DEMOCRACY

1. Democracy (Greek: δημοκρατία, dēmokratiā, from dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is
a form of government in which the people have the authority to choose their
governing legislation. Who people are and how authority is shared among them are core
issues for democratic theory, development and constitution. Cornerstones
include freedomofassembly and speech, inclusiveness and equality, membership, cons
ent, voting, right to life and minority rights.
2. The priciples of Democracy:
I. Citizen Participation
One of the most basic signposts of a democracy is citizen participation in
government. Participation is the key role of citizens in democracy. It is not only
their right, but it is their duty. Citizen participation may take many forms including
standing for election, voting in elections, becoming informed, debating issues,
attending community or civic meetings, being members of private voluntary
organizations, paying taxes, and even protesting. Participation builds a better
democracy.
II. Equality
Democratic societies emphasize the principle that all people are equal. Equality
means that all individuals are valued equally, have equal opportunities, and may
not be discriminated against because of their race, religion, ethnic group, gender
or sexual orientation. In a democracy, individuals and groups still maintain their
right to have different cultures, personalities, languages and beliefs.
III. Tolerance
Democratic societies are politically tolerant. This means that while the majority
of the people rule in a democracy, the rights of the minority must be protected.
People who are not in power must be allowed to organize and speak out.
Minorities are sometimes referred to as the opposition because they may have
ideas which are different from the majority. Individual citizens must also learn
to be tolerant of each other. A democratic society is often composed of people
from different cultures, racial, religious and ethnic groups who have viewpoints
different from the majority of the population. A democratic society is enriched
by diversity. If the majority deny rights to and destroy their opposition, then
 they also destroy democracy. One goal of democracy is to make the best
possible decision for the society. To achieve this, respect for all people and their
points of view is needed. Decisions are more likely to be accepted, even by those
who oppose them, if all citizens have been allowed to discuss, debate and
question them.
IV. Accountability
In a democracy, elected and appointed officials have to be accountable to the
people. They are responsible for their actions. Officials must make decisions
and perform their duties according to the will and wishes of the people, not for
themselves.
V. Transparency
For government to be accountable the people must be aware of what is
happening in the country. This is referred to as transparency in government. A
transparent government holds public meetings and allows citizens to attend. In
a democracy, the press and the people are able to get information about what
decisions are being made, by whom and why.
VI. Regular, Free and Fair Elections
One way citizens of the country express their will is by electing officials to
represent them in government. Democracy insists that these elected officials are
chosen and peacefully removed from office in a free and fair manner.
Intimidation, corruption and threats to citizens during or before an election are
against the principles of democracy. In a democracy, elections are held regularly
every so many years. Participation in elections should not be based on a citizen's
wealth. For free and fair elections to occur, most adult citizens should have the
right to stand for government office. Additionally, obstacles should not exist
which make it difficult for people to vote.
VII. Economic Freedom
People in a democracy must have some form of economic freedom. This means
that the government allows some private ownership of property and businesses,
and that the people are allowed to choose their own work and labor unions. The
role the government should play in the economy is open to debate, but it is
generally accepted that free markets should exist in a democracy and the state
should not totally control the economy. Some argue that the state should play a
 stronger role in countries where great inequality of wealth exists due to past
discrimination or other unfair practices.
VIII. Control of the Abuse of Power
Democratic societies try to prevent any elected official or group of people from
misusing or abusing their power. One of the most common abuses of power is
corruption. Corruption occurs when government officials use public funds for
their own benefit or exercise power in an illegal manner. Various methods have
been used in different countries to protect against these abuses. Frequently the
government is structured to limit the powers of the branches of government: to
have independent courts and agencies with power to act against any illegal
action by an elected official or branch of government; to allow for citizen
participation and elections; and to check for police abuse of power.
IX. Bill of Rights
Many democratic countries also choose to have a bill of rights to protect people
against abuse of power. A bill of rights is a list of rights and freedoms
guaranteed to all people in the country. When a bill of rights becomes part of a
country's constitution, the courts have the power to enforce these rights. A bill
