 3.4).

Note that the average masses of neutral sodium and chlorine atoms were used in this
computation, rather than the masses for sodium cations and chlorine anions. This approach is
perfectly acceptable when computing the formula mass of an ionic compound. Even though a
sodium cation has a slightly smaller mass than a sodium atom (since it is missing an electron),
this difference will be offset by the fact that a chloride anion is slightly more massive than a
chloride atom (due to the extra electron). Moreover, the mass of an electron is negligibly small
with respect to the mass of a typical atom. Even when calculating the mass of an isolated ion, the
missing or additional electrons can generally be ignored, since their contribution to the overall
mass is negligible, reflected only in the nonsignificant digits that will be lost when the computed
mass is properly rounded. The few exceptions to this guideline are very light ions derived from
elements with precisely known atomic masses.

The Mole

The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains, but by the
quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are
alike in that their respective molecules are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. However,
because a hydrogen peroxide molecule contains two oxygen atoms, as opposed to the water
molecule, which has only one, the two substances exhibit very different properties. Today,
sophisticated instruments allow the direct measurement of these defining microscopic traits;
however, the same traits were originally derived from the measurement of macroscopic properties
(the masses and volumes of bulk quantities of matter) using relatively simple tools (balances and
volumetric glassware). This experimental approach required the introduction of a new unit for
amount of substances, the mole, which remains indispensable in modern chemical science.

The mole is an amount unit similar to familiar units like pair, dozen, gross, etc. It provides
a specific measure of the number of atoms or molecules in a bulk sample of matter. A mole is
defined as the amount of substance containing the same number of discrete entities (such as
atoms, molecules, and ions) as the number of atoms in a sample of pure 12C weighing exactly 12
g. One Latin connotation for the word “mole” is “large mass” or “bulk,” which is consistent with its
use as the name for this unit. The mole provides a link between an easily measured macroscopic
property, bulk mass, and an extremely important fundamental property, number of atoms,
molecules, and so forth.

The number of entities composing a mole has been experimentally determined to be

6.02214179 × 1023, a fundamental constant named Avogadro’s number (NA) or the Avogadro
constant in honor of Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro. This constant is properly reported with an
explicit unit of “per mole,” a conveniently rounded version being 6.022 × 1023/mol.

Consistent with its definition as an amount unit, 1 mole of any element contains the same
number of atoms as 1 mole of any other element. The masses of 1 mole of different elements,
however, are different, since the masses of the individual atoms are drastically different. The
molar mass of an element (or compound) is the mass in grams of 1 mole of that substance, a
property expressed in units of grams per mole (g/mol) (see Figure 3.5).

Because the definitions of both the mole and the atomic mass unit are based on the same
reference substance, 12C, the molar mass of any substance is numerically equivalent to its atomic
or formula weight in amu. Per the amu definition, a single 12C atom weighs 12 amu (its atomic
mass is 12 amu). According to the definition of the mole, 12 g of 12C contains 1 mole of 12C atoms
(its molar mass is 12 g/mol). This relationship holds for all elements, since their atomic masses
are measured relative to that of the amu-reference substance, 12C. Extending this principle, the
molar mass of a compound in grams is likewise numerically equivalent to its formula mass in amu
(Figure 3.6).
 While atomic mass and molar mass are numerically equivalent, keep in mind that they are
vastly different in terms of scale, as represented by the vast difference in the magnitudes of their
respective units (amu versus g). To appreciate the enormity of the mole, consider a small drop of
water weighing about 0.03 g (see Figure 3.7). Although this represents just a tiny fraction of 1
mole of water (~18 g), it contains more water molecules than can be clearly imagined. If the
molecules were distributed equally among the roughly seven billion people on earth, each person
would receive more than 100 billion molecules.
 The mole is used in chemistry to represent 6.022 ×
1023 of something, but it can be difficult to
conceptualize such a large number. Watch this
video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16molevideo)
(or scan the QR code) and then complete the
“Think” questions that follow. Explore more about
the mole by reviewing the information under “Dig
Deeper.”

Percent Composition

The elemental makeup of a compound defines its chemical identity, and chemical formulas are
the most succinct way of representing this elemental makeup. When a compound’s formula is
unknown, measuring the mass of each of its constituent elements is often the first step in the
process of determining the formula experimentally. The results of these measurements permit the
calculation of the compound’s percent composition, defined as the percentage by mass of each
element in the compound. For example, consider a gaseous compound composed solely of
carbon and hydrogen. The percent composition of this compound could be represented as
follows:

Determining Percent Composition from Molecular or Empirical Formulas

Percent composition is also useful for evaluating the relative abundance of a given element in
different compounds of known formulas. As one example, consider the common nitrogen-
containing fertilizers ammonia (NH3), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and urea (CH4N2O). The
element nitrogen is the active ingredient for agricultural purposes, so the mass percentage of
nitrogen in the compound is a practical and economic concern for consumers choosing among
these fertilizers. For these sorts of applications, the percent composition of a compound is easily
derived from its formula mass and the atomic masses of its constituent elements. A molecule of
NH3 contains one N atom weighing 14.01 amu and three H atoms weighing a total of (3 × 1.008
amu) = 3.024 amu. The formula mass of ammonia is therefore (14.01 amu + 3.024 amu) = 17.03
amu, and its percent composition is:

Determination of Empirical Formulas

As previously mentioned, the most common approach to determining a compound’s chemical

formula is to first measure the masses of its constituent elements. However, keep in mind that
chemical formulas represent the relative numbers, not masses, of atoms in the substance.
Therefore, any experimentally derived data involving mass must be used to derive the
corresponding numbers of atoms in the compound. This is accomplished using molar masses to
convert the mass of each element to a number of moles. These molar amounts are used to
compute whole-number ratios that can be used to derive the empirical formula of the substance.
Consider a sample of compound determined to contain 1.71 g C and 0.287 g H. The
corresponding numbers of atoms (in moles) are:

Thus, this compound may be represented by the formula C0.142H0.248. Per convention,
formulas contain whole number subscripts, which can be achieved by dividing each subscript by
the smaller subscript:

(Recall that subscripts of “1” are not written but rather assumed if no other number is present.)

The empirical formula for this compound is thus CH2. This may or not be the
compound’s molecular formula as well; however, additional information is needed to make that
determination (as discussed later in this section).

Consider as another example a sample of compound determined to contain 5.31 g Cl

and 8.40 g O. Following the same approach yields a tentative empirical formula of:

In this case, dividing by the smallest subscript still leaves us with a decimal subscript in
the empirical formula. To convert this into a whole number, multiply each of the subscripts by two,
retaining the same atom ratio and yielding Cl2O7 as the final empirical formula.

In summary, empirical formulas are derived from experimentally measured element

masses by:

1. Deriving the number of moles of each element from its mass

2. Dividing each element’s molar amount by the smallest molar amount to yield subscripts for a
tentative empirical formula

3. Multiplying all coefficients by an integer, if necessary, to ensure that the smallest whole-number
ratio of subscripts is obtained
 For additional worked examples illustrating the
derivation of empirical formulas, watch the brief
video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16empforms)
clip.

Deriving Empirical Formulas from Percent Composition

Finally, with regard to deriving empirical formulas, consider instances in which a compound’s
percent composition is available rather than the absolute masses of the compound’s constituent
elements. In such cases, the percent composition can be used to calculate the masses of
elements present in any convenient mass of compound; these masses can then be used to derive
the empirical formula in the usual fashion.
 TAKE ACTION:

TASK 1: Composition of an Atom.

Iodine is an essential trace element in our diet; it is needed to

produce thyroid hormone. Insufficient iodine in the diet can lead to the
development of a goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland. The addition
of small amounts of iodine to table salt (iodized salt) has essentially
eliminated this health concern in the United States, but as much as 40% of
the world’s population is still at risk of iodine deficiency. The iodine atoms
are added as anions, and each has a 1− charge and a mass number of
127.

Determine the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in one of these iodine anions.

MINI PERFORMANCE TASK: DRY LAB (CALCULATIONS)

Perform the necessary calculations in each problem presented. Make sure to follow the format
for answering below:

Given

Asked/Required

Solution

Answer (boxed or highlighted)

Follow the rules of significant figures and round off your final answers only.
1. Calculation of Average Atomic Mass

A meteorite found in central Indiana contains traces of the noble

gas neon picked up from the solar wind during the meteorite’s trip through
the solar system. Analysis of a sample of the gas showed that it consisted
of 91.84% 20Ne (mass 19.9924 amu), 0.47% 21Ne (mass 20.9940 amu),
and 7.69% 22Ne (mass 21.9914 amu).

What is the average mass of the neon in the solar wind?

2. Calculation of Percent Abundance

Naturally occurring chlorine consists of 35Cl (mass

34.96885 amu) and 37Cl (mass 36.96590 amu), with an average
mass of 35.453 amu. What is the percent composition of Cl in terms
of these two isotopes?
3. Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Molecules of glucose (blood sugar) contain 6 carbon atoms,

12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. What are the molecular
and empirical formulas of glucose?

4. Computing Molecular Mass for a Covalent Compound

Ibuprofen, C13H18O2, is a covalent compound and the active

ingredient in several popular nonprescription pain medications, such as
Advil and Motrin. What is the molecular mass (amu) for this compound?
5. Computing Formula Mass for an Ionic Compound

Aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, is an ionic compound that is used in

the manufacture of paper and in various water purification processes. What
is the formula mass (amu) of this compound?