of rights limits the power of government and may also impose duties on
individuals and organizations.
X. Accepting the Results of Elections
In democratic elections, there are winners and losers. Often the losers in an
election believe so strongly that their party or candidate is the best one, that they
refuse to accept the results of the election. This is against democratic principles.
The consequences of not accepting the result of an election may be a
government that is ineffective and cannot make decisions. It may even result in
violence which is also against democracy.
XI. Human Rights
All democracies strive to respect and protect the human rights of citizens.
Human rights mean those values that reflect respect for human life and human
dignity. Democracy emphasizes the value of every human being. Examples of
human rights include freedom of expression, freedom of association, freedom
of assembly, the right to equality and the right to education.
XII. Multi-Party System
 In order to have a multi-party system, more than one political party must
participate in elections and play a role in government. A multi-party system
allows for opposition to the party, which wins the election. This helps provide
the government with different viewpoints on issues. Additionally, a multi- party
system provides voters with a choice of candidates, parties and policies to vote
for. Historically, when a country only has one party, the result has been a
dictatorship.
XIII. The Rule of Law
In a democracy no one is above the law, not even a king or an elected President.
This is called the rule of law. It means that everyone must obey the law and be
held accountable if they violate it. Democracy also insists that the law be
equally, fairly and consistently enforced. This is sometimes referred to as "due
process of law."
3. The essence of Pancasila is the essence contained in the principles of Pancasila itself.
This means that the values and everything contained in Pancasila itself is the ideal of
the Indonesian nation. The values contained in it are the values of divinity, humanity,
unity, people and justice. The ideals in question are ideals that are permanent in nature,
which must be achieved, so that the ideals that are permanent are at the same time a
basis, view or understanding. Meanwhile, the essence of democracy is public
participation in determining officials in making public policies. In Roseau's view,
democracy without direct participation by the people is a form of denial of democracy
itself, this assumption underlies that direct election of political officials is more
democratic than representative. The quality of a democratic system is also determined
by the quality of the selection process for government leaders, therefore, the election of
heads of state or people's representatives needs to be done directly as one of the
alternatives that can be chosen in enhancing the legitimacy of the Indonesian
government. So it can be concluded that the essence of Pancasila democracy is an
implementation of a government system in accordance with the points of Pancasila,
such as:
1. "God Almighty"
This means that these representatives of the people must obey the one and only God,
without having to question the mention of names, Gusti, Karaeng, God, Allah,
Yahwe, or other names, because even though they are different in pronunciation,
God is still one or One. In other words, a government leader in Indonesia must be
 someone who has a belief or religion. So that they can use their power wisely and
wisely.
2. "Just and Civilized Humanity"
Humanity in question is Pancasila highly upholds human values and human rights.
Fair means, in law it does not look at religion or group, while being civilized means
having manners and manners, the opposition is barbaric, acts that do not recognize
manners, positive law, humanitarianism and conscience. So that the government is
expected to be able to be polite and fair.
3. "Indonesian Unity"
Pancasila is a tool that unifies the Indonesian nation because even though this nation
has various ethnicities, languages, cultures, religions, or whatever, it does not mean
that we can be divided. There should not be a group of people who want to divide
this nation just for the sake of fulfilling their brief political desires. If there are
problems between ethnics, ethnicities, religions, etc., the essence of the points of
Pancasila will mediate and unite all the differences and problems of the Indonesian
Nation. In this case, the government is expected to be able to unite and defend
NKRI.
4. "Population Guided by Wisdom Wisdom in Representative Consultations"
The phrase "populist led" This indicates that the people have a leader, not become
God, whereas in a western democracy, the voice of the people is the voice of God.
The people still have to be led by the wisdom of wisdom from God Almighty, the
people are given the right in representative deliberations or deliberation in various
matters so that some problems can be resolved by deliberating consensus.
5. "Social Justice for All Indonesian People"
This precept is the goal of the four preceding precepts, Adil means that no citizen
of the Nation should be wronged, even though the poor and the poor will still exist
but their basic rights must be guaranteed and fulfilled, namely the need for clothing,
food and shelter. And this applies to all tribes regardless of ethnicity, language,
customs, religion and so on.

ESSAY
1. evaluation of the implementation of Indonesian Democracy
Some of the core post-democracy trends generally occur in Indonesia. This is what causes our
democracy to become substantially elitist and straddled by oligarchic forces that are difficult
to match. This happened at both the national and local levels. With these conditions, a
democracy without democracy will emerge.

This phenomenon is not only happening at this time, but has had symptoms since the beginning
of reform. This is reflected in the various terms given by some observers of Indonesian politics,
such as "Delegative Democracy" (Slatter 2004), "Patrimonial Democracy" (Weber 2006),
"Patronage Democracy" (Klinken 2009), "Political Cartel" (Ambardi 2009), " Clientelism
”(Aspinal and Berenschot 2019; Rahmawati 2018), and“ Oligarchy ”(Bunte and Ufen 2009,
Hadiz and Robison 2004, Winters, 2011).

Specifically, there are at least eleven characteristics of democracy in Indonesia today that
reflect democracy without democracy. First, the weak implementation of checks and balances.
This can be seen from the weak role of the parties, the DPR, the judiciary, and so on before the
executive. Second, the decline in the critical attitude of civil society, including the press, NGOs,
academics, and so on as government partners; and activist-critical silence. As a result, our
democracy is actually growing in "arid land".

Third, national leadership does not bring political enlightenment / maturity. The elites are also
not quite successful in maintaining community solidity, avoiding political personification, and
promoting rational-substantive democracy. This has recently been the driving force for the
development of political fooling and manipulation of interests and political divisions. Fourth,
the weak application of democratic values, both at the elite and community levels, is in line
with the increasing opportunism among the elite and the fading of political education and the
weakening of the community economy.

Fifth, selective law enforcement. Proximity to the regime will bring its own advantages in our
world of law. In addition, there is a tendency to bypass the rules seen in current regulations,
including the omnibus law. Sixth, the waning of autonomous and genuine people's
participation. This is marked by rampant money politics, information manipulation, and the
operation of massive buzzers. Seventh, the weakening of freedom of expression for the sake of
political stability which is marked by increasing security and criminalization approaches.
Eighth, the occurrence of "internal de-democratization" in political institutions, especially
parties, which in fact fosters anti-democratic values and increases the personification of
democratic institutions. Ninth, election and regional elections which are full of manipulation
and money politics. Money is such meaningful and decisive (money talks and decides). As a
result of this situation, a phenomenon known as “votes without voice” emerged. Tenth,
repoliticization of the bureaucracy and apparatus for the benefit of the authorities, especially
in electoral contestation. Eleventh, there is political discrimination in the name of SARA
(ethnicity, religion, race, and intergroup) and a sense of regionalism.

With these eleven characteristics, it is not surprising that Indonesia's democratic values have
collapsed. From the results of a study by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), in the last two
years, in the Southeast Asia region, Indonesia is in third place, behind Malaysia and the
Philippines, with the category as "flawed democracy".

2. ways to support democratic education in higher education are as follows:

a) Efforts to improve the quality of education are carried out by setting goals and standards
for educational competencies, for example by refining the curriculum, implementing
the educational paradigm relating to the implementation of education in accordance
with the principles of the Indonesian State, namely Pancasila which contains elements
of Godly, Humanitarian and Virtuous education with the application of the paradigm.
this then democracy education will be realized.
b) Increasing the efficiency of education management, for example government policies
by providing this assistance for repairing campus buildings, adding student learning
media, to repair inadequate educational facilities and infrastructure, adding references
to library books, making practical laboratories according to standards besides
government assistance Children with underprivileged parents and children with good
achievements greatly help the continuity of their education.
c) Increasing the relevance of education is meaningful because there is a mismatch
between the results of education [output] and the needs of the world of work. The main
problem is because the skills they have are not in accordance with what is needed.
d) To overcome the low welfare of teachers, the government is now increasing teacher
salaries, in the form of basic salaries, allowances attached to salaries, professional
allowances and others, so that by increasing the welfare of lecturers, it is hoped that the
lecturers will be able to fully love their profession, meaning that the lecturers will not
look for side jobs to add more. income so you can concentrate on the educational
process, especially the teaching and learning process