6. Deriving Moles from Grams for an Element

According to nutritional guidelines from the US Department of

Agriculture, the estimated average requirement for dietary potassium is 4.7
g. What is the estimated average requirement of potassium in moles?
7. Deriving Grams from Moles for an Element

A liter of air contains 9.2 × 10−4 mol argon.

What is the mass of Ar in a liter of air?

8. Deriving Number of Atoms from Mass for an Element

Copper is commonly used to fabricate electrical wire. How many

copper atoms are in 5.00 g of copper wire?

ASSIGNMENT: EXPLORE MORE!

Define gas law. What restrictions are there on the units that can be used for the physical
properties?
INTEGRATION:

a. Ignacian Core/Related Value

Core Values: Service
Related Values: Humility
Question: Was there a time where you thought highly of yourself and boasted to others because
of your own qualities? Were you right in doing that?

b. Social Orientation: Stereotyping in Society

Question: Was there a time where you judged a person because of his/her race, family, financial
status or religion? Is social prejudice right?

c. Lesson Across Discipline: Philosophy

Question: How would you describe yourself? What makes you unique to your seatmate?

d. Faith Biblical Reflection:

“Now there are varieties of gifts, but the same spirit. And there are varieties of ministries and the
same Lord. There are varieties of effects but the same God who works all things in all persons.”
What can say about the verse in relation to the topic?.” – 1 Corinthians 12:4-6

Summing up what I learned through this lesson:

• I learned that
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• I realized that
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• I promise to
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REFERENCES:

Online Resources

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgixSP7PxS0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poy39PW2NSA
http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetAtomBld

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetAtomBld

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVP1Z2ESCI0

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16molbuilding

Books

Andrew G. van Melsen (2004) [First published 1952]. From Atomos to Atom: The History of the
Concept Atom. Translated by Henry J. Koren. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-49584-1.

Bruce Averill, Strategic Energy Security Solutions Patricia Eldredge, R.H. Hand, LLC (2011).
General Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications

Chang, R. & Goldsby, K. (2016). Chemistry. (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Chemistry The Central Science. 14th Edition. Brown, Lemay, Bursten, Murphy, Woodward,
Stoltzfus, & Lufaso

Dalton, J. (1808). A New System of Chemical Philosophy, Part 1. London and Manchester: S.
Russell.

David W. Ball, Cleveland State University (2011). Introductory Chemistry

Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti (1981). Indian Atomism: History and Sources. Atlantic Highlands,
New Jersey: Humanities Press. ISBN 978-0-391-02177-8. OCLC 10916778.

Harrison, Edward Robert (2003). Masks of the Universe: Changing Ideas on the Nature of the
Cosmos. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77351-5. OCLC 50441595.

Iannone, A. Pablo (2001). Dictionary of World Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17995-

9. OCLC 44541769.

J. P. Millington (1906). John Dalton. J. M. Dent & Co. (London); E. P. Dutton & Co. (New York).

King, Richard (1999). Indian philosophy: an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought.
Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0954-3.

Levere, Trevor, H. (2001). Transforming Matter – A History of Chemistry for Alchemy to the
Buckyball. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6610-4.

Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "A Greek-English Lexicon". Perseus Digital Library.

Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "ἄτομος". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
Retrieved 21 June 2010.

Manuel, Oliver (2001). Origin of Elements in the Solar System: Implications of Post-1957
Observations. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-46562-8. OCLC 228374906.

McEvilley, Thomas (2002). The shape of ancient thought: comparative studies in Greek and
Indian philosophies. Allworth Press. ISBN 978-1-58115-203-6.

Moran, Bruce T. (2005). Distilling Knowledge: Alchemy, Chemistry, and the Scientific
Revolution. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01495-4.

Ponomarev, Leonid Ivanovich (1993). The Quantum Dice. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-7503-0251-
7. OCLC 26853108.
Roscoe, Henry Enfield (1895). John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry. Century science
series. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved 3 April 2011.

Siegfried, Robert (2002). From Elements to Atoms: A History of Chemical Composition.

DIANE. ISBN 978-0-87169-924-4. OCLC 186607849.

Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Chemistry 1. Published by the Commission on
Higher Education, 2016

Teresi, Dick (2003). Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science. Simon & Schuster.
pp. 213–214. ISBN 978-0-7432-4379-7.

Various (2002). Lide, David R. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry & Physics (88th ed.).
CRC. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6. OCLC 179976746. Archived from the original on 23 May
2008. Retrieved 23 May 2008.

Wurtz, Charles Adolphe (1881). The Atomic Theory. New York: D. Appleton and
company. ISBN 978-0-559-43636-9.

Prepared by: Checked and Reviewed by:

Mr. MC ROLLYN D. VALLESPIN, LPT, MS MARVIN S. ARRABACA, MBA

Teacher’s Name & Signature STEM, Strand Leader

Approved by:

ALEXANDER F. SUAN, Ph.D.

Senior High School Coordinator

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